«История евреев. Том 6»

in the twelfth century, 3, 434.

Ispahanites, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 125.

Israel (Ten Tribes), the house of, renounces allegiance to David, 1, 140.

revolts from David, 1, 148–50.

dislike of, to Judah under Solomon, 1, 174.

Israel (Ten Tribes), the kingdom of, first indications of, 1, 109.

founded by Jeroboam, 1, 183.

subjects of, worship at Jerusalem, 1, 185.

idolatry introduced into, by Jeroboam, 1, 185–7.

loyalty to monotheism in, under Ahab, 1, 198–9.

luxury in, 1, 232.

immorality in, under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

idolatry in, under Menahem, 1, 244, 247.

invaded by Pul, 1, 246–7.

power of, under Menahem, 1, 247.

invaded by Tiglath-Pileser II, 1, 259–60.

inhabitants of, carried to Assyria, 1, 260.

debauchery of the nobles of, under Hoshea, 1, 262–3.

end of, 1, 264–5.

См. также Самария и др.

Израиль (Десять колен), цари, список:

Ахав,

Охозия,

Вааса,

Ила,

Осия,

Иоахаз,

Иоас,

Иорам (Йорам),

Ииуй,

Иеровоам I,

Иеровоам II,

Менаим,

Надав,

Омри,

Факей,

Факия,

Саллум,

Тивни,

Захария,

Зимри.

Israel (whole nation), history of, by Baruch, 1, 336–7.

См. в разделе Израильтяне.

Israel, Young, under Hegel’s influence, 5, 585.

Israel of Enns, charged with host desecration, 4, 223.

Israel of Kozieniza, leader of the Chassidim, 5, 393.

Israel of Miedziboz (Baal Shem, Besht, 1698–1759), founder of the new Chassidism, 5, 375.

early life of, 5, 376.

intense devoutness of, 5, 376–7.

visions of, 5, 377.

occupation of, 5, 378.

miracles done by, 5, 378.

followers of, 5, 378–9.

successor of, 5, 379.

introduces pilgrimages, 5, 380.

sayings by, 5, 393.

Israel Bruna (1400–1480), rabbi of Ratisbon, 4, 300, 302.

calumniated by an apostate, 4, 302, 303.

misfortunes of, 4, 302.

opposition to, in Ratisbon, 4, 302–3.

imprisoned, 4, 303.

protected by Frederick III, 4, 303–4.

released, 4, 304.

Israel Isserlein, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.

death of, 4, 303.

Israel Najara, Damascus poet, 4, 609.

Israel Saruk, teaches Lurya’s principles in Italy, 4, 625.

Israel Zamosc, teaches Mendelssohn, 5, 295.

Израиль, Авраам. См. Авраам Израиль.

Израиль I. См. Исаак бен Сулейман Израиль I.

Израиль II. См. Исаак бен Иосиф Израиль II.

Israelites, the (whole nation), entry of, into the Holy Land, 1, 1, 32.

claim Canaan, 1, 4–5.

in Egypt, 1, 7–18.

influenced by the Egyptians, 1, 8–9, 10.

Egyptian bondmen, 1, 11.

degenerate in slavery, 1, 11–12.

liberation of, 1, 16–18.

pass through the Red Sea, 1, 18–19.

at Mount Sinai, 1, 20–1.

influence of the Sinaitic revelation on, 1, 22.

worship idols in the desert, 1, 23–4.

wanderings of, in the desert, 1, 25–31.

elect judges in the desert, 1, 26.

wars of, in the desert, 1, 26–9.

opposed by the Idumæans, 1, 27.

defeat Sihon, 1, 27.

practice idolatry at Baal-Peor, 1, 28.

cross the Jordan, 1, 31.

defeated at Ai, 1, 33.

defeat the five kings of Canaan, 1, 34–5.

conquest of Canaan by, 1, 39–40.

and the heathen practices of the Canaanites, 1, 51, 57–9.

relation of, to the neighboring nations, 1, 53–9.

intermarriages of, with the heathen, 1, 56–7.

oppressed by the Moabites, 1, 60.

oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 61.

oppressed by Jabin, 1, 61.

oppressed by the Midianites, 1, 61–3.

attacked by the Philistines, 1, 70–2.

idolatry of, under Samuel, 1, 75.

warfare of, with the Philistines and Ammonites, 1, 80.

demand a king, 1, 80.

choose a king, 1, 82–3.

condition of, at the beginning of Saul’s reign, 1, 84.

defeat the Philistines at Michmash, 1, 86–9.

defeat the Amalekites, 1, 91–2.

wage war with Achish, 1, 102–4.

divided into two kingdoms, 1, 109.

David king of, 1, 112.

wage war with the Philistines, 1, 115–18.

champions of, in the Philistine war, 1, 117.

at war with Moabites, Ammonites, etc., 1, 125–9.

enlargement of the territory of, 1, 129–30.

См. также Евреи; Иудеи.

Израильтяне (весь народ), цари, список:

Давид,

Ровоам,

Саул,

Соломон.

“Israelitische Allianz,” founders and object of, 5, 703.

“Israel’s Hope,” by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 31–2, 33.

Issachar, the tribe of, acquires pasture land in the north, 1, 36–7.

relation of, to the Phœnicians, 1, 53.

Иссерлейн, Израиль. См. Израиль Иссерлейн.

Иссерлес. См. Моисей бен Израиль Иссерлес.

Issor, a proselyte of Machuza, 2, 587–8.

Italy, loses its importance, 2, 560.

a province of the Byzantine Empire, 3, 32.

under the Lombards, 3, 33.

Talmud scholars of, in the tenth century, 3, 212.

French exiles settle in, 4, 177.

Austrian exiles settle in, 4, 224.

tolerance in, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

German rabbis in, hostile to philosophy, 4, 293.

Marranos flee to, 4, 318, 485.

Spanish exiles go to, 4, 352, 407–10.

ships of, carry Spanish exiles, 4, 358.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

Spanish exiles leaders in, 4, 389.

professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.

Jewish fugitives in, gather in national groups, 4, 478.

the Kabbala in, 4, 481; 5, 488.

liberty of, defended by Clement VII, 4, 492.

Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 209.

congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.

attitude of, towards the Damascus affair, 5, 650.

См. также в разделе Рим.

Italy, the Jews of, in the fifth and sixth centuries, 3, 27–34.

governed by the decrees of Theodosius I, 3, 29–30.

and Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.

under Theodoric, 3, 29–30.

Cassiodorus on, 3, 31.

support Theodatus, 3, 31–2.

under the Byzantine rule, 3, 32.

under the Lombards, 3, 33.

under Pope Gregory I, 3, 33–4.

devoted to the Agada in the ninth century, 3, 160.

banishment of, decreed by Louis II, 3, 174.

yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.

uncultured in the eleventh century, 3, 290.

political position of, favorable, 3, 290.

culture of, before Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 369.

taught the importance of Hebrew grammar, 3, 371.

in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.

not interested in Talmud study, 3, 421.

favorable condition of, under Alexander III, 3, 421.

speak four languages, 3, 423.

influence of Abraham Ibn-Ezra on, 3, 423.

address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624.

refuse to support Solomon Petit, 3, 627–8.

political condition of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 628.

influenced by Maimonides’ philosophical works, 3, 629–30.

culture of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 59.

Maimonides’ works translated for, 4, 60.

distress of, during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, 4, 218.

delegates of, wait on Martin V, 4, 219.

poetry of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 230.

Eugenius IV’s bull against, 4, 251.

Nicholas V’s bull against, 4, 253.

Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, 4, 254.

privileges of, as financiers, 4, 286.

as physicians, 4, 287.

on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 287–8.

culture of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 289.

as printers, 4, 289.

participate in the renaissance, 4, 289, 290.

influence of German immigrants on, 4, 294.

the clergy arouses ill-will against, 4, 295–6.

Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, 4, 296.

instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.

popes friendly to, 4, 407.

joined by numerous exiles, 4, 408.

ruled over by the immigrants, 4, 408.

adherents of Asher Lämmlein, 4, 485.

submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

suffer from the Catholic reaction, 4, 653–5.

under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, 4, 654.

conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5.

bribe the censors, 4, 659.

poor, 5, 205.

emancipated by the French, 5, 459.

send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, 5, 482, 488.

emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, 5, 518.

address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 527.

influenced by the moderate Reform movement, 5, 582–3.

См. также в разделе Франки, империя, евреи; Рим, евреи.

Italy, Lower, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

Italy, northern, the Jews of, number of, 3, 423–4.

Italy, southern, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.

driven away by the Catholic reaction, 4, 653.

Итиль (Атель). См. Волга.

Itil (Atel), capital of the Chazars, captured, 3, 222.

Ittai, commander of mercenary troops under David, 1, 137.

faithful to David in the war with Absalom, 1, 141.

commander at Mahanaim, 1, 144.

Ittur, Talmudic work by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, 3, 400.

Ituræa, conquest of, planned by John Hyrcanus, 2, 13.

Ituræans, the, converted by Aristobulus I, 2, 37.

Itzig, Daniel, connected by marriage with Friedländer, 5, 397.

daughter of, 5, 413.

representative of the Berlin Jewish community, 5, 415.

Itzig, Fanny, holds a salon in Vienna, 5, 413–14.

Itzig, Itzig Daniel, director of the Berlin Free School, 5, 416.

Ivan IV, of Russia, candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 603.

refuses to permit Jews to trade in Russia, 4, 633.

Izates, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, 2, 216.

accession of, 2, 216–17.

arbitrator in Parthia, 2, 217.

war of, with Abia of Arabia, 2, 217–18.

sons of, study Hebrew, 2, 218.

death of, 2, 218–19.

relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

J

Яабец, Иосиф. См. Иосиф Яабец.

Jaazer, fortress taken by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

Jabbok, the, river, description of, 1, 46.

Jabesh-Gilead, besieged by the Ammonites, 1, 89–90.

the inhabitants of, bury Saul and Jonathan, 1, 104, 107.

Ябец. См. Эмден, Яков.

Jabin, Canaanite king, oppresses the Israelites, 1, 61.

Jabin, king of Hazor, defeated by Joshua, 1, 37.

Явне. См. Ямния.

Jabustrissa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Jacob, another name for the tribe of Judah, 1, 76.

Яков, брат Иисуса. См. Иаков.

Jacob, the patriarch, buys land near Shechem, 1, 4.

Jacob, Syrian priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.

Jacob of Belzyce, controversialist, 4, 648.

Jacob of Kephar Samia, a Jewish Christian, 2, 370.

Jacob of London, Talmudist, chief rabbi of England, 3, 504.

Jacob the Minæan, physician, defends the dogma of the Ascension, 2, 539.

Jacob of Navarre, shelters a Marrano, 4, 357–8.

Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist, founds a school in London, 3, 409.

commits suicide, 3, 411.

Jacob de Perpignan, permitted to remain in Bordeaux, 5, 344.

Jacob of Segovia, Kabbalist, 4, 2.

Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli (1200–1250), Maimunist, at the court of Frederick II, 3, 566.

as a translator, 3, 566, 567.

public discourses of, 3, 566.

influences Italian Jewish culture, 3, 629.

attacked by the anti-Maimunists, 4, 32, 39, 40, 41.

Jacob ben Asheri (Baal ha-Turim, 1280–1340), Talmudist, piety of, 4, 87–8.

poverty and disinterestedness of, 4, 88.

religious code of, 4, 88–90, 537, 539.

См. также Турим.

Jacob ben Eleazar, messenger to the Chazars, 3, 220.

Jacob ben Machir Tibbon (Profiat, 1236–1312), scientist, attainments of, 4, 30–1.

chief of the enlightened party, 4, 31.

appeals to Solomon ben Adret, 4, 33.

excommunicates the opponents of science, 4, 40–2.

Jacob ben Meshullam, the Nazarite, first promoter of the Kabbala, 3, 396.

Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, 1365–1427), compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 135.

orders a fast during the Hussite wars, 4, 225–6.

rigid orthodoxy of, 4, 227.

Jacob ben Nathaniel Ibn-Alfayumi, Talmudist of Yemen, 3, 436.

appeals to Maimonides, 3, 462, 464.

Jacob ben Natronaï, Gaon of Sora, 3, 184, 185, 186.

Jacob ben Nissim Ibn-Shahin, disciple of Chushiel, Talmudist, 3, 211.

elicits Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

disciple of, 3, 252.

Jacob ben Samuel, disciple of Saadiah, defends him, 3, 204.

Karaite reply to, 3, 204–5, 206.

Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi (1243–1246), Kabbalist, 3, 556.

Jacob ben Sosa, Idumæan leader, helps the Zealots, 2, 295, 301.

Jacob ben Yechiel Loans, physician to Emperor Frederick III, 4, 413.

favored by Maximilian I, 4, 414.

teacher of Reuchlin, 4, 433.

Jacob Ibn-Chabib, scholar, 4, 405.

Jacob Ibn-Ezra, father of the poet Moses, official under Habus, 3, 319.

Jacob Ibn-Jau, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238, 240.

chief judge of the Andalusian Jews, 3, 239.

loses his power, 3, 240–1.

death of, 3, 241.

Jacob Ibn-Nuñez, physician to Henry IV of Castile, 4, 275.

Jacob, son of Judas the Galilean, insurrectionary leader, crucified, 2, 199.

Jacob, son of Zebedee, disciple of Jesus, 2, 153.

Jacob Abbassi, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.

Jacob Abi-Ayub, physician, executed on a charge of murder, 4, 553.

Jacob Almansur, Almohade leader, at war with Alfonso VIII, 3, 386–7.

Jacob Berab (1474–1541), Spanish exile, rabbi of Fez, 4, 390.

in Egypt, 4, 393.

Talmudist, 4, 418.

tries to re-introduce the Semichah, 4, 531–2.

and Levi ben Chabib, 4, 533–4, 536.

reason adduced by, for the revival of ordination, 4, 535.

forced to leave Palestine, 4, 535.

ordains four Talmudists, 4, 535–6.

death of, 4, 536.

Яков Эмден. См. Эмден, Яков.

Яков Иегуда Леон. См. Леон.

Яков Иешуа Фальк. См. Фальк, Яков Иешуа.

Яков Мантин. См. Мантин, Яков.

Jacob Pascate, supposed well poisoner, 4, 102.

Jacob Perpignano (1170), head of the Marseilles Jewish community, 3, 400.

Jacob Polak (1460–1530), Talmudist, alleged originator of the Pilpul, 4, 418.

Jacob Querido, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, reverenced by the Sabbatians, 5, 209.

declared the Messiah, 5, 210.

profligacy of, 5, 210.

accepts Islam, 5, 211.

death of, 5, 211.

son of, 5, 211.

prayers addressed to, 5, 274.

Jacob Tam of Rameru (1100–1171), Tossafist, respected by the king of France, 3, 343.

grandson of Rashi, 3, 345.

attacked by crusaders, 3, 355.

poem by, on Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373, 376.

character and life of, 3, 375–6.

as a grammarian, 3, 376.

presides over rabbinical synods, 3, 376–8.

orders mourning for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380–1.

death of, 3, 381.

disciples of, in England, 3, 409.

ancestor of the Ibn-Yachya family, 4, 609.

Jacob Tus, translates the Pentateuch into Persian, 4, 401.

Яков Вейль. См. Вейль, Яков.

Jacobacio, cardinal, on the commission to examine Paul III’s Inquisition bull, 4, 520.

Jacobi, accuses Lessing of Spinozism, 5, 372.

