Итак, однажды торговец остановился в деревне; и пока он готовил себе завтрак, он одел осла в львиную шкуру и выпустил его в поле ячменя. Сторожа в поле не смели подойти к нему; но, вернувшись домой, они распространили новость. Тогда все жители вышли с оружием в руках; и, дуя в раковины и ударяя в барабаны, они подошли к полю и закричали. Охваченный страхом смерти, осел издал крик — ослиный рев!
И когда он узнал тогда, что это осел, будущий Будда произнес первый стих:
"This is not a lion's roaring,
Nor a tiger's nor a panther's;
Dressed in a lion's skin,
'Tis a wretched ass that roars!"
Но когда жители узнали, что существо — осел, они били его, пока его кости не сломались; и, унеся львиную шкуру, ушли. Затем пришел торговец; и, увидев осла, попавшего в такую беду, произнес второй стих:
"Long might the ass,
Clad in a lion's skin,
Have fed on the barley green;
But he brayed
And that moment he came to ruin."
И даже пока он еще говорил, осел умер на месте.
238
БОЛТЛИВАЯ ЧЕРЕПАХА
Будущий Будда однажды родился в семье министра, когда Брахмадатта правил в Бенаресе; и когда он вырос, он стал советником короля в делах мирских и духовных.
Теперь этот король был очень болтлив; пока он говорил, у других не было возможности вставить слово. И будущий Будда, желая вылечить его от этой болтливости, постоянно искал какие-то средства для этого.
В то время в пруду в Гималайских горах жила черепаха. Две молодые хамсы, или дикие утки, которые прилетали туда кормиться, подружились с ней, и однажды, когда они стали очень близки с ней, они сказали черепахе:
«Друг черепаха! место, где мы живем, у Золотой Пещеры на Горе Красивой в Гималайской стране, — восхитительное место. Поедешь ли ты туда с нами?»
«Но как я могу туда добраться?»
«Мы можем взять тебя, если ты только сможешь держать язык за зубами и не будешь ничего говорить никому».
«О! это я могу сделать. Возьмите меня с собой».
«Это правильно», — сказали они. И заставив черепаху укусить палку, они сами взяли два конца в свои клювы и взлетели в воздух.
Видя его таким образом переносимым хамсами, некоторые жители закричали: «Две дикие утки несут черепаху на палке!» На что черепаха захотела сказать: «Если мои друзья решили нести меня, какое вам до этого дело, вы жалкие рабы!» Так что как раз когда быстрый полет диких уток принес его над королевским дворцом в городе Бенарес, он отпустил палку, которую кусал, и, упав во внутренний двор, раскололся пополам! И поднялся всеобщий крик: «Черепаха упала во внутренний двор и раскололась пополам!»
Король, взяв будущего Будду, отправился на место, окруженный своими придворными; и, глядя на черепаху, он спросил Бодхисаттву: «Учитель! как случилось, что он упал здесь?»
Будущий Будда подумал про себя: «Долго ожидая, желая вразумить короля, я искал какие-то средства для этого. Эта черепаха, должно быть, подружилась с дикими утками; и они, должно быть, заставили ее укусить палку и взлетели в воздух, чтобы отнести ее в горы. Но она, будучи не в состоянии держать язык за зубами, когда слышит, как кто-то другой говорит, должно быть, захотела что-то сказать и отпустила палку; и так, должно быть, упала с неба и таким образом потеряла свою жизнь». И сказав: «Истинно, о король! те, кого называют болтунами — люди, чьим словам нет конца — приходят к беде, как эта», он произнес эти стихи:
"Verily the tortoise killed himself
While uttering his voice;
Though he was holding tight the stick,
By a word himself he slew.
"Behold him then, O excellent by strength!
And speak wise words, not out of season.
You see how, by his talking overmuch,
The tortoise fell into this wretched plight!"
Король увидел, что речь идет о нем самом, и сказал: «О Учитель! вы говорите о нас?»
И Бодхисаттва сказал открыто: «О великий король! будь то ты, или кто другой, всякий, кто говорит без меры, встречает какую-то беду, подобную этой».
И король с тех пор сдерживал себя и стал человеком немногословным.
239
The following is, also, an oriental story. It is taken from the Hitopadesa (Book of Good Counsel), a collection of Sanskrit fables. This collection was compiled from older sources, probably in the main from the Panchatantra (Five Books), which belonged to about the fifth century. Observe the emphasis placed upon the teaching of the fable by putting the statement of it at the beginning and recurring to it at the close.
