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АВТОРЫ:
ТОМАС КЕРТИС КЛАРК, ТЕОДОР ВУРХИС
ДЖОН БОГАРТ, БЕНДЖАМИН НОРТОН
М. Н. ФОРНИ, АРТУР Т. ХЭДЛИ
Э. П. АЛЕКСАНДР, ТОМАС Л. ДЖЕЙМС
Г. Г. ПРАУТ, ЧАРЛЬЗ ФРЭНСИС АДАМС
ГОРАС ПОРТЕР, Б. Б. АДАМС-МЛАДШИЙ
С ВВЕДЕНИЕМ
ТОМАСА М. КУЛИ
ПРЕДСЕДАТЕЛЯ КОМИССИИ ПО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЮ ТОРГОВЛИ МЕЖДУ ШТАТАМИ
С БОЛЕЕ ЧЕМ 200 ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯМИ
НЬЮ-ЙОРК
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1889
Авторское право, 1888, 1889, принадлежит
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
TROW'S PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY, НЬЮ-ЙОРК.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ.
PAGE INTRODUCTIONxxi By THOMAS M. COOLEY,
Chairman Interstate Commerce Commission. THE BUILDING OF A RAILWAY1 By THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE,
Civil Engineer. Roman Tramways of Stone—First Use of Iron Rails—The Modern Railway created by Stephenson's "Rocket" in 1830—Early American Locomotives—Key to the Evolution of the American Railway—Invention of the Swivelling Truck, Equalizing Beams, and the Switchback—Locating a Road—Work of the Surveying Party—Making the Road-bed—How Tunnels are Avoided—More than Three Thousand Bridges in the United States—Old Wooden Structures—The Howe Truss—The Use of Iron—Viaducts of Steel—The American System of Laying Bridge Foundations under Water—Origin of the Cantilever—Laying the Track—How it is Kept in Repair—Premiums for Section Bosses—Number of Railway Employees in the United States—Rapid Railway Construction—Radical Changes which the Railway will Effect. FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING47 By JOHN BOGART,
State Engineer of New York. Development of the Rail—Problems for the Engineer—How Heights are Climbed—The Use of Trestles—Construction on a Mountain Side—Engineering on Rope Ladders—Through the Portals of a Cañon—Feats on the Oroya Railroad, Peru—Nochistongo Cut—Rack Rails for Heavy Grades—Difficulties in Tunnel Construction—Bridge Foundations—Cribs and Pneumatic Caissons—How Men work under Water—The Construction of Stone Arches—Wood
and Iron in Bridge-building—Great Suspension Bridges—The Niagara Cantilever and the enormous Forth Bridge—Elevated and Underground Roads—Responsibilities of the Civil Engineer. AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS100 By M. N. FORNEY,
Author of "The Catechism of the Locomotive," Editor "Railroad and Engineering Journal," New York. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1830—Evolution of the Car from the Conestoga Wagon—Horatio Allen's Trial Trip—The First Locomotive used in the United States—Peter Cooper's Race with a Gray Horse—The "De Witt Clinton," "Planet," and other Early Types of Locomotives—Equalizing Levers—How Steam is Made and Controlled—The Boiler, Cylinder, Injector, and Valve Gear—Regulation of the Capacity of a Locomotive to Draw—Increase in the Number of Driving Wheels—Modern Types of Locomotives—Variation in the Rate of Speed—The Appliances by which an Engine is Governed—Round-houses and Shops—Development of American Cars—An Illustration from Peter Parley—The Survival of Stage Coach Bodies—Adoption of the Rectangular Shape—The Origin of Eight-wheeled Cars—Improvement in Car Coupling—A Uniform Type Recommended—The Making of Wheels—Relative Merits of Cast and Wrought Iron, and Steel—The Allen Paper Wheel—Types of Cars, with Size, Weight, and Price—The Car-Builder's Dictionary—Statistical. RAILWAY MANAGEMENT149 By Gen. E. P. ALEXANDER,