Jacobson, Israel (1769–1828), procures the abolition of the poll-tax in Brunswick Lüneburg, 5, 467.

character of, 5, 500–1.

commemorates the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 501.

effects consistorial organization in Westphalia, 5, 501–2.

president of the consistory, 5, 501, 502.

foolhardiness of, 5, 502.

desires reforms, 5, 502.

influence of Heine on, 5, 546.

the reforms of, 5, 561–2.

private synagogue of, in Berlin, 5, 562–3.

delivers German sermons, 5, 563.

party of, 5, 568.

aids the Hamburg Temple, 5, 568.

enlists the aid of Libermann, 5, 568, 571.

disciples of the school of, 5, 578, 595.

and Mannheimer, 5, 580.

advises the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Jacoby, Joel, author of the “Plaints of a Jew,” 5, 631, 632.

Jacopo, Flavio, poet, 4, 610.

Jaddua, high priest, and Alexander the Great, 1, 413.

Jael, Kenite woman, murders Sisera, 1, 61.

Jaen, home of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut’s ancestors, 3, 216.

the Jews of, captives, 4, 126.

Inquisition tribunals in, 4, 325.

the Marranos of, flee, 4, 351.

Яффе, Мордехай. См. Мордехай Яффе.

Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, only Jew permitted in Venice, 5, 172.

Яффа. См. Иоппия.

Ягер, Иоганн. См. Рубианус, Кротус.

Jahaz, the Israelites victorious at, 1, 27.

Яким. См. Алким.

James (Jacob), brother of Jesus, 2, 148.

leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes, 2, 169, 222.

rebukes Peter, 2, 231.

Jamnia (Jabne), conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.

occupied by Gorgias, 1, 476.

revenue from, given to Salome, 2, 120.

possession of the Roman emperors, 2, 324.

school established at, 2, 324–5, 334–5.

Simon II at, 2, 434.

Ямния, Синедрион. См. Синедрион, Ямния.

Jampol, the blood accusation at, 5, 279.

Jannaï, disciple of Judah I, on the relation between the Jews and Romans, 2, 469.

permits the cultivation of the land in the Sabbatical year, 2, 469.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Jannaï, neo-Hebraic poet, introduces rhyme, 3, 116.

poems of, versified Agadas, 3, 116.

disciple of, 3, 116.

Janow, Hirsch (1750–1785), rabbi of Posen, opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330.

acuteness and godliness of, 5, 330–1.

Japha (Japhia), taken by Vespasian, 2, 287.

Japhet ben Elia, Talmudist, 3, 427.

Jarmuk, the, description of, 1, 46.

Jarmuth, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

Jaroslav, Aaron, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.

Jaroslaw, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640, 644; 5, 3.

Jason, brother and son of high priests, Hellenist, 1, 435.

representative of Onias III, 1, 439.

buys the high priesthood, 1, 444.

introduces games and gymnasia into Judæa, 1, 444–6.

sends ambassadors to Olympian games, 1, 446.

deposed by Antiochus IV, 1, 446–7.

takes refuge with Aretas, 1, 447.

enters Jerusalem with troops, 1, 451.

death of, 1, 480–1.

Jason, son of Eleazar, Judæan envoy to Rome, 1, 486.

Jatape, daughter of Samsigeramus, wife of Aristobulus, 2, 195.

Jayme I, of Aragon, recommends Isaac Benveniste to the pope, 3, 515.

exhorted not to employ Jews as diplomats, 3, 515.

employs a Jewish physician, 3, 536.

считает евреев «servi cameræ» (слугами казны), 3, 596–7.

under the influence of Raymond de Penyaforte, 3, 597; 4, 77.

invites Nachmani to a disputation, 3, 598.

expresses admiration for Nachmani, 3, 601.

appoints censors for the Talmud, 3, 602–3.

tries Nachmani on the charge of blasphemy, 3, 604.

reprimanded by Clement IV, 3, 605.

Жан д’Акр. См. Акко.

Жан де Вендьер. См. Иоанн из Горца.

Jebilé, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Жебироль. См. Соломон Ибн-Гебироль.

Иевус. См. Иерусалим.

Jebusites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.

compact of, with Judah, 1, 38.

hold territory in the center of Palestine, 1, 51.

barrier between Ephraim and Judah, 1, 77.

subdued by David, 1, 113–14.

occupy Mount Moriah, 1, 119.

suffer under David, 1, 131.

declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.

Иехония. См. Иехояхин.

Jedidiah, name of Solomon, 1, 133.

Jeduthun, psalmist, 1, 79, 120–1.

Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel, at war with Syria, 1, 221.

Jehoahaz (Shallum), son of Josiah, king of Judah, deposed by Necho, 1, 298–9.

Иоас, царь Иудеи. См. Иоас.

Jehoash (Joash), son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, defeats Ben-hadad III, 1, 221–2.

shows respect for the Law, 1, 223.

reinstates the Shunamite, 1, 223–4.

takes Amaziah of Judah prisoner, 1, 224–5.

ransacks Jerusalem, 1, 225.

death of, 1, 225.

Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Coniah), son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306, 307.

practices idolatry, 1, 306.

exiled to Babylonia, 1, 307.

distinguished by Evil-Merodach, 1, 331.

son of, 1, 342.

grandson of, 1, 351.

Jehoiada, high priest, loyal to the house of David, 1, 214, 215.

anoints Joash king, 1, 215–16.

removes Baal-worship from Jerusalem, 1, 216–17.

raises the position of the high priest, 1, 219–20.

death of, 1, 220.

Jehoiakim (Eliakim), son of Josiah, king of Judah, pays tribute to Necho, 1, 299.

idolatry and immorality under, 1, 299–300.

slays Uriah, the prophet, 1, 301.

refuses allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.

orders Jeremiah to be killed, 1, 305.

vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

death of, 1, 307.

Jehoiakim, high priest, leader of the Judæan community after the exile, 1, 360, 362.

Jehoram (Joram), son of Ahab, king of Israel, accession of, 1, 207.

at war with Moab, 1, 208–9.

at war with Hazael of Damascus, 1, 210.

killed by Jehu, 1, 210–11.

Иорам, сын Иосафата. См. Иорам.

Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, ally of Ahab, 1, 206.

at war with Ben-hadad II, 1, 206.

at war with Mesa, 1, 209.

death of, 1, 209.

Jehoshebah, daughter of Joram of Judah, saves Joash from Athaliah, 1, 213.

wife of Jehoiada, raises Joash in the Temple, 1, 215–16.

Jehozabad, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, 1, 221.

anointed, 1, 210.

kills Jehoram of Israel and Ahab’s other descendants, 1, 211–12.

homage paid to, 1, 212.

exterminates Baal-worship in Israel, 1, 212.

loses territory, 1, 220–1.

favorite character with the Puritans, 5, 26.

Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar, bears the title prince, 3, 385.

physician to Ferdinand III of Castile, 3, 537.

anti-Maimunist, 3, 540–1.

censured, 3, 544.

Jehuda ben Asher I (1284–1349), Talmudist, piety of, 4, 87–8.

rabbi of Toledo, authority of, 4, 90.

disciple and successor of, 4, 145.

Jehuda ben Asher II, great-grandson of Asheri, martyr, 4, 170.

Jehuda ben David Melun, at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.

Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi, Karaite writer, 3, 362–3.

Jehuda ben Isaac ben Sabbataï, satirist, 3, 559–60.

Jehuda ben Isaac Ibn-Wakar, treasurer to the regent of Castile, 4, 52.

piety and severity of, 4, 53.

Jehuda ben Meïr (Leon, Leontin), founder of the scientific study of the Talmud, 3, 242.

teacher of Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 242, 243.

Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel (Leone Romano, 1292), Italian Jewish scholar, 4, 60, 68–9.

teacher of Robert of Naples, 4, 68.

as translator, 4, 69.

Jehuda ben Nathan (Riban), son-in-law of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 345.