ЛЕВ, ОБМАНУТЫЙ КРОЛИКОМ
Тот, у кого есть ум, имеет силу. Где сила у того, кому не хватает суждения? Посмотрите, как лев, будучи опьяненным гневом, был побежден кроликом.
На горе Мандара жил лев, чье имя было Дурганта (трудно подойти), который был очень точен в соблюдении предписаний для жертвоприношений животных. Так что, наконец, все разные виды собрались и коллективно заявили, что, поскольку при его нынешнем образе действий лес будет очищен сразу, если будет угодно его Высочеству, они каждый по очереди будут предоставлять ему животное для его ежедневной пищи. И лев дал свое согласие соответственно. Таким образом, каждый зверь доставлял свою оговоренную долю, пока, наконец, когда дошла очередь до кролика, он начал размышлять таким образом: «Политика должна практиковаться тем, кто хочет спасти свою жизнь; и я сам потеряю свою, если не буду осторожен. Предположим, я приведу его к другому льву? Кто знает, как это может обернуться для меня? Я подойду к нему медленно, как будто утомленный».
Лев к этому времени начал быть очень голодным; поэтому, увидев кролика, идущего к нему, он закричал в великой ярости: «Какова причина, что ты приходишь так поздно?»
«Пожалуйста, ваше Высочество, — сказал кролик, — когда я шел, я был насильно задержан другим из вашего вида; но, дав ему слово, что я вернусь немедленно, я пришел сюда, чтобы представить это вашему Высочеству».
«Иди быстро, — сказал лев в ярости, — и покажи мне, где этого мерзкого негодяя можно найти!»
Соответственно, кролик привел льва к краю глубокого колодца, куда прибыв, «Там, — сказал кролик, — посмотри вниз и увидишь его». В то же время он указал на отраженное изображение льва в воде, который, раздуваясь от гордости и негодования, прыгнул в колодец, как он думал, на своего противника; и таким образом положил конец своей жизни.
Я повторяю, поэтому:
Тот, у кого есть ум, имеет силу. Где сила у того, кому не хватает суждения?
240
Marie de France lived probably in the latter part of the twelfth century and was one of the most striking figures in Middle English literature. She seems to have been born in France, lived much in England, translated from the Anglo-Norman dialect into French, and is spoken of as the first French poet. One of her three works, and the most extensive, is a collection of 103 fables, which she says she translated from the English of King Alfred. Her original, whatever it may have been, is lost. One of her fables, in a translation by Professor W. W. Skeat, is given below. It contains the germ of Chaucer's "Nun's Priest's Tale," in The Canterbury Tales.
ПЕТУХ И ЛИСА
MARIE DE FRANCE
A Cock our story tells of, who
High on a trash hill stood and crew.
A Fox, attracted, straight drew nigh,
And spake soft words of flattery.
"Dear Sir!" said he, "your look's divine;
I never saw a bird so fine!
I never heard a voice so clear
Except your father's—ah! poor dear!
His voice rang clearly, loudly—but
Most clearly when his eyes were shut!"
"The same with me!" the Cock replies,
And flaps his wings, and shuts his eyes.
Each note rings clearer than the last—
The Fox starts up and holds him fast;
Toward the wood he hies apace.
But as he crossed an open space,
The shepherds spy him; off they fly;
The dogs give chase with hue and cry.
The Fox still holds the Cock, though fear
Suggests his case is growing queer.
"Tush!" cries the Cock, "cry out, to grieve 'em,
'The cock is mine! I'll never leave him!'"
The Fox attempts, in scorn, to shout,
And opes his mouth; the Cock slips out,
And in a trice has gained a tree.
Too late the Fox begins to see
How well the Cock his game has played;
For once his tricks have been repaid.
In angry language, uncontrolled,
He 'gins to curse the mouth that's bold
To speak, when it should silent be.
"Well," says the Cock, "the same with me;
I curse the eyes that go to sleep
Just when they ought sharp watch to keep
Lest evil to their lord befall."
Thus fools contrariously do all;
They chatter when they should be dumb,
And, when they ought to speak, are mum.
