Page 214. 2. What are the advantages gained by having a business in the hands of a company or corporation? Page 215. 3. Compare the durability of gold with that of other products. Page 217. 4. What was the amount of capital employed in manufacturing industries in 1850? In 1905? Page 218.
5. How did the Census of 1905 differ from previous censuses in the matter of manufacturing establishments?
Page 219. 6. How does the growth in capitalization rank with that of the other important branches of manufacturing?
Page 220. Trusts and Combinations. 1. What principle was the cause of the origin of the modern company or corporation? Page 222. 2. Explain the provisions of a pool. Page 223. 3. How were the defects of the pool overcome? Page 224. 4. What are the advantages of a trust or combination?
Page 225. 5. What has been the effect of trusts on prices? On wages? Page 226. 6. Name and classify according to product the companies of which the United States Steel Corporation was formed. Page 228. The Iron and Steel Industry. 1. What was the number of establishments for the iron and steel industry in the United States in 1880? In 1905? What does this show? Page 233. 2. What method was used by the early Germans for extracting the iron from the ore? By the English in 1700? By the early American colonists? Page 236. 3. Why was coke used in the smelting of iron ore in England much earlier than in America? Page 238. 4. How did the development of railways aid in the preservation of our forests? Page 239. 5. What is the puddling process? Why is it necessary?
Page 240. 6. What process took the place of the puddling process?
Page 241. 7. What is steel? How is iron obtained by the Bessemer process made into steel? Page 245.
The Textile Industry. 1. What is the most important of the textile industries?
Page 247. 2. Compare the value of textile manufactures in the principal countries of Europe during the period from 1800 to 1896, inclusive, with that of the United States during the same period. Page 247. 3. Define textiles. How are they made? Page 251. 4. What were the so-called “Manchester cottons”?
Page 254. 5. Who invented the spinning jenny? What was its use?
Page 255. 6. Up until the invention of the water frame, why was the making of cloth entirely from cotton impracticable?
Page 256. 7. What was the spinning mule? By whom was it invented?
Page 257. 8. What is the purpose of the cotton gin? Page 257. 9. What factors have made cotton the most important textile? Page 258. 10. Why is the cotton industry moving toward the South?
Page 262. Manufacturing Industries of the United States. 1. Why was manufacturing neglected by the early settlers of the United States? Page 263. 2. What manufactories sprang up in the nineteenth century? Page 266. 3. Name the four greatest producers of manufactures for exportation. Page 270. 4. When was the largest growth of agricultural exports in the United States? Of exports of manufactures?
Page 272. 5. What articles are the chief requisites of manufacturing?
Page 272.
6. How do you account for the rapid growth of copper as an export of manufacture? Page 277. 7. Illustrate the fact that the United States does not need to invade foreign markets with its manufactures.
Page 278. 8. Distinguish between the gross value of the factory product of manufactures and the net value of the same.
Page 284. 9. Compare the growth of the exportation of manufactures with that of the production. Page 286. 10. Under what head does the Bureau of Statistics classify boots and shoes; flour; salted meats; illuminating oil; pig iron. Page 287. Concrete and Steel. 1. How do concrete and steel supplement each other?
Page 322. 2. Of what is the standardization of concrete applications indicative? Page 323. 3. What is a corrugated bar? Page 324. 4. Give an example showing the durability of the Hennibique construction. Page 326. 5. What advantages over the wooden bearing pile has the concrete bearing pile? Page 327. 6. How may the resistivity of usual concretes be reinforced?
Page 329. 7. Explain the use of wales in reinforcing a water front.
Page 331. 8. How are the bearing piles of a wharf in the tropics made? Page 332. 9. Enumerate various uses to which concrete has been put in construction. Pages 333, 334. 10. What is the problem of the concrete telegraph pole? How may this be overcome? Page 336. 11. How is the Corell tie made? The Percival tie?
Page 337.
12. What part does steel play in the construction of the Gatun Locks of the Panama Canal? Page 337. 13. Give an illustration of the use of steel for molding concrete. Page 339. Chemistry and the Industries. 1. Why has it been necessary to put industry on a scientific basis? Page 342. 2. Why is chemistry so closely related to the industries?
Page 343. 3. Tell in your own words the story of the development of the soda industry. Page 344. 4. Name three important industries which grew out of the soda industry. Page 346. 5. Give an example of how science has led the way for industry. Page 348. 6. What are the great achievements before the chemistry of the future? Page 350. The Producer-Gas Power Plant. 1. What was the drawback to the early development of the gas engine? Page 353. 2. Why was the suction producer not practical?
Page 354. 3. What led to the introduction of the pressure producer?
Page 355. 4. What is the advantage of the down-draft producer?
