Lebanon, timber from, 96, 118 Libya, 28, 97 lugal, “great man,” “king,” 78 f., 79 Lugalzaggesi, 83 luxuries, trade in, 37
M Maat, 104, 107 Marduk, 63 Mari, 84 markets, 117 Memphis, 94 “Memphis Theology,” 94 f. Menes, 90, 91, 94, 95 f., 113 merchants, 67, 74 f., 118 Mersin, 36, 126 Mesopotamia; prehistoric, 42 f.; southern, 44, 45 f.; cities of, Chapter III passim; compared with Egypt, 50 ff.; formative age of, 51; influence in Egypt, 121 ff.; invasions of, 89 Methen, career of, 101, 103 n. Min, statues of, 137 money, absence of, 72, 115 “mountain,” religious significance of, 56 f.
N Naqada, 122 Naramsin, 85, 87 Narmer, 90, 96; palette of, 91, 92 f., 96, 125 Natufians, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36 Nekhbet, 95 Nesutnefer, 102 f. New Stone Age, inventions, 35 New Year’s festival, 57, 62 nigenna-land, common, 65, 76 Nile flood, 38, 108, 113 Nineveh, 36 nomarchs, 101, 113 nubanda, 65, 66, 72, 79, 80 Nubia, 97, 102, 118, 126
O oath by name of king, 86 officials, 69, 99 ff.; ideal, 103; oppression by, 81, 104, 115 Old Stone Age, 28, 29, 30. See also palaeolithic oligarchy, 77 ornaments, 74-75 Osiris, 18
P palaeolithic remains, express religious concepts, 27 f. Palestine, wild grains in, 29; early relations with Egypt, 39, 40, 96 palettes, votive: Hunter’s, 93, 126-27, 129; Narmer’s, 90 ff., 96, 125 Panehsi, 107 peasant life, 104 Persia, 42, 43, 68, 84 Pharaoh, position and functions, 24, 54, 91, 93, 98, 119-20, 129 “planned society” in Sumerian cities, 64, 73 ploughing, 71, 72 pottery: earliest, 35; in Egypt, 40; Mesopotamian, 43; Tell Halaf, 43 n., 46 prehistory, distinction between history and, 26; of ancient Near East, 27-48 private enterprise, property, 74, 76, 115 progress in history, 15 f. Protoliterate period, 52; age of expansion, 132; seals of, in Egypt, 122; temples of, 54; influence Egyptian technique, 97, 125 ff. pyramids, 108
Q Qau el Kebir, 110
R Ras Shamra, 36 rations, 66, 76 n., 112 raw materials, 100, 118-19 recessed buildings, 55, 127 f., 133 n. Red Sea, 136-37 reed structures, 45, 60 rekhyt-birds, 90, 93 religion, palaeolithic, 27 f.; early Mesopotamian, 62-63 f., 89 rents, in kind or silver, 65
S Samarra, 42
sangu, 65, 72, 79, 80 Sargon of Akkad, 82 f., 85 ff. Scorpion king, 90, 96; macehead of, 129 seals, cylinder, 58, 59, 60 and n., 122; stamp, 122 f. seasons, 113 Semerkhet, 96 Seneb, 111 f. serfdom in Egypt, 108, 109-10 Seti, 102 ships, 124. See also boats Sialk, 30, 36, 133 sickles, toothed, 30 f.; clay, 46 f. Sinai, 40, 96, 97, 118 slaves, 66, 68, 110 Snefru, 23, 119 socialism, Sumerian theocratic, 73 soldiers, 69 specialization, 69 Spengler, O., views discussed, 4-12, 17-18 stock-breeding, 35, 116-17 Sumer, 48, 84, 97, 136, 137 Sumerians, 51 n., 57, 69, 88 Susa, 133 Syria, contacts with Egypt, 96, 97, 117, 136
T Tasian culture, 39 taxes, 100, 104, 112, 114-15 Tell Asmar (Eshunna), 88 Tell el Amarna, workmen’s village at, 109 Tell Halaf, 36; pottery, 44 n., 46 Tell Uqair, 55, 60 temples: of Al Ubaid period, 47-48, 54, 128; Protoliterate, 54; their influence in Egypt, 97, 127 ff.; accounts kept by, 71 ff.; civic importance, 57; earliest writing in, 57, 58; economic units, 50, 54, 64 ff.; magazines, 67 f. See also Assur, Brak, Erech, Mari Tepe Gawra, 46, 128 Thebes, 98, 118 Theocracy, 54 This, 90, 95 Tigris, 43, 45, 53; and Euphrates, cultural continuum along, 84 toilet sets, copper and gold, 75 tools, 67 towers, 129, 132, 133 n. See also ziggurat Toynbee, A., views discussed, 2, 4, 10, 12-23 trade, 74, 117, 133 trade routes, defence of, 87 f. Treasurer of Pharaoh, 100, 101, 102 Troy, 84 “Two Lands, The,” 95
U Umma, 79, 82 Uni, 107 Ur, 43, 55, 75; Third Dynasty of, 88 urban-rural contrast, found in early times, 62 Urukagina, reforms of, 81, 82 Uru-lal-land, 65, 74
V vizierate in Egypt, 99
W Wadi Hammamat, 137 weavers, weaving, 35-36, 111 Wenamon, 119 “White Wall,” Memphis, 94 women as allotment-holders, 66-67 wood, seals made of, 123. See also Lebanon wool, 68 writing, 49, 50, 58 and n., 97, 129, 130
Z ziggurat, 55; significance, 56