241
The following is Wright's translation of the first fable in La Fontaine's collection. Rousseau, objecting to fables in general, singled out this particular one as an example of their bad effects on children, and echoes of his voice are still in evidence. It would, he said, give children a lesson in inhumanity. "You believe you are making an example of the grasshopper, but they will choose the ant . . . they will take the more pleasant part, which is a very natural thing." Another observer said: "As for me, I love neither grasshopper nor ant, neither avarice nor prodigality, neither the miserly people who lend nor the spendthrifts who borrow." These statements represent complex, analytic points of view which are probably outside the range of most children. They will see the grasshopper simply as a type of thorough shiftlessness and the ant as a type of forethought, although La Fontaine does suggest that the ant might on general principles be a little less "tight-fisted." The lesson that idleness is the mother of want, the necessity of looking ahead, of providing for the future, of laying up for a rainy day—these are certainly common-sense conclusions and the only ones the story itself will suggest to the child.
КУЗНЕЧИК И МУРАВЕЙ
LA FONTAINE
A grasshopper gay
Sang the summer away,
And found herself poor
By the winter's first roar.
Of meat or of bread,
Not a morsel she had!
So a begging she went,
To her neighbor the ant,
For the loan of some wheat,
Which would serve her to eat,
Till the season came round.
"I will pay you," she saith,
"On an animal's faith,
Double weight in the pound
Ere the harvest be bound."
The ant is a friend
(And here she might mend)
Little given to lend.
"How spent you the summer?"
Quoth she, looking shame
At the borrowing dame.
"Night and day to each comer
I sang, if you please."
"You sang! I'm at ease;
For 'tis plain at a glance,
Now, ma'am, you must dance."
242
The translation of the following fable is that of W. Lucas Collins, in his La Fontaine and Other French Fabulists. This fable has always been a great favorite among the French, and the translator has caught much of the sprightly tone of his original.
ПЕТУХ, КОТ И МОЛОДАЯ МЫШЬ
LA FONTAINE
A pert young Mouse, to whom the world was new,
Had once a near escape, if all be true.
He told his mother, as I now tell you:
"I crossed the mountains that beyond us rise,
And, journeying onwards, bore me
As one who had a great career before me,
When lo! two creatures met my wondering eyes,—
The one of gracious mien, benign and mild;
The other fierce and wild,
With high-pitched voice that filled me with alarm;
A lump of sanguine flesh grew on his head,
And with a kind of arm
He raised himself in air,
As if to hover there;
His tail was like a horseman's plume outspread."
(It was a farmyard Cock, you understand,
That our young friend described in terms so grand,
As 'twere some marvel come from foreign land.)
"With arms raised high
He beat his sides, and made such hideous cry,
That even I,
Brave as I am, thank heaven! had well-nigh fainted:
Straightway I took to flight,
And cursed him left and right.
Ah! but for him, I might have got acquainted
With that sweet creature,
Who bore attractiveness in every feature:
A velvet skin he had, like yours and mine,
A tail so long and fine,
A sweet, meek countenance, a modest air—
Yet, what an eye was there!
I feel that, on the whole,
He must have strong affinities of soul
With our great race—our ears are shaped the same.
I should have made my bow, and asked his name,
But at the fearful cry
Raised by that monster, I was forced to fly."
"My child," replied his mother, "you have seen
That demure hypocrite we call a Cat:
Under that sleek and inoffensive mien
He bears a deadly hate of Mouse and Rat.
The other, whom you feared, is harmless—quite;
Nay, perhaps may serve us for a meal some night.
As for your friend, for all his innocent air,
We form the staple of his bill of fare."
Take, while you live, this warning as your guide—
Don't judge by the outside.
243
John Gay (1685-1732) was an English poet and dramatist. His work as a whole has been pretty well forgotten, but he has been recently brought back to the mind of the public by the revival of his satirical Beggar's Opera, the ancestor of the modern comic opera. Gay published a collection of fables in verse in 1727, "prepared for the edification of the young Duke of Cumberland." A second group, making sixty-six in all, was published after his death. Since these fables are probably the best of their kind in English, a few of them are frequently met with in collections. "The Hare with Many Friends" has been the favorite, and rightly so, as it has something of the humor and point that belong to the real fable. Perhaps the fact that it has a personal application enabled Gay to write with more vigor and sincerity than elsewhere.
ЗАЯЦ СО МНОГИМИ ДРУЗЬЯМИ
JOHN GAY
Friendship, like love, is but a name,
Unless to one you stint the flame.
The child whom many fathers share,
Hath seldom known a father's care.
'Tis thus in friendship; who depend
On many rarely find a friend.
A Hare, who, in a civil way,
Complied with everything, like Gay,
Was known by all the bestial train
Who haunt the wood, or graze the plain.
Her care was, never to offend,
And every creature was her friend.
