Lacteals, lymphatic vessels of alimentary canal, 43, 131
Lactic acid produced in muscle, 46, 146
Larynx, closure during swallowing, 433
structure of, 430
Latent period of muscle after nervous impulse reaches it, 278
Laughter, respiratory mechanism of, 180
Lecithin produced by metabolism of nerve-tissue, 118
Leech, ganglion-cells of, 298
Leucocytes as protective agents, 52
death of, 54, 57
migration of, 49
number in lymph and in blood, 49, 61
origin of, 33, 51
source of fibrin-ferment, 74
Leucocythæmia, excess of leucocytes in the blood, 215
Levers to which muscles are attached, 286
Light, emission of, by animals, 291
Lime, influence upon coagulation of blood, 75
curdling of milk, 75
Lithates, or urates, constituents of calculi, 213
Liver, destruction of red blood-corpuscles in, 83
form and structure of, 160
former theories of its functions, 129, 163
manufactures urea and uric acid, 146, 162
of well fed sheep, 147
origin of, in vertebrate phylogeny, 34
Liver stores food, especially glycogen, 46, 145, 147, 161
Locomotor ataxy, 341
Ludwig’s view of mechanism of kidney, 200
Luminous glands, 291
Lung, exchange of gases in, 173, 184, 190
nerve-supply, 178
structure, 168
Lymph, amount of, in body, 37
composition, 49
relation to blood, 51
Lymph-spaces, 37, 43, 49
Lymphatic glands, structure of, 54
Lymphatic vessels, 43
Malapterurus, electric organs, 288
immense neurones of, 295
Manometer for measuring blood-pressure, description of, 238
Man’s ancestry, 153
Massage of abdominal viscera, 101
of muscles, 48
Meal, the story of a, 120
Meat, diet consisting solely of, 157
digestion of, 121
extracts of, as articles of diet, 159
Megacaryocytes, 65
Memory, physiological explanation, 356
Metabolism, chemical change in living tissue, 12, 273
Methæmoglobin, 69
Microscope, its discovery, 26
Migration of birds, 359
Milk, call for secretion of, by a hormone, 94
chemical and physical constitution, 132
digestion of, 127
Milk diet, reduction of bacteria in alimentary canal on, 138
Mind, physiology of, 354
Mosquitoes, production of sound by, 261
Motile cells, 32
Mountain sickness, 187
Mountains, highest climbed, 187
Mucous membrane, use of term, 97
Murmurs, in chest, in diseases of lungs, 169
of heart, 229
Muscle, change in appearance under microscope during contraction, 263
chemistry of contraction, 266
contraction a phenomenon of osmosis, 258
electric phenomena of, 278
means of promoting growth of, 271
measurement of its power, 285
nature of impulse which leads to contraction of, 282
Muscle of heart, its minute structure, 224
of insects, its efficiency, 261
plain, its minute structure, 258
plasma, its coagulation, 266
rhythm of voluntary contraction, 279
theory of its structure as a mechanism liberating energy, 234, 255
tone of, 272
tracings taken of contracting, 278
voluntary, its minute structure, 259
wastes when its nerve is severed, 274
work done by, proportional to load, 286
Muscles, arrangement in regard to the bones which they move, 286
co-operation in lifting a weight, 287
Muscular energy, source of, 235
Muscularis mucosæ of alimentary canal, 103
Musculi papillares of heart, 227
Music, chords admissible in, 408
Indian, division of octave, 408
primitive, prevalence of minor chords, 408
Musical tones and overtones, 406
Myelination of nerves, order of, 345
Myxœdema, dependent on disease of thyroid gland, 85
Myxomycetes, fusion of cell-bodies of, 27
Nasal chambers, air warmed in, 166
Negroes, their long heels, 285
Nerve, conduction in, theory of, 282
degeneration, 326
electrical phenomena, 279
indefatigable, 282
regeneration, 326
structure, 296
Nerves, depressor, 237
experiment of crossing, 327
fifth, 316
of heart, 239
of intestines, 426
protopathic and critical systems of, 425
secretory, of the salivary glands, 109
splanchnic, 236
superior laryngeal, 178
vagus, 104
vaso-motor, 239
Nerve-cells last throughout life, 148
limitations of their functions, 321
store of energy in, 320
transfer of impulses from cell to cell, 177, 300
their relation to muscle-fibres, 274
varying size of, 295, 322
Nerve-centres, 176
Nerve-force, improper use of expression, 281
Nerve-impulses, distribution in grey matter, 305
reinforcement of, 320
resistance to, at synapses, 306
Nerve-nets, pericellular, 301, 319
Nervous system, neuronic and extra-neuronic conduction, 310
phylogeny of, 332
Neuro-fibrillæ, 298
Neurone, origin of term, 293
transmission of current by, 328
various types of, 296, 323