Jehuda ben Shamua, petitions Turnus Rufus, 2, 432.

Иегуда бен Самуил Халеви. См. Иегуда Халеви.

Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka (1247), Jewish scholar in correspondence with Frederick II, 3, 565–6.

Jehuda Ibn-Abbas, poet, 3, 318, 426.

the son of, 3, 442.

Jehuda Ibn-Balam (1070–1100), grammarian, 3, 290.

Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj), defends Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 227.

recognizes the triliteral root in Hebrew, 3, 237.

teacher of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 255.

compared with Ibn-Janach, 3, 262.

grammatical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 371.

Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, commander of Calatrava, protects the Jews against the Almohades, 3, 361–2.

steward of the imperial palace, 3, 362.

persecutes the Karaites, 3, 362–3.

Jehuda Alcharisi, on Abu Ayub, 3, 312.

on the Jews of Barcelona, 3, 387–8.

on Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi, 3, 388.

translates Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 492; 4, 60.

satirist, 3, 559.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

Jehuda Halevi (Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 1086–1142), writes an elegy on Isaac Alfassi, 3, 310, 323.

elegy by, on Solomon Ibn-Farussal, 3, 313.

eulogizes Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash, 3, 315, 322, 323.

on Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 321.

importance of, as a poet, 3, 321–2; 4, 67; 5, 112.

character of, 3, 322.

student at Lucena, 3, 322.

early poems of, 3, 322.

friendship of, with Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 323.

love poems by, 3, 323.

attainments and occupations of, 3, 323–4.

theory of, on poetry, 3, 324.

nature descriptions by, 3, 325.

religious poems by, 3, 325.

the national poetry of, 3, 325–6, 327–8.

religious philosophical system of, 3, 326–7, 330–6.

philosophical work by, 3, 327–36.

on philosophy, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, 3, 328–31.

characterizes Judaism in detail, 3, 331–6.

compares Talmudic Judaism and Karaism, 3, 334.

view of, on Israel’s suffering, 3, 335–6.

view of, on the Holy Land, 3, 336–7.

longing of, for the Holy Land, 3, 338.

sets out for Palestine, 3, 338–9.

journey of, through Spain, 3, 339.

at sea, 3, 339.

at Alexandria, 3, 339–40.

at Cairo, 3, 340–1.

in Jerusalem, 3, 342.

at Tyre and Damascus, 3, 342.

death and epitaph of, 3, 342.

and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.

philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

compared with Luzzatto, 5, 233–4.

glorified by Heine, 5, 555.

time of, described by Samuel David Luzzatto, 5, 625.

Иегуда Леб Криса. См. Криса.

Иегуда. См. также в разделе Иуда; Иуда.

Иегудаи. См. Иуда Слепой.

Jehudia, Ispahan, 2, 591.

Jelal Addaulah, caliph of Bagdad, executes the last Gaon and Exilarch, 3, 254.

Jena, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to live in Hamburg, 4, 687.

battle of, 5, 495.

Jenghis-Khan, the Jews of Germany accused of aiding, 3, 580–1.

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi (950–990), Karaite, controversialist, 3, 205–6.

works, ability, and style of, 3, 206.

poetry of, 3, 223.

Jephthah, judge, defeats the Ammonites, 1, 64–5.

humbles the Ephraimites, 1, 65.

daughter of, 1, 66.

Jeremiah, Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.

Jeremiah (645 or 640–580 or 570), prophet, character of, 1, 289–90.

style of the prophecies of, 1, 290–1.

the first prophecy by, 1, 291.

announces universal ruin, 1, 296.

lamentation by, for Josiah, 1, 297.

prophecies of, under Jehoiakim, 1, 301.

danger of, 1, 302.

saved by Ahikam, 1, 303.

has his prophecy read in the Temple, 1, 304–5.

ordered to be killed, 1, 305.

protected by the princes, 1, 306.

counsels submission to Babylonian rule, 1, 310.

rôle of, during the siege, 1, 311–12.

reproaches Zedekiah with perjury, 1, 312.

imprisoned, 1, 312–13.

taken captive by the Chaldæans, 1, 314.

lamentations of, over Jerusalem, 1, 316.

disciple of, 1, 319.

considerately treated by Nebuzaradan, 1, 319–20.

joins Gedaliah at Mizpah, 1, 320.

taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.

rescued, 1, 323.

advises against emigration to Egypt, 1, 324.

goes to Egypt, 1, 325.

rebukes the Egyptian Judæans for idolatry, 1, 326–7.

end of, 1, 327–8.

writings of, studied by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 336.

on the conduct of Jews in foreign lands, 2, 520.

Jericho, taken by Joshua, 1, 32, 33.

David passes, when fleeing from Absalom, 1, 142.

fortified by Hiel, 1, 201.

an association of prophets at, 1, 205, 234.

visited by Elijah, 1, 208.

Hyrcanus II defeated at, 2, 58.

a Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.

Aristobulus (III) murdered at, 2, 92.

district of, given to Cleopatra, 2, 93.

Herod attempts suicide in, 2, 116.

palace at, burnt, 2, 125.

some Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.

Jeroboam I, employed by Solomon as superintendent of buildings, 1, 174.

incites rebellion against Solomon, 1, 175–6.

flees to Egypt, 1, 176.

returns to Palestine, 1, 180.

leader of the Shechemite rebellion, 1, 180–2.

chosen king by the Ephraimites, 1, 182–3.

allied with Shishak, 1, 184.

fortifies Israelitish towns, 1, 185.

introduces calf-worship, 1, 185–7.

rebuked by Ahijah, 1, 188.

death of, 1, 189.

end of the house of, 1, 189.

Jeroboam II, king of Israel, at war with the Aramæans, 1, 225.

in friendly relations with Uzziah, 1, 231, 232.

conquests and luxuriousness of, 1, 232.

immorality and idolatry under, 1, 233–4.

death of, 1, 234.

Jerome (Hieronymus, 331–420), Church Father, taught by Jewish teachers, 2, 623–4.

translates the Scriptures into Latin, 2, 625.

hates the Jews, 2, 625; 4, 552.

on the Talmud, 3, 577.

on a supposed Jewish formula of imprecation, 4, 83.

exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

pattern of Reuchlin, 4, 433, 435.

Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 500, 501.

reprimands Jacobson, 5, 562.

Иероваал. См. Гедеон.

Jerusalem, the site of, occupied by the Jebusites, 1, 3.

king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

physical features of, 1, 114–15.

becomes the royal residence, 1, 114.

fortified and extended, 1, 118–19.

center of religious life, 1, 119–20.

prosperity and importance of, under Solomon, 1, 168–9.

religious center for the northern tribes, 1, 185.

fortified by Rehoboam, 1, 185.

Baal-worship at, under Athaliah, 1, 212.

Jehoiada ends Baal-worship in, 1, 216–17.

the first conquest of, 1, 225.

deprived of fortifications, by Jehoash, 1, 226.

fortified by Uzziah, 1, 231.

fortified by Jotham, 1, 249.

besieged by Rezin and Pekah, 1, 258, 259.

fortified against Sennacherib, 1, 271.

celebration of the Passover at, under Josiah, 1, 295.

the nation gathers in, to pray for help against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.

besieged by generals of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.

fortified by Zedekiah, 1, 311.

besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311–12.

siege of, raised, 1, 312.

siege of, resumed, 1, 313.

taken by the Chaldæans, 1, 313–14.

destroyed by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.

destruction of, mourned by the Babylonian Jews, 1, 337–8.

return of exiles to, under Zerubbabel, 1, 354–6.

arrival of Ezra in, 1, 366.

attacked by Sanballat, 1, 371.

taken by Sanballat, 1, 372.