President of the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia. Relations of Railway Management to all Other Pursuits—Developed by the Necessities of a Complex Industrial Life—How a Continuous Life is Given to a Corporation—Its Artificial Memory—Main Divisions of Railway Management—The Executive and Legislative Powers—The Purchasing and Supply Departments—Importance of the Legal Department—How the Roadway is Kept in Repair—The Maintenance of Rolling Stock—Schedule-making—The Handling of Extra Trains—Duties of the Train-despatcher—Accidents in Spite of Precautions—Daily Distribution of Cars—How Business is Secured and Rates are Fixed—The Interstate Commerce Law—The Questions of "Long and Short Hauls" and "Differentials"—Classification of Freight—Regulation of Passenger-rates—Work of Soliciting Agents—The Collection of Revenue and Statistics—What is a Way-bill—How Disbursements are Made—The Social and Industrial Problem which Confronts Railway Corporations. SAFETY IN RAILROAD TRAVEL187 By H. G. PROUT,
Editor "Railroad Gazette," New York. The Possibilities of Destruction in the Great Speed of a Locomotive—The Energy of Four Hundred Tons Moving at Seventy-five Miles an Hour—A Look ahead from a Locomotive at Night—Passengers Killed and Injured in One Year—Good Discipline the Great Source of Safety—The Part Played by Mechanical Appliances—Hand-brakes on Old Cars—How the Air-brake Works—The Electric Brake—Improvements yet to be Made—Engine Driver Brakes—Two Classes of Signals: those which Protect Points of Danger, and those which Keep an Interval between Trains on the Same Track—The Semaphore—Interlocking Signals and Switches—Electric Annunciators to Indicate the Movements—The Block Signal System—Protection for Crossings—Gates and Gongs—How Derailment is Guarded Against—Safety Bolts—Automatic Couplers—The Vestibule as a Safety Appliance—Car Heating and Lighting. RAILWAY PASSENGER TRAVEL228 By Gen. HORACE PORTER,
Vice-President Pullman Palace-Car Company. The Earliest Railway Passenger Advertisement—The First Time-table Published in America—The Mohawk & Hudson Train—Survival of Stage-coach Terms in English Railway Nomenclature—Simon Cameron's Rash Prediction—Discomforts of Early Cars—Introduction of Air-brakes, Patent Buffers and Couplers, the Bell-cord, and Interlocking Switches—The First Sleeping-cars—Mr. Pullman's Experiments—The "Pioneer"—Introduction of Parlor and Drawing-room Cars—The Demand for Dining-cars—Ingenious Devices for Heating Cars—Origin of Vestibule-cars—An Important Safety Appliance—The Luxuries of a Limited Express—Fast Time in America and England—Sleeping-cars for Immigrants—The Village of Pullman—The Largest Car-works in the World—Baggage-checks and Coupon Tickets—Conveniences in a Modern Depot—Statistics in Regard to Accidents—Proportion of Passengers in Various Classes—Comparison of Rates in the Leading Countries of the World. THE FREIGHT-CAR SERVICE267 By THEODORE VOORHEES,
Assistant-General Superintendent, New York Central Railroad. Sixteen Months' Journey of a Car—Detentions by the Way—Difficulties of the Car Accountant's Office—Necessities of Through Freight—How a Company's Cars are Scattered—The Question
of Mileage—Reduction of the Balance in Favor of Other Roads—Relation of the Car Accountant's Work to the Transportation Department—Computation of Mileage—The Record Branch—How Reports are Gathered and Compiled—Exchange of "Junction Cards"—The Use of "Tracers"—Distribution of Empty Cars—Control of the Movement of Freight—How Trains are Made Up—Duties of the Yardmaster—The Handling of Through Trains—Organization of Fast Lines—Transfer Freight Houses—Special Cars for Specific Service—Disasters to Freight Trains—How the Companies Suffer—Inequalities in Payment for Car Service—The Per Diem Plan—A Uniform Charge for Car Rental—What Reforms might be Accomplished. HOW TO FEED A RAILWAY298 By BENJAMIN NORTON,