Page 355. 5. What is the ideal relative efficiency of the producer-gas plant and the steam plant? The actual relative efficiency? Page 360. 6. What defects in producer-gas plants were learned from the inspection in 1908? Page 364. 7. Where are the producer-gas plants of England located?
Page 366. 8. How can the price of power developed from fuel be kept down? Page 369.
Efficiency in Shop Operations. 1. What is the reason for the failure of many cost systems?
Page 371. 2. Upon what does the efficiency of a workman depend?
Page 372. 3. What should be used as a standard for the measurement of time? Page 373. 4. When should a bonus begin? Page 375. 5. What effect does the giving of bonuses have on the efficiency of the foreman? Page 375. 6. What advantages are gained from having proper time cards for the workmen of a concern? Page 377. 7. To be successful, how should efficiency methods be introduced? Page 379. The Bridge between Labor and Capital. 1. What is the chief cause at the bottom of all labor disputes? Page 380. 2. When and how was the labor problem brought about?
Page 381. 3. What three methods of solution are proposed for the present problem of distribution? Page 382. 4. In your opinion which method is the best? The Unemployed. 1. What is the central cause of the want of employment?
Page 385. 2. Show the evil effect of ill-advised charity upon the unemployed. Page 387. 3. What does the practice of giving old-age pensions indicate as to the fairness of the distribution of the returns of production? Page 387. 4. Name three ways in which the problem of the unemployed can be reduced. Page 389.
5. What are the effects of ignorance and indolence upon society? Page 391. 6. If employment were remunerative, what would be the results? Page 393. 7. What lines of industry should society court?
Page 396. 8. What are the evils connected with industrial corporations?
Page 397. 9. Summarize the remedies for the want of employment.
Page 401.
УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
БИЗНЕС-ЭКОНОМИКА
ACTS—
factory, 88, 89.
AGRICULTURE—
character of, in U. S., 14.
most important branch of, 15.
reorganization of, 15.
ANARCHISM—
theory of, 165.
AREA—
land, of U. S., 9.
BANKING, 142-145.
BAR—
corrugated, 324.
BARGAINING—
collective, 77.
BESSEMER—
process, 201, 241-246.
BIMETALLISM—
arguments in favor of, 139, 140.
BOARD—
of arbitration, 79.
of conciliation, 79.
BONUS—
use of, 375.
BRIDGES—
construction of, 324-326.
CAPITAL—
and labor, bridge between (article), 380-383.
in manufacturing, 214-222.
CEMENT—
Portland, 340.
CEREALS—
production of, in U. S., 15.
CHEMISTRY—
and the industries (article), 341-351.
a utilitarian science, 341.
how it creates industries, 348.
how it influences industries, 342.
CHILDREN—
at work, 86-89.
CLASS—
wage-earning, 61.
COAL—
waste of, 352.
COMBINATION—
advantages of, 43, 225.
causes of, illustrated, 227-230.
effects of, 46-49, 226.
upon competitors, 46.
upon consumers, 48, 226.
upon labor, 47.
upon opportunity, 49.
upon wages, 226.
forms of, 223-225.
in the railroad world, 146.
methods of, illustrated, 227-230.
phases of, 39, 40.
COMMISSION—
mandatory, 148.
supervisory, 148.
COMPANIES—
express, monopoly character of, 149.
COMPETITION—
defined, 4.
in modern industrial life, 4, 5.
CONCRETE—
and steel (article), 322-340.
applications of, 324-339.
as material of construction, 322.
chimneys of, 328.
effect of water on, 330, 333.
rapidity of construction of, 330.
resistivity of, 329.
CONSUMPTION—
economy in, 135, 136.
CO-OPERATION—
advantages of, 116, 117, 222, 223.
consumers’, 114.
defects of, 117, 118.
producers’, 116.
CORN—
production of, in U. S., 16.
CORPORATION—
advantages of, to industry, 41, 215.
industrial, 397.
United States Steel, 44, 227-230.
COTTON—
gin, 257.
manufacturing of, 247-262.
production of, in U. S., 17, 304.
world’s production of, 291.
CRISES—
credit theory of, 59.
defined, 55.
immediate cause of, 56.
must be regarded as unpreventable, 60.
over-production theory of, 38.
periodicity of, 57, 58.
DISCRIMINATION—
kinds of, 147.
DISTRIBUTION—
of interest, 122, 123.
of profits, 123.
of rent, 122.
of wages, 123, 124.
of wealth, functional, 119-121.
of wealth, personal, 120, 125-127.
DOMAIN—
public, 9.
DRY-FARMING, 11.
ECONOMICS—
practical (article), 1-178.
progress in, 172-178.
EDUCATION—
industrial, 106-110.
EFFICIENCY—
application of, to department heads, 375-377.
defined, 371.
increased, illustrated, 374.
in shop operation (article), 370-379.