Nehemiah rebuilds the fortifications of, 1, 374–5.

settlers invited to, by Nehemiah, 1, 377–8.

the Law read in, by Ezra, 1, 378–80.

the walls of, consecrated, 1, 381–2.

a religious school established in, 1, 396.

suffering in, under Bagoas, 1, 409–10.

taken by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

the fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

improved by Simon the Just, 1, 421.

entered by Antiochus III, 1, 432.

taken by Scopas, 1, 432.

athletic contests introduced in, 1, 435.

gymnasia introduced in, 1, 445.

occupied by Sostrates, 1, 447.

occupied by Jason, 1, 451.

taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.

entered by Apollonius, 1, 453–4.

entered by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 471.

desolate condition of, after the Syrian depredations, 1, 471–2.

besieged by Lysias, 1, 479–80.

occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.

fortified by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494.

fortified by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.

venerated by the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 509.

celebrated by Philo the Elder, 1, 517–18.

besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 3–4.

taken by Aristobulus II, 2, 58.

besieged by Aretas, 2, 60.

siege of, raised at the order of Rome, 2, 62.

besieged by Pompey, 2, 64–6.

walls of, razed, 2, 67.

taken by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.

a Synhedrion established in, 2, 71.

entered by Crassus, 2, 74.

walls of, rebuilt by Cæsar, 2, 76.

besieged by the Parthians, 2, 82.

besieged by Herod, 2, 87–8.

Herod’s buildings in, 2, 105.

the people of, hate Herod, 2, 107.

in charge of Quintilius Varus, 2, 122–3.

Jesus in, 2, 161–2.

fortified by Agrippa I, 2, 195.

occupied by Cuspius Fadus, 2, 197.

foreign synagogues in, 2, 201.

visited by Helen of Adiabene, 2, 194, 218.

famine in, 2, 218.

mausoleum of Helen in, 2, 219.

annual pilgrimages to, 2, 220.

the Synhedrion removed from, 2, 239.

rebels against Cumanus, 2, 244.

Agrippa II resides in, 2, 247.

the Passover celebration of 66 in, 2, 251.

the upper city of, plundered, 2, 254.

the insurrection against Rome begins in, 2, 255, 261.

garrisoned with Roman troops, 2, 255.

conciliated by Agrippa II, 2, 257–8.

the Roman garrison of, surrenders to the Zealots, 2, 260.

the walls of, strengthened, 2, 268.

rallying place of the patriots, 2, 291–2.

fortifications of, 2, 292.

undisturbed by Vespasian for two years, 2, 297.

parties in, 2, 301.

besieged by Titus, 2, 301–10.

summoned to surrender, 2, 302.

attacked from the north, 2, 303.

famine in, 2, 304, 305–6.

upper city of, taken, 2, 309.

remnant in, after the Roman siege, 2, 311.

the religious center, 2, 322.

replaced by Jamnia as a religious center, 2, 325.

rebuilt by Hadrian, 2, 407, 421–2.

in the hands of the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

ploughed over, by Turnus Rufus, 2, 421.

Jews forbidden to enter, 2, 433, 564; 3, 23, 87.

permission for Jews to pray at, obtained from Marcus Aurelius, 2, 457–8.

Jews permitted by Alexander Severus to enter, 2, 482.

a Christian city, 2, 597; 3, 11.

taken by Sharbarza, 3, 19.

not given to the Jews by the Persians, 3, 21.

entered by Heraclius, 3, 22.

Temple vessels removed to, by Justinian I, 3, 27.

Arabian Jews pray towards, 3, 58.

turning towards, in prayer instituted by Mahomet, 3, 73.

taken by Omar, 3, 87.

conflict in, between the Karaites and the Rabbanites, 3, 135.

asceticism of the Karaites in, 3, 181–2.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.

Christian kingdom of, attacked by Nureddin, 3, 349.

Christian pilgrims permitted by Saladin to enter, 3, 405.

return to, projected by David Alrui, 3, 431.

Maimonides in, 3, 457.

Jews allowed by Saladin to settle in, 3, 474.

mourning in, for Maimonides, 3, 492–3.

rabbis of France and England emigrate to, 3, 505–6.

notable for its illustrious dead, 3, 506.

devastated by the Tartars, 3, 605–6.

Nachmani in, 3, 606.

pilgrims to, in the fourteenth century, 4, 73–4.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 396–8.

improved morally by the exiles, 4, 397, 398.

ordinances for the government of, 4, 398.

subordinated to Safet, 4, 533.

rabbis of, support Jacob Berab, 4, 534.

Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 126–7.

rabbis of, threaten Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 5, 132.

replaced by Gaza as the Sabbatian Holy City, 5, 132.

Chayim Malach in, 5, 213–14.

rabbis of, excommunicate Chayon, 5, 216.

Jerusalem, the Jews of, join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.

burnt during the first crusade, 3, 308.

dyers in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

banished by Baldwin IV, 3, 427.

occupations of, 4, 74–5.

wish to build a synagogue on Mount Zion, 4, 273–4.

offended by Jacob Berab, 4, 532.

suffer through the Cossack wars, 5, 16, 125, 127.

Kabbalists, 5, 125–6.

credulity of, 5, 126.

appeal to Chelebi, 5, 127–8.

adherents of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 132.

oppose Napoleon, 5, 459–60.

Иерусалим, вавилонянин. См. Нагардея.

Jerusalem, the, of the Occident, 4, 136.

“Jerusalem,” by Mendelssohn, on ecclesiastical power and Judaism, 5, 364–6.

praised by Kant, 5, 365.

effect of, on Michaelis, 5, 365–6.

Иерусалимский Талмуд. См. Талмуд, Иерусалимский.

Jesheboam, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.

Jeshurun, Isaac, falsely charged with child murder, 5, 42.

Jesiba de los Pintos, Jewish school at Rotterdam, 4, 685.

Jesirat-ul-Amar, the Jews of, well treated by Zenki, 3, 429.

Jesse, father of David, 1, 96.

Jesse, Henry, enthusiast for Israel’s restoration, 5, 24, 35.

Jessel, Sir George, Master of the Rolls, 5, 699.

Jesuits, the, order of, authorized by Paul III, 4, 524.

welcomed in Portugal, 4, 525.

influence of, 4, 650.

instigate persecutions of the Jews in Poland, 5, 1.

alienate the Cossacks, 5, 2.

hold intercourse with Eibeschütz, 5, 250.

Jesurun, David, poet, escapes from the Inquisition to Amsterdam, 4, 669.

Jesurun, Rohel (Paul de Pina), Marrano poet, leans towards Christianity, 4, 669.

returns to Judaism, 4, 670.

festival songs by, 4, 678–9.

Jesus of Nazareth (Galilee), birthplace and family of, 2, 148–9.

moral purity of, 2, 149.

religiousness of, 2, 149–50.

Hillel the model of, 2, 149–50.

disciple of John the Baptist, 2, 150.

doctrines of, similar to Essenism, 2, 150–1.

addresses himself to the lowest classes, 2, 152.

unsuccessful in Nazareth, 2, 153.

disciples of, 2, 153, 157–8.

teachings of, 2, 154–5.

relation of, to Judaism, 2, 155–6.

merit of, 2, 156.

miracles of, 2, 156–7.

in the towns of Galilee, 2, 157.

declares himself the Messiah, 2, 158.

называет себя «сыном человеческим», 2, 158–9.

public sentiment against, 2, 159–60.

followers of, in Bethany, 2, 160.

in the Temple, 2, 161.

reception of, in Jerusalem, 2, 161–2.

betrayed by Judas Iscariot, 2, 163.

trial of, 2, 163–6.

declared guilty of blasphemy by the Synhedrion, 2, 164.

execution of, according to the Roman law, 2, 164–5.

not mentioned by Judæan historians, 2, 166.

followers of, after his death, 2, 166.

resurrection of, 2, 168.

attitude of the disciples of, to Judaism, 2, 168.

denied by Simon Peter, 2, 169.

disciples of, claim miraculous power, 2, 169–70.

compared with Philo, 2, 214.

the Messianic character of, held to have annulled the Law, 2, 221.

followers of, who cling to the Law, not molested, 2, 222.

the resurrection of, and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.

according to Paul, sets aside the Law, 2, 230.

appeals to the Jewish peasants, 2, 364.

as regarded by the Jewish Christians, 2, 366, 367.

as regarded by the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

gradually endowed with divine attributes by the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

said to have been cursed by the Jews three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.

denial of, demanded of Christians by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

spread of the worship of, counteracted by the Synhedrion, 2, 413.

called “Lord,” 2, 413.