Second Vice-President, Long Island Railroad Company. The Many Necessities of a Modern Railway—The Purchasing and Supply Departments—Comparison with the Commissary Department of an Army—Financial Importance—Immense Expenditures—The General Storehouse—Duties of the Purchasing Agent—The Best Material the Cheapest—Profits from the Scrap-heap—Old Rails Worked over into New Implements—Yearly Contracts for Staple Articles—Economy in Fuel—Tests by the Best Engineers and Firemen—The Stationery Supply—Aggregate Annual Cost of Envelopes, Tickets, and Time-tables—The Average Life of Rails—Durability of Cross-ties—What it Costs per Mile to Run an Engine—The Paymaster's Duties—Scenes during the Trip of a Pay-car. THE RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE312 By THOMAS L. JAMES,
Ex-Postmaster General. An Object Lesson in Postal Progress—Nearness of the Department to the People—The First Travelling Post-Office in the United States—Organization of the Department in 1789—Early Mail Contracts—All Railroads made Post-routes—Compartments for Mail Clerks in Baggage-cars—Origin of the Present System in 1862—Important Work of Colonel George S. Bangs—The "Fast Mail" between New York and Chicago—Why it was Suspended—Resumption in 1877—Present Condition of the Service—Statistics—A Ride on the "Fast Mail"—Busy Scenes at the Grand Central Depot—Special Uses of the Five Cars—Duties of the Clerks—How the Work is Performed—Annual Appropriation for Special Mail Facilities—Dangers Threatening the Railway Mail Clerk's Life—An Insurance Fund Proposed—Needs of the Service—A Plea for Radical Civil Service Reform. THE RAILWAY IN ITS BUSINESS RELATIONS344 By ARTHUR T. HADLEY,
Professor of Political Science in Yale College, Author of "Railroad Transportation." Amount of Capital Invested in Railways—Important Place in the Modern Industrial System—The Duke of Bridgewater's Foresight—The Growth of Half a Century—Early Methods of Business Management—The Tendency toward Consolidation—How the War Developed a National Idea—Its Effect on Railroad Building—Thomson and Scott as Organizers—Vanderbilt's Capacity for Financial Management—Garrett's Development of the Baltimore & Ohio—The Concentration of Immense Power in a Few Men—Making Money out of the Investors—Difficult Positions of Stockholders and Bondholders—How the Finances are Manipulated by the Board of Directors—Temptations to the Misuse of Power—Relations of Railroads to the Public who Use Them—Inequalities in Freight Rates—Undue Advantages for Large Trade Centres—Proposed Remedies—Objections to Government Control—Failure of Grangerism—The Origin of Pools—Their Advantages—Albert Fink's Great Work—Charles Francis Adams and the Massachusetts Commission—Adoption of the Interstate Commerce Law—Important Influence of the Commission—Its Future Functions—Ill-judged State Legislation. THE PREVENTION OF RAILWAY STRIKES370 By CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS,
President of the Union Pacific Railroad. Railways the Largest Single Interest in the United States—Some Impressive Statistics—Growth of a Complex Organization—Five Divisions of Necessary Work—Other Special Departments—Importance of the Operating Department—The Evil of Strikes—To be Remedied by Thorough Organization—Not the Ordinary Relation between Employer and Employee—Of what the Model Railway Service Should Consist—Temporary and Permanent Employees—Promotion from one Grade to the Other—Rights and Privileges of the Permanent Service—Employment during Good Behavior—Proposed Tribunal for Adjusting Differences and Enforcing Discipline—A Regular Advance in Pay for Faithful Service—A Fund for Hospital Service, Pensions, and Insurance—Railroad Educational Institutions—The Employer to Have a Voice in Management through a Council—A System of Representation. THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF RAILROAD MEN383 By B. B. ADAMS, Jr.,
Associate Editor, "Railroad Gazette," New York. The Typical Railroad Man—On the Road and at Home—Raising the Moral Standard—Characteristics