ELECTRICITY—
applied to manufacturing, 190-192.
ENGINE—
gas, development of, 353-356.
EXCHANGES—
of natural products, 182.
EXPORTS—
from U. S., 269-288.
FACTORY—
acts, 88, 89.
described, 31.
система. (См. Система.)
town, rise of, 186.
FARMS—
number and size of, 11.
FISHERIES—
wasteful use of, 18, 19.
FREE TRADERS—
arguments of, 162.
GOLD—
production of, 216, 217.
GOVERNMENT—
functions of, 163-172.
HOMESTEAD—
defined, 9, 10.
INDIVIDUALISM—
extreme, 65, 165.
modified, 166.
INDUSTRY—
causes of rapid development in, 30.
cotton, 247-262.
how carried on, 41.
iron and steel, growth of, 198-202, 230-246.
localization of, 33.
производство. (См. Производство.)
relation between chemistry and, 341-351.
soda, 344-346.
specialization of, 32, 33.
textile, 247-262.
INSURANCE—
against sickness and old age, 100.
compulsory accident, 99, 100.
IRON—
processes of making, 198-201, 235-246.
IRRIGATION, 10, 11.
LABOR—
American Federation of, 70.
and capital, bridge between (article), 380-383.
child, 80, 86-89.
division of, 32, 33.
Knights of, 70.
legislation, purpose of, 68.
organizations, 68-77.
previous systems of, compared with modern wage system, 64.
sale of, peculiarities of, 66, 67.
woman, 80-86.
LEGISLATION—
factory, 97.
labor, purpose of, 68.
of child labor, 87-89.
LIBERTY—
industrial, 5.
natural, theory of, 166.
LIVE STOCK—
production of, in U. S., 16.
LUXURY—
attitudes toward, 132-134.
socialization of, 135.
MACHINERY—
evils of, 101-106.
in iron and steel industry, 196-201.
in textile industry, 196.
MACHINES—
carding, 256.
early forms of, 193-196.
MANOR—
English, 1-3.
characteristics of, 2, 3.
MANUFACTURES—
census of, 207-211.
why misleading in U. S., 207, 211, 268.
concentration of, 33, 34.
exported from U. S., 269-272.
growth of, 30, 205-214.
growth of investment in, 218-222.
statistics of, 229-321.
MANUFACTURING—
application of electricity to, 190-192.
application of steam to, 187-189.
areas of the world, 181.
(article), 179-320.
capital in, 214-222.
cotton, 247-262.
establishments, 219-222, 233.
growth of, 205-214.
growth of investment in, 218-222.
industries of the U. S., 263-288.
machinery in, 193-203.
statistics of, 229-321.
systems of the world, 185-192.
MARINE—
merchant, 152-154.
MONEY—
government paper, 140, 141.
kinds of, in U. S., 141, 217.
value of, how determined, 137, 138.
MOVEMENT—
trust, 42.
OPERATIONS—
change in, opposition to, 372.
shop, efficiency in, (article), 370-379.
ORGANIZATIONS—
forms of, 223-225.
labor, 68-77.
growth of, 69.
objects and methods of, 71-77.
PARTNERSHIP, 41.
PENSIONS—
old-age, danger in, 387.
PILES—
bearing, 327.
sheet, 327.
POLICY—
land, of U. S., 9, 10.
POOLS, 40, 223.
POPULATION—
agricultural, decline in, 12, 13.
POWER—
water, of U. S., 27, 28.
POWER PLANT—
producer-gas, 352-369.
conditions favorable to, in U. S., 368, 369.
location of European, 366-368.
number and class of, 363.
relation of, to conservation of fuel resources, 352-369.
relative results of steam plant and, 356-363.
PRODUCTION—
capitalistic, 6, 29-39.
concentration of, 34.
large-scale, 35-37.
economics of, 35, 36.
peculiar to trusts, 44.
industrial effects of, 37.
in manufacturing, 36.
in retail trade, 37.
social effects of, 38.
of cotton, 291.
of cotton in U. S., 17, 304.
pig-iron, 230, 231.
PROFITS—
of promoters, 45.
PROFIT SHARING—
defined, 110.
economic theory of, 111.
methods of, 110, 111.
objections against, 111, 113.
origin of, 113.
purpose of, 110.
PROPERTY—
private, 3, 4.
PROTECTION—
arguments in support of, 160-162.
RAILROADS—
public nature of, 148.
public ownership of, 149.
rates, 147.
RATES—
railroad, 147.
REGULATION—
legislative, of trust evils, 50, 51.
RESOURCES—
agricultural, of U. S., 9-19.
forest, destruction of, 18.
mineral, of U. S., 19-29.
alarming condition of, 20-22.
REVENUE—
sources of, 157-159.