Julian the Apostate’s opinion of, 2, 596.

as viewed by Anan ben David, 3, 133–4.

in the Talmud, 3, 574, 577, 578.

Messianic character of, confirmed by the Bible and Talmud according to Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599.

in the Biblical and rabbinical writings, according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

the advent of, discussed by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.

proved the Messiah from the Talmud by Joseph Lorqui, 4, 207, 208–9, 211, 212.

dogma of the divinity of, found in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

said to be alluded to, in the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.

Jesus ben Sapphia, Zealot leader in Tiberias, 2, 274.

sets fire to a palace in Bethmaon, 2, 279.

leader of discontented Galileans, 2, 280.

Jesus, son of Pantheras, the Jesus of the Talmud, according to Yechiel of Paris, 3, 577.

Jesus Sirach (200–176), describes Simon the Just in Ecclesiasticus, 1, 421–2.

the book of proverbs by, 1, 439–41.

defends social pleasures, 1, 439.

recommends the employment of medical skill, 1, 439–40.

condemns the Hellenists, 1, 440–1.

urges obedience to the Law, 1, 440.

reviews Jewish history, 1, 440–1.

the proverbs of, considered apocryphal, 2, 344.

the book of, translated into Greek, 2, 359.

Jethro, father-in-law of Moses, 1, 26.

Jew badges, decreed by Omar I, 3, 88.

decreed by Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.

introduced by Al-Mutavakkil, 3, 176–7.

ordained by Hakim, 3, 247–8.

introduced by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 511–12.

supposed to prevent intermarriages, 3, 511.

decreed by Almohade princes, 3, 511–12.

the use of, spreads through Europe, 3, 512.

effect of, on the wearers, 3, 512–13.

the Jews struggle against, 3, 513.

enforced in Spain, 3, 513.

not enforced in southern France and Aragon, 3, 514–15.

worn by the Jews of England, 3, 515.

decreed by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.

introduced into Naples and Sicily, 3, 518.

enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.

introduced into Hungary, 3, 521.

enforced by Frederick II in Sicily and Naples, 3, 569.

enforced by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.

insisted on in England under Henry III, 3, 590.

ordained in the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

enforced by the Council of Vienna, 3, 612.

enforced by Louis IX of France, 3, 612.

abrogated at the instance of the Jews of southern France, 3, 612.

re-introduced into France by Philip III, 3, 613.

decreed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

not used in Portugal, 3, 618.

decreed in England by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.

insisted on in Montpellier, 4, 54.

in France under John the Good, 4, 131, 133.

decreed for the Jews of Castile under Henry II, 4, 139.

not worn by the Vesoul family, 4, 150.

insisted upon in Castile under Juan II, 4, 203.

enjoined by Benedict XIII’s bull, 4, 216.

decreed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

decreed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

enforced by Nicholas de Cusa, 4, 255.

enforced in Naples, 4, 258.

decreed by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.

worn in Morocco, 4, 389.

for the Portuguese Marranos under João III, 4, 519.

ordered for the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.

enforced by Paul IV, 4, 566.

enforced by Pius V, 4, 590.

worn by the Frankfort Jews, 4, 695.

Jews released from wearing, in Vienna, 4, 702.

proposed by Rühs, 5, 517.

Еврейские кварталы. См. Гетто; Еврейский квартал.

“Jew-roaster,” name assumed by German families, 3, 611.

Jew streets, in Austria, 5, 523.

См. Еврейский квартал.

Jewish Christians, the, antagonized by Tarphon of Lydda, 2, 357.

condemned by Samuel the Younger, 2, 358.

observe the Law, 2, 365–6.

view of Jesus held by, 2, 366.

called Ebionites, 2, 366.

as propagandists, 2, 366.

differ from Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

hate Paul, 2, 367, 368.

views of, in the evangels, 2, 369.

hate Rome, 2, 369.

relation of, to the Jews, 2, 369–70.

and the Tanaites, 2, 370.

gradually endow Jesus with divine attributes, 2, 370.

sects of, 2, 370.

separate from the Jews, 2, 370–2, 431.

merge into the Pagan Christians, 2, 373.

accused of damaging the Jews with the Roman authorities, 2, 378.

discussed by the Synhedrion, 2, 379–80.

inimically treated by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

spy upon the Jews under Hadrian, 2, 425.

persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 430–1.

the Mishna not hostile to, 2, 476.

См. также Эбиониты; Иудеохристиане; Назореи.

Jewish Church, the German, the founding of, 5, 682, 686.

and Sachs, 5, 691.

Еврейские новообращенные. См. Отступники.

“Jewish Curiosities,” by Schudt, 5, 549.

Еврейская история. См. в разделе История.

“Jewish Letters,” to Voltaire, by a priest, 5, 346–7.

Еврейская литература. См. в разделе Литература.

Jewish state, the, restored under Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

the restoration of, conditioned on the appearance of the Messiah, 2, 600.

Spinoza on, 5, 103–7.

Jews, the, libeled by Manetho, 1, 511.

kindly treated by Vespasian and Titus, 2, 331.

the solidarity of, 2, 367–8; 5, 632–3.

relation of, to the Jewish Christians, 2, 369–70.

breach between, and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370–2.

apostasy among, in the early Christian centuries, 2, 377.

said to have cursed Jesus three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.

tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 386.

use Akylas’ translation of Scripture, 2, 387.

extermination of, decreed by Rome, 2, 387.

and the Flavian house, 2, 388.

suffering of, under Domitian, 2, 388–9.

hate Josephus, 2, 389, 391.

kindly treated by Nerva, 2, 391–2.

oppose Trajan, 2, 393–4.

in rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 399–401.

attempt the restoration of the Temple, 2, 401–3.

peaceable disposition of, described by Hadrian, 2, 407.

outraged by the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, 2, 407.

prepare for a revolt against Hadrian, 2, 408.

join the standard of Bar-Cochba, 2, 410.

obtain possession of Jerusalem under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

the Romans kindly treated by, 2, 411–12.

heavily taxed by Hadrian, 2, 420.

spied upon by renegades and Jewish Christians, 2, 425–6.

forbidden to enter Jerusalem, 2, 433, 564; 3, 23, 87.

persecuted under Antoninus Pius, 2, 446.

persecuted under Verus Commodus, 2, 447.

enmity between, and the Samaritans, 2, 457–8, 534.

unkindly treated by Marcus Aurelius, 2, 463.

cruelly treated by Commodus and Niger, 2, 463–4.

under Caracalla, 2, 468–9.

under Elegabalus, 2, 469–70.

kindly treated by Alexander Severus, 2, 481–2, 482–3.

permitted to enter Jerusalem, 2, 482.

consulted by Origen on Bible exegesis, 2, 488.

hostile to Zenobia, 2, 529–30.