Night-blindness, 378
Nissl’s bodies, source of nervous energy, 320
Nitric oxide, combination with hæmoglobin, 186
Nitrogenous equilibrium, 150
food, stimulating effect of, 157
waste, 210
Nœud vital of Flourens, 176
Normal diet, 151
Normal salt-solution, 82
Nucleo-proteins, source of uric acid, 215
Odours, classification of, 366
Œdema, or dropsy, 42
Olfactory membrane, structure, 366
Optic nerve, number of fibres, 378
Organ of Corti, structure, 415
theory of function, 417
Organs that have lost their prime functions, 87
Orientation, sense of, 335
Osmosis, 40, 128, 201
cause of muscular contraction, 235
Osteoblasts, bone-forming cells, 32
Osteoclasts, bone-eating cells, 65
Oxygen, amount required per diem, 166
carried by red blood-corpuscles, 66
Pain, influence of, upon action, 359
referred from viscera to surface of body, 316
relation to sensation, 313, 425
theory of, 312, 425
Pancreas, structure, 116
Pancreatic juice, constitution, 116
fat-splitting ferment of, 133
Papillæ of the tongue, various forms of, 97
Parathyroids, 86
Pepsin, digestive action, 115
Peptone prevents coagulation of blood, 77
Pericellular nerve-nets, 301
Perspiration, cools the surface of the body, 236
repressed during fever, 257
Peyer’s patches of lymph-follicles in intestine, 53
Phagocytes, germ-eating leucocytes, 60
consumption of red blood-corpuscles by, 82
Phosphenes, developed by pressure on eyeball, 383
Phosphorescence, cause of, 291
Phrenology, 343
Pictures, suggestion of solidity in, 401
Pineal body, phylogeny, 334
Pituitary body, 93
Plants, anæsthetized by ether, 12, 24
their metabolism, 15
their respiration, 24
Pleura, lining membrane of chest, 172
Pleurisy, pain of, 313
Pleuritic fluid, absorption of, 223
Pneumonia, changes in lung during, 169
Portal system of bloodvessels, 80
regulator of vascular tone, 236
Power of muscles, 285
Precipitins formed in blood, 19
Proteins, absorption by alimentary canal, 145
chemical constitution, 6
dietetic value, 157
fate after absorption, 212
Protopathic nerves, 425
Protoplasm, arrangement in cells, 30
constitution, 7
Huxley’s definition, 6
Pulse, cause of, 244
records of, 245
variations, 247
Purgatives, theory of action, 128
Purkinje-cells of cerebellum, 303, 340
shadows of retinal vessels, 375
Pus, origin of, from leucocytes, 57
Pyramids of cortex of great brain, 346
Rabbit’s ear, vaso-motor changes in, 235
Receptor, an organ specially sensitive to stimulation, 253
Referred pains from viscera, 316
Reflex action, inhibition of, 311
of scratching, 330
vinegar experiment with frog, 307
Regeneration of nerves, 326
Renal-portal circulation, 199
Renewal of tissues, 148
Rennin, ferment of milk, 16
Resistance in nervous system, laws of, 177, 307
Respiration, artificial, 179
effect on circulation, 221
a function of protoplasm, 23, 164
movements of, 171
nervous mechanism, 175, 179
in tissues, 165, 193
Respiratory centre in medulla oblongata, 176, 178, 182
Respiratory quotient, 174
Retina, structure, 374
Retinal pigment, relation to vision, 381
Rice ordeal, arrest of secretion of saliva, 112
Rigor mortis, 266
Rods and cones, respective functions in vision, 378
Rowing, value of, as exercise, 287
Saccharin, taste of, 367
Saline frog, respiration in, 193
Saliva, chemical constitution, 107
function of, 96, 107
Salivary glands, mechanism of secretion, 108
nerves of, 109, 236
Salts, absorption of, in alimentary canal, 128
Scientific method, definition of, 71
Scratch reflex, in dog, 330
Sea-sickness, 106
Secretin, hormone of pancreas and liver, 127
Secretion, accumulation of granules in cells, and their discharge, 110
a response to stimulation, 111
not a process of filtration, 110
Semicircular canals, their functions, 410
their positions in space, 335
Sensations, their apparent fusion, 356
many which escape attention, 318, 355
neutralization of one by another, 356
Sense-organs, origin in vertebrata, 336
Sensory areas in cortex of the great brain, 348
Sensory nerves, their connection with cerebro-spinal axis, 304
Shell-fish, poisonous extract of, 41
Shivering due to loss of heat from skin, 257
Зрение. См. Видение
Skate, electric organs of, 289
Skilled movements, dependent upon kinæsthetic sensations, 357
Skin, experiment of cutting nerve, 424
variety of sensations from, 423
Sleep, condition of neurones in, 362
Sleeping sickness, 33
Smallpox, protection against, 78
Smell, disappearance of sense of, in later life, 370