REVOLUTION—
industrial, 5, 6.
ROTATION—
three-year, 2.
SAVING—
relation of, to spending, 129, 130.
why necessary, 131.
SERVICE—
Forest, work of, 18.
SOCIALISM—
as a scheme of distribution, 170.
defined, 167, 168.
difficulties of establishing, 169.
state, 167.
SOCIETY—
industrial, 1-8.
Rochdale, 115.
SPECULATION, 51-55.
SPECULATOR—
social value of, 53.
SPENDING—
relation of, to saving, 129, 130.
SPINNING JENNY, 196, 255.
STANDARDIZATION—
system of, 38.
STANDARD OIL TRUST—
when formed, 42.
STATE—
as a regulator of industry, 7, 8.
culture, theory, 167.
ownership, 171, 172.
STATISTICS—
accidents in German industries traceable to different causes, 97.
cause of idleness, members of trade unions (1900), 93.
cause of poverty, 92.
course of wages during 19th century, 173.
expenditures for different purposes in different places, 128.
growth of manufactures in 19th century, 30.
hand and machine methods compared, 103.
industrial and commercial gas trusts in U. S., (1860-1900), 42, 43.
of commerce in U. S., 308, 309.
of manufactures, 229-321.
annual value of, 289.
capital invested, 313, 314.
exportation of, 291.
importation of, 289.
summary of, in U. S., 299.
value of products of, 318-321.
wage-earners employed (1900), 315.
of population engaged in manufacturing in U. S., 310.
STEEL—
and concrete (article), 322-340.
as material of construction, 322.
re-inforcement, styles of, 324-326.
STRIKE—
defined, 78.
losses from, in U. S., 78.
SYSTEM—
canal, 151, 152.
domestic, 7.
factory,
beneficial results of, 60, 61.
development of, 203-214.
in England, 214.
in U. S., 205, 206.
evils of early, 80, 101-106.
origin of, 185.
independent treasury, 144.
industrial, modern, 1-8.
characteristics of, 3.
of interchangeable parts, 38, 39.
of standardization, 38.
three-field, 2.
wage, modern, 60-68.
TAX—
defined, 154.
general property, 158.
inheritance, 159.
TAXATION—
powers of, 154.
problems of, 155, 156.
rules of, 154, 155.
TEXTILES—
described, 251, 252.
manufacturing of, 247-262.
TRADE UNIONS—
local, 69.
national, 69.
object and methods of, 71-77.
TRANSPORTATION, 145-154.
inland water, 151.
ocean water, 151.
TRUSTS—
advantages of, 225.
and combinations, 222-230.
defined, 216.
economics of production peculiar to, 44.
effects of,
upon competitors, 46.
upon consumers, 48, 226.
upon labor, 47.
upon opportunity, 49.
upon wages, 226.
evils of, remedied by legislative regulation, 50, 51.
industrial and gas, organized in U. S. (1860-1900), 42, 43.
reasons for growth of, 43, 45, 46.
UNEMPLOYED—
classified, 91.
the (article), 384-402.
UNEMPLOYMENT—
a permanent problem, 95.
cause of, 91-95, 384-386.
extent of, 90.
remedies for, 95, 387-390, 393-401.
WAGES—
iron law of, 124.
WATER FRAME, 256.
WEALTH—
functional distribution of, 119-121.
personal distribution of, 120, 125-127.
WOMEN—
at work, 80-86.
economic position of, 84.
Примечание транскрибатора
Очевидные опечатки, такие как перевернутые или частично напечатанные буквы, были исправлены. Последние две строки оглавления, напечатанные в обратном порядке, были исправлены. Добавлены пропущенные точки в конце предложений.
Диалектные, устаревшие и альтернативные написания оставлены без изменений. Pittsburgh (PA) пишется без конечной «h» на протяжении всей книги. Пропущенные слова не добавлялись в текст.
Сноски в тексте были перенумерованы последовательно и перемещены в конец статьи, в которой находится привязка. Сноски внутри таблиц были заменены на буквы и перемещены после таблицы, в которой находится привязка. В некоторых таблицах сноска может иметь более одной привязки; следовательно, ссылка от сносок таблицы к какой-либо привязке не предоставляется.
Широкие таблицы были разделены для удобства просмотра на маленьких экранах.
Были изменены следующие элементы: Bimettalism на Bimetallism, добавлен пробел между Ph. D. в строке автора Эрнеста Ладлоу Богарта, whch на which, 1880 на 1800, hamp на hemp, million на millions, manfactures на manufactures, guns на gums, ultilitarianism на utilitarianism, guns на gums, grinding на guiding, lead на led, notions на notion, lead на led, добавлена запятая в записи указателя: STRIKES losses from, in U. S., 78.
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Business Administration, by Various