Diocletian tolerant to, 2, 533.

weakened by hostility to the Samaritans, 2, 535.

included in Constantine’s act of toleration, 2, 561.

dignitaries of, exempt from onerous civic duties, 2, 561.

aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, 2, 562.

forbidden to make converts, 2, 562, 564.

privileges of, abolished by Constantine, 2, 563.

protected by Constantine against converts, 2, 564.

hostility to, shown by Constantine, 2, 566–7.

regarded as atheists under Constantine, 2, 572.

rescued from oppression by Julian, 2, 572.

oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591.

benevolence of, admired by Julian, 2, 596–7.

not interested in the rebuilding of the Temple by Julian, 2, 599–600.

toleration of, under Valentinian I and Valens, 2, 603.

antagonized by Ambrosius and Chrysostom, 2, 613–14.

mock at the Christians, 2, 620–1.

forbidden to teach Christians Hebrew, 2, 624.

superiority of, in Scripture studies, 2, 624.

hated by Jerome and Augustine, 2, 625.

preserved by the Talmud, 2, 635.

competent witnesses only in their own cases under Justinian I, 3, 12–13.

treated kindly by the popes, 3, 25.

well treated in Arian countries, 3, 26.

and the fall of Rome, 3, 27–8.

suffer persecution from the German tribes, 3, 28.

Isidore of Seville writes against, 3, 50.

antagonized by Mahomet, 3, 75–6.

Mahomet’s revelations against, 3, 75, 78.

hostility to, in the Koran, 3, 84.

restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, 3, 87–8.

freer in Islam than in Christian lands, 3, 88.

reverence of, for Jewish Babylonia, 3, 100–1.

of Mahometan countries speak Arabic, 3, 110–11.

corrupt language of, in the seventh and eighth centuries, 3, 111.

make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 3, 111.

in the eighth century control commerce, 3, 142–3.

under the Merovingian kings, 3, 143.

considered the wards of the emperor by Louis the Pious, 3, 170.

persecutions of, in the eleventh century, 3, 245–8.

not permitted to hold office in Christian countries, 3, 293–4.

during the first crusade, 3, 298–305.

Jehuda Halevi’s view of the suffering of, 3, 335–6.

superiority of, in the twelfth century, 3, 347.

treatment of, in Christian and Mahometan countries, 3, 348.

persecutions of, increase in the twelfth century, 3, 348–9.

forbidden by a rabbinical synod to purchase Church appurtenances, 3, 377.

the morality of, described by Joseph Kimchi, 3, 393.

forbidden to keep Christian domestics, 3, 400.

banished from the Isle de France, 3, 402–3.

debts owing to, repudiated during the third crusade, 3, 405.

not allowed to live in Mecca and Medinah, 3, 436.

allowed by Saladin to settle in Jerusalem, 3, 474.

the position of, affected by the death of Maimonides and the ascendancy of the papacy, 3, 494.

protected against the crusaders by Innocent III, 3, 496–7.

denounced by Innocent III, 3, 498–501.

decrees against, by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510–11.

isolated in speech and manners by the Jew badge, 3, 512–13.

mission of, in the Kabbalistic system, 3, 553.

persecutions of, after the thirteenth century, 3, 563–4, 610–11.

scholarliness of, 3, 565.

absorbed in the study of the Talmud in the thirteenth century, 3, 571–2.

banished from the hereditary dominions of Louis IX, 3, 585–6.

exonerated from the blood accusation by Innocent IV, 3, 635.

protected against forced baptism by Gregory X, 3, 635.

banished from England, 3, 645.

permitted in Palestine under the Egyptian Sultans, 4, 73.

charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 101.

desolation of, after the Black Death, 4, 127.

indispensable to the Christians in the fourteenth century, 4, 127–8.

restrictions laid upon, by Benedict XIII’s bull, 4, 215–16.

and the Hussite war, 4, 222.

accused of supplying Hussites with money, 4, 222.

appeal to Martin V, 4, 226.

feared by the papacy in the fifteenth century, 4, 254.

well received in Italy in the fifteenth century, 4, 286.

jeopardized by the blood accusation against the Jews of Trent, 4, 299.

suffering of, attributed to heresy, 4, 343.

divided into German speaking and Spanish speaking Jews, 4, 421.

rights of, advocated by Reuchlin, 4, 443–4.

indictment of, proposed by Hoogstraten, 4, 444.

intercourse with, defended by Reuchlin, 4, 447–8.

in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.

Luther on, 4, 470.

affected by the Protestant Reformation, 4, 471.

morality of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 477.

lack spirituality, 4, 477–8.

split up into national groups, 4, 478.

narrow-mindedness of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 479.

suffer through the Reformation, 4, 540.

hatred of, fed by the Unitarian tendencies of the Reformation, 4, 542.

attacked by Eck and Luther, 4, 546–52.

restrictions against, under Pius V, 4, 590.

persecution of, during the Catholic reaction, 4, 652.

prospects of the re-settlement of, in England, 4, 18–19. See England.

prejudices against, in England, 5, 19.

favorably regarded by Christian visionaries, 5, 23.

enthusiasts for the restoration of, 5, 24–5.

favorably regarded by the Puritans, 5, 27.

defended by Richard Simon, 5, 181.

attacked by Christian Hebraists, 5, 184.

defended by Surenhuysius, 5, 194.

degradation of, in the seventeenth century, 5, 199–200, 204–5.

poverty of, 5, 205–6.

speak a jargon in the eighteenth century, 5, 300.

artificial studies of, 5, 300–1.

neglect the Bible, 5, 328.

slandered by Voltaire, 5, 340.

condition of, described by Dohm, 5, 353.

emancipated in the wake of French victories, 5, 459. See Emancipation.

prejudices of Goethe against, 5, 461.

Fichte on, 5, 461–3.

and Napoleon, 5, 474, 481.

maligned by Bonald, 5, 478.

the emancipation of, dependent on that of the French Jews, 5, 480.

in the French wars, 5, 511.

excluded from Tyrol, 5, 523.

Heine on, 5, 547–8, 553–5.

debt of, to Börne and Heine, 5, 556.

rapid advance of, 5, 557.

historical mission of, 5, 576, 718–19.

self-respect of, 5, 590.

effect of the July revolution on, 5, 596–8.

criticised by Riesser, 5, 599–600.

contrasted with the Greeks, 5, 706–8.

the religion of, 5, 709.

faults of, 5, 713–14.

literature of, 5, 714.

См. также Израильтяне; Иудеи; а также в разделах по различным странам, городам и т. д.

“Jews, The,” by Lessing, 5, 297, 320, 360.

“Jews, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States,” by August Krämer, 5, 522.

Евреи, обращение. См. в разделе Обращение.

Евреи, эмансипация. См. в разделе Эмансипация.

Jew’s quarter, the, in Rome, 2, 68.

in Constantinople, 3, 26, 425.

in Speyer, 3, 298.

at Palermo, 3, 567.

in Seville, 3, 593.

of Toledo, 4, 118.

of Seville, mobbed, 4, 169.

in Palma, 4, 171.

Castilian Jews forced into, 4, 203.

decreed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

decreed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

decreed by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.

enforced by the cortes of Toledo, 4, 335.

first, in Italy, 4, 408.

enforced by Paul IV, 4, 566.

in Vienna, 4, 702; 5, 172.

in Alsace and Metz, 5, 348.

of Frankfort destroyed, 5, 503–4.

Roman Jews return to, 5, 518.

См. также Гетто; Еврейская улица; Худерия.

Евреи, тайные. См. Христиане, иудействующие; Марраны.

Jezaniah, Judæan emigrant to Egypt, 1, 324.

Jezdijird (400–420), Sassanian king, friendly to the Jews, 2, 609–10.

Jezdijird III (440–457), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, 2, 627–8.

Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, marries Ahab, 1, 194.

character of, 1, 197.

builds a temple to Baal, 1, 197.

persecutes Elijah’s disciples, 1, 201.

has Naboth killed, 1, 202.

threatens Elijah, 1, 204.

end of, 1, 211.

Jezreel, son of Hosea, 1, 240.

Jezreel, the plain of, in Canaan, 1, 36.

description of, 1, 44.

Philistines encamp in, 1, 102.

Ahab’s winter palace in, 1, 201–2.

towns in, restored to Judæa, 2, 76.

Джикатилла. См. Иосиф бен Авраам Джикатилла.