As forth she went at early dawn,
To taste the dew-besprinkled lawn,
Behind she hears the hunter's cries,
And from the deep-mouthed thunder flies.
She starts, she stops, she pants for breath;
She hears the near advance of death;
She doubles, to mislead the hound,
And measures back her mazy round:
Till, fainting in the public way,
Half dead with fear she gasping lay.
What transport in her bosom grew,
When first the Horse appeared in view!
"Let me," says she, "your back ascend,
And owe my safety to a friend.
You know my feet betray my flight;
To friendship every burden's light."
The Horse replied: "Poor honest Puss,
It grieves my heart to see thee thus;
Be comforted; relief is near,
For all your friends are in the rear."
She next the stately Bull implored;
And thus replied the mighty lord,
"Since every beast alive can tell
That I sincerely wish you well,
I may, without offence, pretend,
To take the freedom of a friend;
Love calls me hence; a favorite cow
Expects me near yon barley-mow;
And when a lady's in the case,
You know, all other things give place.
To leave you thus might seem unkind;
But see, the Goat is just behind."
The Goat remarked her pulse was high,
Her languid head, her heavy eye;
"My back," says he, "may do you harm;
The Sheep's at hand, and wool is warm."
The Sheep was feeble, and complained
His sides a load of wool sustained:
Said he was slow, confessed his fears,
For hounds eat sheep as well as hares.
She now the trotting Calf addressed,
To save from death a friend distressed.
"Shall I," says he, "of tender age,
In this important care, engage?
Older and abler passed you by;
How strong are those, how weak am I!
Should I presume to bear you hence,
Those friends of mine may take offence.
Excuse me, then. You know my heart.
But dearest friends, alas, must part!
How shall we all lament! Adieu!
For see, the hounds are just in view."
244
Tomas de Yriarte (1750-1791) was a Spanish poet of some note, remembered now mainly as the author of Literary Fables, the first attempt at literary fable-writing in Spanish. As the name is meant to imply, they concern themselves with the follies and weaknesses of authors. There are about eighty fables in the complete collection, and they are full of ingenuity and cleverness. One of the simplest and best of these is given here in the translation by R. Rockliffe, which first appeared in Blackwood's Magazine in 1839. It laughs at the lucky chance by which even stupidity sometimes "makes a hit" and then stupidly proceeds to pat itself on the back.
МУЗЫКАЛЬНЫЙ ОСЕЛ
TOMAS YRIARTE
The fable which I now present
Occurred to me by accident;
And whether bad or excellent,
Is merely so by accident.
A stupid ass one morning went
Into a field by accident
And cropp'd his food and was content,
Until he spied by accident
A flute, which some oblivious gent
Had left behind by accident;
When, sniffing it with eager scent,
He breathed on it by accident,
And made the hollow instrument
Emit a sound by accident.
"Hurrah! hurrah!" exclaimed the brute,
"How cleverly I play the flute!"
A fool, in spite of nature's bent.
May shine for once—by accident.
245
Ivan Andreevitch Krylov (1768-1844) was a Russian author whose fame rests almost entirely upon his popular verse fables (200 in number) which have been used extensively as textbooks in Russian schools. They have "joyousness, simplicity, wit, and good humor." The following specimen is from I. H. Harrison's translation of Krylov's Original Fables. It gives a good illustration of the necessity of "teamwork."
ЛЕБЕДЬ, ЩУКА И РАК
IVAN KRYLOV
When partners with each other don't agree,
Each project must a failure be,
And out of it no profit come, but sheer vexation.
A Swan, a Pike, and Crab once took their station
In harness, and would drag a loaded cart;
But, when the moment came for them to start,
They sweat, they strain, and yet the cart stands still; what's lacking?
The load must, as it seemed, have been but light;
The Swan, though, to the clouds takes flight,
The Pike into the water pulls, the Crab keeps backing.
Now which of them was right, which wrong, concerns us not;
The cart is still upon the selfsame spot.
246
This fable from the Old Testament is one of the very oldest on record in which a story is practically applied to a human problem. The causes of political corruption apparently have not changed much in three thousand years. American citizens gather together at certain times to choose mayors and other officers to rule over them, and when they say to the fruitful olive tree, or fig tree, or vine, "Come thou and reign over us," he replies, "Should I forsake my productive factory, or mine, or profession, to be mayor?" But when they say to the bramble, "Come thou and reign over us," he replies, "Put your trust in me, and let those suffer who object to my management of public affairs." Jotham's lesson of political duty is one greatly needed in the present-day attempt to raise our standard of citizenship.