АНКОР БУКС АМЕРИКАНСКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 1840S—Carl Bode, ed., AD4 THE AMERICAN NOVEL AND ITS TRADITION—Richard Chase, A116 AMERICAN POETRY AND POETICS—Daniel G. Hoffman, ed., A307 THE AMERICAN PURITANS—Perry Miller, A80 AMERICAN RACE RELATIONS TODAY—Earl Raab, ed., A318 AMERICAN SOCIAL PATTERNS—William Petersen, ed., A86 THE AMERICAN TRANSCENDENTALISTS—Perry Miller, ed., A119 BLACK HISTORY: A Reappraisal—Melvin Drimmer, ed., AO8 CASTE AND CLASS IN A SOUTHERN TOWN—John Dollard, A95 THE CENTENNIAL YEARS: A Political and Economic History of America from the late 1870s to the early 1890s—Fred A. Shannon; Robert H. Jones, ed., A659 THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA—Alan Barker, A274 CONGRESS—Alfred de Grazia, ed., A582 THE CONGRESSMAN—Charles L. Clapp, A426 THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA—Hugo Adam Bedau, ed., A387 DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA—Alexis de Tocqueville; J. P. Mayer, ed.; George Lawrence, trans, AO5 THE DEVIL IN MASSACHUSETTS: A Modern Enquiry into the Salem Witch Trials—Marion Starkey, A682 A DISSENTER’S GUIDE TO FOREIGN POLICY—Irving Howe, ed., Foreword by Lewis Coser, A617 DIVIDED WE STAND: Reflections on the Crisis at Cornell—David I. Grossvogel and Cushing Strout, A780 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION—John Hope Franklin, A459 THE ETHICAL IMPERATIVE: The Crisis in American Values—Richard L. Means, A735 THE EXPLODING METROPOLIS—Editors of Fortune, A146 THE FEDERALIST PAPERS—Roy P. Fairfield, ed., second edition, A239 THE FIRST NEW NATION: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective—Seymour Martin Lipset, A597 FOLKLORE IN AMERICA—Tristram P. Coffin and Hennig Cohen, eds., A514 FREE MEN AND FREE MARKETS—Robert Theobald, A447 FROM RACE RIOT TO SIT-IN—Arthur L. Waskow, A557 THE FUTURE OF CONSERVATISM—M. Stanton Evans, revised edition, A701 THE GATEWAY TO HISTORY—Allan Nevins, revised edition, A314 THE GATHERING STORM IN THE CHURCHES—Jeffrey K. Hadden, A712 THE INDIAN AND THE WHITE MAN—Wilcomb E. Washburn, ed., AD2 INDIANS OF THE UNITED STATES—Clark Wissler, N42 ISSUES IN AMERICAN PROTESTANTISM—Robert L. Ferm, A650 JACOB RIIS REVISITED: Poverty and the Slum in Another Era—Francesco Codasco, A646 THE JEFFERSONIAN AND HAMILTONIAN TRADITIONS IN AMERICAN POLITICS—Albert Fried, ed., A464 KILLERS OF THE DREAM: An Analysis and Evaluation of the South—Lillian Smith, A339 THE METROPOLITAN ENIGMA—James Q. Wilson, ed., A724 THE NAVAHO—Clyde Kluckhohn and Dorothea Leighton, revised by Richard Kluckhohn and Lucy Wales, N28 THE NEGRO AND THE AMERICAN LABOR MOVEMENT—Julius Jacobson, A495 THE 1940S: Profile of a Nation in Crisis—Chester E. Eisinger, ed., AD8 ON NATIVE GROUNDS: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature—Alfred Kazin, abridged, A69 THE ORGANIZATION MAN—William H. Whyte, Jr., A117 POCHO—José Antonio Villarreal, intro. by Dr. Ramon Ruiz, A744 POLITICAL MAN: The Social Bases of Politics—Seymour Martin Lipset, A330 POPULAR CULTURE AND INDUSTRIALISM, 1865-1890—Henry Nash Smith, ed., AD5 PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC-JEW: An Essay in American Religious Sociology—Will Herberg, revised edition, A195 RACE AND NATIONALITY IN AMERICAN LIFE—Oscar Handlin, A110 THE RADICAL RIGHT—Daniel Bell, ed., A376 THE RELIGIOUS FACTOR—Gerhard Lenski, A337 REVOLUTIONARY NON-VIOLENCE—David Dellinger, A787 THE SCHOOLS—Martin Mayer, A331 SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN POETRY—Harrison T. Meserole, ed., ACO12 SOCIALISM IN AMERICA: From the Shakers to the Third International—Albert Fried, ed., AO15 THE STRENUOUS DECADE: A Social and Intellectual Record of the 1930s—Daniel Aaron and Robert Bendiner, eds., AD7 TEACHER IN AMERICA—Jacques Barzun, A25 UNION DEMOCRACY—Seymour Martin Lipset, Martin A. Trow, and James S. Coleman, Foreword by Clark Kerr, A296 WHITE MAN, LISTEN!—Richard Wright, A414 WHO DESIGNS AMERICA?—Laurence B. Holland, ed., A523 THE WOBBLIES: The Story of Syndicalism in the United States—Patrick Renshaw, A637 Примечания переписчика
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