dog’s dependence upon sense of, 366
reason for mental associations with sensations of, 371
sensitiveness to mercaptan, 365
Smells, nice and nasty, 369
Smoking, mental effect of, 371
Sneezing on looking at bright light, 317
Sore throat, cause of deafness, 412
Soul, Aristotle’s definition, 32
Sound, mode of conduction, 404
rapidity of vibrations of, 406, 418
Sounds of the heart, 228
periodic and aperiodic, 409
Spectacles, defects of eyeball which call for, 392
Speech, derangements of, due to disease of the brain, 353
mechanism of, 437
Sphygmographs for recording pulse, 245
Spinal dog, reflex action in, 330
frog, reflex action in, 307
ganglia, development of cells, 299
Splanchnic nerves, regulation of blood-pressure by, 236
Spleen, destruction of blood-corpuscles in, 80
structure, 79
Squint, correction of double vision in, 397
Starch, formula, 15
Star-shapes due to puckering of crystalline lens, 393
Starvation, statistics of, 156
Stiffness of muscles, cause of, 45, 271
Stimuli to muscles and nerves, 248
Stokes, discovery of spectrum of blood, 68
Stomach, digestion in, 120
glands of, 123
referred pains from, 316
shape and size, 99
Stone in the bladder, its cause, 213
Subconscious self, 355
Sugars, digestion of, 120, 136
formulæ, 15
Sun, apparent size near horizon, 399
Suprarenal capsules, their structure and function, 91
Sweetbread as article of diet, 215
Sympathetic system of nerves, 243, 325
diameter of fibres, 325
Synapses of nerve-cells, resistance interposed at, 306
Synaptases, constructive ferments, 18
Synthesis by plants, 15
Tapeworms, resist digestion in the intestines, 21
Taste, confusion with sense of smell, 364
localization on tongue, 367
sense of, in fishes, 365
sensitiveness to quinine, 369
Taste-bulbs, their structure, 368
Tattooing, removal of pigment by leucocytes, 55
Tea, its dietetic value, 122
Teeth, 96
Tendon, the growth of, from cells, 28
Tension of gases in the lungs, 190
Tetanus, the vibratile contraction of muscle, 279
Thoracic duct, discharges lymph into veins, 43, 131
Thorax, negative pressure in, 222
Thorns on dendrites of nerve-cells, 300
Thyroid body or gland, forms an internal secretion, 86
relation to goitre, 85
structure of, 85
Tight-lacing, deformation of organs which it causes, 220
Tigroids, in nerve-cells, stores of energy, 320
Tissues, respiration in, 165, 193
Tone of muscles, 272
Tongue, as organ of taste, 367
Tonsils, function as guardians of the fauces, 53
structure, 52
Torpedo, electric organs of, 290
Touch, sensations of, 426
Toxins produced by microbes, 20
Urea, amount relatively to proteins consumed, 155
antecedents of, 146, 212
chemical formula, 211
secreted during period of starvation, 156
Uric acid, amount secreted daily, 213
artificial production of, 13
chemical formula, 13, 214
diathesis, its relation to diet, 140
due to metabolism of leucocytes, 53, 216
form in which excreted, 207
made in the liver of birds, 13
Urticaria due to abnormal composition of lymph, 41
Vaccination, protective value of, 22
Valves of heart, their mechanism, 226
Vascular system, tone of, 236, 240
Vaso-constrictor nerves, 236
Vaso-dilator nerves, 236
Vegetables, dietetic value of, 139
digestion of, 125, 137
Vermiform appendix, 88
Villi of intestine, absorption of food by, 130
fat seen in, during active digestion, 134
Viscera, their insensitiveness to injury, 316, 426
Vision, colour contrasts, 382
duration of images, 382
judgment of distance and size, 411
solidity, 401
stereoscopic, doctrine of corresponding points, 397
Visual purple, 381
Vital action, definition of expression, 205
Vivisection, 4
Vocal cords, structure, 431
how modified in singing, 435
Voice, breaking of, in boys, 434
falsetto, how produced, 435
range of human, 435
registers, 436
Vomiting, 105
Vowels, synthesis by tuning-forks, 439
Wandering cells, 33
Warmth, appreciation of, by skin, 429
Waste substances, classification, 194
how eliminated from body, 59
Waterfall, negative after-image of, 384
Water-weed, experiment proving that it respires, 24
Wear and tear of bioplasm, 145
Wisdom-tooth, tending to disappear, 96
Yawning, beneficial effect on circulation, 222
nervous mechanism of, 180
Young’s theory of colour-vision, 385
Zymogen, 110
КОНЕЦ
BILLING AND SONS, LTD., ПЕЧАТНИКИ, ГИЛДФОРД
СНОСКИ:
[1] Протеин, сущ., протеид, прил., общие термины для сложных азотистых веществ, таких как альбумин (белок яйца), менее растворимые глобулины, фибрин крови, казеин молока и т. д.