of the Freight Brakeman—His Wit the Result of Meditation—How Slang is Originated—Agreeable Features of his Life in Fine Weather—Hardships in Winter—The Perils of Hand-brakes—Broken Trains—Going back to Flag—Coupling Accidents—At the Spring—Advantages of a Passenger Brakeman—Trials of the Freight Conductor—The Investigation of Accidents—Irregular Hours of Work—The Locomotive Engineer the Hero of the Rail—His Rare Qualities—The Value of Quick Judgment—Calm Fidelity a Necessary Trait—Saving Fuel on a Freight Engine—Making Time on a Passenger Engine—Remarkable Runs—The Spirit of Fraternity among Engineers—Difficult Duties of a Passenger-train Conductor—Tact in Dealing with Many People—Questions to be Answered—How Rough Characters are Dealt with—Heavy Responsibilities—The Work of a Station Agent—Flirtation by Telegraph—The Baggage-master's Hard Task—Eternal Vigilance Necessary in a Switch-tender—Section-men, Train Despatchers, Firemen, and Clerks—Efforts to Make the Railroad Man's Life Easier. STATISTICAL RAILWAY STUDIES425 ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN MAPS AND NINETEEN CHARTS. By FLETCHER W. HEWES,
Author of "Scribner's Statistical Atlas." Railway Mileage of the World—Railway Mileage of the United States—Annual Mileage and Increase—Mileage Compared with Area—Geographical Location of Railways—Centres of Mileage and of Population—Railway Systems—Trunk Lines Compared: By Mileage; Largest Receipts; Largest Net Results—Freight Traffic—Reduction of Freight Rates—Wheat Rates—The Freight Haul—Empty Freight Trains—Freight Profits—Passenger Traffic—Passenger Rates—Passenger Travel—Passenger Profits—General Considerations—Dividends—Net Earnings per Mile and Railway Building—Ratios of Increase—Construction and Maintenance—Employees and their Wages—Rolling Stock—Capital Invested. INDEX449
СПИСОК ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ.
ПОЛНОСТРАНИЧНЫЕ ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ.
Title.Designer.Page The Last Span (Frontispiece)A. B. Frostv Alpine Pass. Avoidance of a TunnelFrom a photograph5 Big Loop, Georgetown Branch of the Union Pacific, ColoradoFrom a photograph11 Snow-sheds, Selkirk Mountains, Canadian PacificJ. D. Woodward19 Rail MakingWalter Shirlaw39 Loop and Great Trestle near Hagerman's, on the Colorado Midland RailwayJ. D. Woodward51 Portal of a Tunnel in Process of ConstructionOtto Stark65 At Work in a Pneumatic Caisson—Fifty Feet below the Surface of the WaterWalter Shirlaw73 Below the Brooklyn BridgeJ. H. Twachtman83 The St. Louis Bridge during ConstructionM. E. Sands & R. Blum95 A Typical American Passenger LocomotiveFrom a photograph111 Interior of a Round-houseM. J. Burns130 View in Locomotive Erecting ShopJ. D. Woodward & R. Blum135
Diagram Used in Making Railway Time-Tables161 The General DespatcherM. J. Burns165 Mantua Junction, West Philadelphia, showing a Complex System of Interlacing TracksW. C. Fitler169 Danger Ahead!A. B. Frost189 Interlocking Apparatus for Operating Switches and Signals by Compressed Air, Pittsburg Yards, Pennsylvania RailroadFrom a photograph211 Pullman Vestibuled CarsFrom a photograph247 In a Baggage-roomW. C. Broughton255 "Show Your Tickets!"Walter Shirlaw261 Freight Yards of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, West Sixty-fifth Street, New YorkW. C. Fitler285 Freight from all Quarters—Some Typical TrainsW. C. Fitler291 At a Way-station—The Postmaster's AssistantHerbert Denman321 Transfer of Mail at the Grand Central Station, New YorkHerbert Denman327 Sorting Letters in Car No. 1—The Fast MailHerbert Denman333 A Breakdown on the RoadA. B. Frost405 In the Waiting Room of a Country StationA. B. Frost413 The Trials of a Baggage-masterA. B. Frost417
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ В ТЕКСТЕ.