Joab, warrior, joins David, 1, 100.

jealous of Abner, 1, 109.

ends the civil war, 1, 110.

kills Abner, 1, 111.

receives a house at Jerusalem, 1, 119.

field officer under David, 1, 122.

conducts the Ammonite war, 1, 126–7, 128–9.

captures the Water-Town of Rabbath Ammon, 1, 128.

faith of, 1, 130.

ordered to expose Uriah the Hittite, 1, 132.

partisan of Absalom, 1, 135.

employs the woman of Tekoah to plead for Absalom, 1, 135–6.

takes up a military census, 1, 137.

faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.

commander against Absalom at Mahanaim, 1, 144.

reproaches David for long mourning over Absalom, 1, 145.

replaced by Amasa, 1, 148.

victorious over Sheba, 1, 149–50.

supporter of Adonijah, 1, 152.

killed by Benaiah, 1, 160.

family of, forms a league in Babylon, 1, 330.

favorite character of the Puritans, 5, 26.

Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg, has thirty Jews burnt, 4, 440.

Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg, alleged to have been poisoned by a Jew, 4, 652; 5, 188.

Joah, chancellor, under Josiah, 1, 292.

Joan, pope, satire on, 3, 169.

Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, proposed as wife to Manoel of Portugal, 4, 373.

Joanna, queen of Naples, appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of the Jews, 4, 258.

João I, of Portugal, Grand Master of Avis, rival of Leonora, 4, 160.

regent of Portugal, 4, 161.

popularity of, as king, 4, 173.

promotes conquests on the coast of Africa, 4, 217–18.

refuses assistance to Vincent Ferrer, 4, 218.

João II (1481–1495), of Portugal, character of, 4, 340.

executes the Duke of Braganza, 4, 341.

confiscates the property of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.

negotiations with, for the settlement of the Spanish Jews in Portugal, 4, 352.

baptizes the son of Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 361.

permits Spanish exiles to settle in Portugal, 4, 365–6.

summons an astronomical congress, 4, 367.

delivers Marranos to the Inquisition, 4, 368.

insists upon the Spanish exiles’ leaving Portugal at the appointed time, 4, 368–9.

sells Spanish exiles as slaves, 4, 370–1.

sends the children of Spanish exiles to San Thomas, 4, 371.

death of, 4, 371.

cause of the misfortunes of, 4, 373.

João III (1522–1557), of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, 4, 488–90.

resolves to introduce the Inquisition, 4, 490.

gives up the plan of establishing the Inquisition, 4, 490–1.

receives David Reubeni, 4, 493, 498.

treats the Marranos more kindly, 4, 493–4.

withdraws his favor from David Reubeni, 4, 498–9.

urged to introduce the Inquisition, 4, 499–500.

cupidity of, censured by Pucci, 4, 505.

chooses Duarte de Paz for a secret mission, 4, 512.

tries to influence Paul III in favor of the Inquisition, 4, 515.

disobeys the papal injunction to absolve the Marranos, 4, 516.

rigor of, towards the Marranos, 4, 518–19.

enforces the rules of the Inquisition, 4, 521.

forbids emigration, 4, 524.

requested by the pope to treat the Marranos mildly, 4, 527.

tries to make good Catholics of the Marranos, 4, 528.

Joaser, coadjutor of Josephus in Galilee, 2, 278, 279.

Joaser, son of Simon b. Boëthus, high priest, the deposition of, demanded, 2, 121.

deposed, 2, 127.

again installed, 2, 127.

defends the Roman census, 2, 134.

deposed by Quirinius, 2, 135.

Иоас, царь Израиля. См. Иехоаш.

Joash, king of Judah, escapes the slaughter of Athaliah, 1, 213.

raised in the Temple, 1, 215–16.

anointed king, 1, 216.

repairs the Temple, 1, 218–19.

stones the high priest Zachariah, 1, 220.

yields to Hazael, 1, 221.

killed, 1, 221.

“Job,” poem by Jacob Israel Belmonte, 4, 665.

Job, the Book of, composed during the captivity, 1, 341–2.

expounded by Simon ben Lakish, 2, 496–7.

commentary on, by Rashi, 3, 346.

paraphrased by Zarak Barfat, 4, 140.

Joceus, a wealthy Jew of York, takes refuge in the citadel, 3, 413.

end of, 3, 415.

Joceus, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.

Jochai, a friend of the Romans, 2, 440.

Jochanan, secretary to Gamaliel I, 2, 192.

Jochanan of Alexandria, the sandal maker, disciple of Akiba, 2, 433.

Jochanan bar Moryah, Amora, 2, 609.

Jochanan bar Napacha (199–279), chief of the Amoraim, 2, 479.

and Judah II, 2, 485, 493, 494.

description of the beauty of, 2, 492–3.

method of, 2, 493.

at Tiberias, 2, 493–4.

leniency of, 2, 494.

explains the prophecy of Daniel, 2, 494–5.

morality of, 2, 495.

misfortunes of, 2, 495.

opponent of, 2, 495, 497.

restores order in southern Judæa, 2, 498.

on Abba Areka, 2, 514.

decisions of, 2, 515.

and Mar-Samuel, 2, 522–3.

alarm of, on account of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 525.

feeling of, against Palmyra, 2, 529, 530.

disciples of, 2, 531.

decision of, with regard to the new-moon, 2, 532.

view of, on the Samaritans, 2, 534.

permits Jewish women to acquire Greek culture, 2, 537.

quoted by Abbahu, 2, 537.

Jochanan ben Gudgada, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

Jochanan ben Mattathiah Provenci, elected chief rabbi of France, 4, 152.

relieved of his office by Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, 4, 152, 162.

appeals to Spanish authorities, 4, 153.

Jochanan ben Nuri, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

upholds the ordinances of Gamaliel II, 2, 405.

Jochanan ben Torta, opposes Akiba’s Messianic hopes, 2, 410.

Jochanan ben Zakkai, disciple of Hillel, 2, 131.

abolishes the ritual for cases of suspected adultery, 2, 238.

abrogates the sin offering for murders, 2, 239.

leader of the faithful Judæans, 2, 240.

vice-president of the Synhedrion, 2, 240.

importance of, 2, 322–3.

member of the Peace party, 2, 323.

takes refuge in the camp of Titus, 2, 323–4.

receives permission to establish a school at Jamnia, 2, 324.

mourns for the Temple, 2, 324.

forms a Synhedrion at Jamnia, 2, 325.

changes made by, 2, 326.

disciples of, 2, 326.

proficient in the oral Law, 2, 328.

lectures by, 2, 328–9.

on the advantages of peace, 2, 329.

intercourse of, with pagans, 2, 329, 331.

gentle character of, 2, 331–2.

description of Israel in mourning by, 2, 332.

compared with Jeremiah and Zerubbabel, 2, 333.

death of, 2, 333.

maxim of, with regard to the study of the Law, 2, 338–9.

on Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 346.

Иоханан Алеман. См. Алеман.

Иоханан. См. также Йоханан; Иоанн; Ионафан.

Joel, prophet, exhortations of, under Uzziah, 1, 230.

under Jeroboam II, 1, 237–40.

Joel, son of Samuel, acts as judge in Beersheba, 1, 79.

Joel, Emanuel, founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.

Johanan, father of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

Johanan, son of Joiada, high priest, slays his brother in the Temple, 1, 409.

Johanan, son of Kareah, chief of the Judæans in Palestine after the fall of Jerusalem, 1, 318.

submits to Gedaliah, 1, 321.

informs Gedaliah of Ishmael’s treachery, 1, 322.

pursues Ishmael, 1, 322–3.

Йоханан, сын Симона Фарси. См. Гиркан I, Иоанн.

Johanan Gadi, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

leader of the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489.

killed by the Bene Amri, 1, 491.

Йоханан. См. также Иоханан; Иоанн; Ионафан.

Johannsen, bishop of Speyer, protects the Jews during the first crusade, 3, 300–1.

John XXII, pope, opposes a crusade, 4, 35.