[2] Заметьте различие между фильтрацией и диализом. Если воду, содержащую растворимые и нерастворимые вещества, поместить в пористый сосуд, вода и растворимые вещества пройдут через поры сосуда. Скорость потока варьируется в зависимости от давления. Если воду, содержащую растворимые вещества, поместить в мочевой пузырь, а пузырь подвесить в сосуде с водой, некоторые из веществ, которые он может содержать — например, белок яйца, — недиффундируемы; другие пройдут из воды внутри пузыря в воду, которая его окружает. Но каждое диффундирующее вещество имеет свою собственную осмотическую ценность. Некоторые проходят через мембрану быстро, вскоре устанавливая состояние равновесия в двух жидкостях; другие требуют много времени. Далее, если вода с одной стороны мембраны содержит определенный процентный вес соли, молекулы которой велики — скажем, сульфат магния, — а вода с другой стороны — такой же процентный вес соли с меньшей молекулой — скажем, хлорид натрия, — вода, содержащая соль с меньшей молекулой, будет проходить в воду, содержащую соль с более тяжелой молекулой, с определенной силой. Если для начала два раствора находятся на одном уровне, уровень раствора, содержащего менее диффундирующую соль, сульфат магния, в начале эксперимента поднимется. Поэтому говорят, что он оказывает большее осмотическое давление, чем более диффундирующая соль — хлорид натрия. Равновесие не будет установлено, пока жидкость с одной стороны мембраны не будет содержать то же количество молекул на единицу объема, что и жидкость с другой стороны. Если представить молекулы сульфата магния как апельсины, а молекулы хлорида натрия как орехи, станет понятно, что равновесие не устанавливается, пока апельсины и орехи на пинту с одной стороны не будут равны по количеству апельсинам и орехам на пинту с другой. Когда эти принципы применяются к прохождению воды, содержащей продукты пищеварения, через стенку пищеварительного канала, очевидно, что, если мы понимаем все условия, процесс нельзя объяснить просто как проявление осмоса. Возьмем простейшую иллюстрацию. Когда сыворотка крови помещается в кишечник, она всасывается. Если бы она была в диализаторе, было бы равновесие между сывороткой внутри кишечника и лимфой снаружи. Осмоса бы не было. Или, опять же, предположим, что вода, содержащая 2% поваренной соли, помещена в кишечник, мы обнаружим, что и соль, и вода проходят в лимфу. В диализаторе вода проходила бы из лимфы (которая содержит соли, равные примерно 0,9% хлорида натрия) через мембрану в более сильный раствор. Солевой раствор должен быть очень концентрированным, чтобы заставить воду совершить обратный путь через стенку кишечника и, таким образом, действовать как слабительное. Когда мы изучаем всасывание из пищеварительного канала, мы обнаруживаем, что его стенка, если ей нужна соль или любое другое вещество, бросает вызов законам осмоса. Если соль не нужна, проявляются обычные явления осмоса. Сульфат магния (английская соль) был бы вреден, если бы всосался. Стенка кишечника ведет себя по отношению к нему как мертвая мембрана. Соль удерживает воду, в которой она растворена: возможно, вода выходит из лимфы в раствор соли. Содержимое кишечника в результате становится чрезмерно жидким. Соль действует как слабительное.
[3] Гортань быка — замечательный объект для изучения. Почти во всех отношениях формы и структуры она практически идентична человеческой гортани, а ее большой размер облегчает препарирование.
Примечания транскриптора:
Иллюстрации были перемещены так, чтобы они не разрывали абзацы и находились рядом с текстом, который они иллюстрируют.
Старые или устаревшие написания были сохранены.
Типографские ошибки были молча исправлены.