PAGE First Locomotive2 Locomotive of To-day3 A Sharp Curve—Manhattan Elevated Railway, 110th Street, New York7 A Steep Grade on a Mountain Railroad8 A Switchback9 Plan of Big Loop10 Profile of the Same10 Engineers in Camp14 Royal Gorge Hanging Bridge, Denver and Rio Grande, Colorado16 Veta Pass, Colorado17 Sections of Snow-sheds (3 cuts)18 Making an Embankment21 Steam Excavator21 Building a Culvert22 Building a Bridge Abutment22 Rock Drill23 A Construction and Boarding Train24 Bergen Tunnels, Hoboken, N. J.25 Beginning a Tunnel26 Old Burr Wooden Bridge28 Kinzua Viaduct; Erie Railway30 Kinzua Viaduct31 View of Thomas Pope's Proposed Cantilever (1810)34 Pope's Cantilever in Process of Erection35 General View of the Poughkeepsie Bridge36 Erection of a Cantilever37 Spiking the Track38 Track Laying41 Temporary Railway Crossing the St. Lawrence on the Ice44 View Down the Blue from Rocky Point, Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad; showing successive tiers of railway49 Denver and Rio Grande Railway Entering the Portals of the Grand River Cañon, Colorado54 The Kentucky River Cantilever, on the Cincinnati Southern Railway55 Truss over Ravine, and Tunnel, Oroya Railroad, Peru56 The Nochistongo Cut, Mexican Central Railway57 The Mount Washington Rack Railroad58 Trestle on Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, Crawford Notch, White Mountains58 A Series of Tunnels59
Tunnel at the Foot of Mount St. Stephen, on the Canadian Pacific60 Peña de Mora on the La Guayra and Carácas Railway, Venezuela61 Perspective View of St. Gothard Spiral Tunnels, in the Alps62 Plan of St. Gothard Spiral Tunnels63 Profile of the Same63 Portal of a Finished Tunnel; showing Cameron's Cone, Colorado64 Railway Pass at Rocky Point in the Rocky Mountains67 Bridge Pier Founded on Piles68 Pneumatic Caisson70 Transverse Section of Pneumatic Caisson71 Pier of Hawkesbury Bridge, Australia75 Foundation Crib of the Poughkeepsie Bridge76 Transverse Section of the Same76 Granite Arched Approach to Harlem River Bridge in Process of Construction77 The Old Portage Viaduct, Erie Railway, N. Y.78 The New Portage Viaduct79 The Britannia Tubular Bridge over the Menai Straits, North Wales80 Old Stone Towers of the Niagara Suspension Bridge82 The New Iron Towers of the Same82 Truss Bridge of the Northern Pacific Railway over the Missouri River at Bismarck, Dak.—Testing the Central Span87 Curved Viaduct, Georgetown, Col.; the Union Pacific Crossing its own Line88 The Niagara Cantilever Bridge in Progress90 The Niagara Cantilever Bridge Completed91 The Lachine Bridge, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, near Montreal, Canada92 The 510-feet Span Steel Arches of the New Harlem River Bridge, New York, during Construction97 London Underground Railway Station98 Conestoga Wagon and Team101 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1830–35101 Boston & Worcester Railroad, 1835102 Horatio Allen103 Peter Cooper's Locomotive, 1830104 "South Carolina," 1831, and Plan of its Running Gear105 The "De Witt Clinton," 1831105 "Grasshopper" Locomotive106 The "Planet"107 John B. Jervis's Locomotive, 1831, and Plan of its Running Gear108 Campbell's Locomotive109 Locomotive for Suburban Traffic110 Locomotive for Street Railway110 Four-wheeled Switching Locomotive113