ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА
Ссылки на сноски обозначены как [номер], сами сноски помещены в конце книги. Многие таблицы содержат собственные сноски, которые оставлены внизу соответствующей таблицы и обозначены как «примечание», а не как сноска. Ссылки на эти примечания обозначены как {номер}.
Некоторые таблицы были очень широкими; они были разделены на две части, при этом первый столбец первой части повторяется во второй. На портативных устройствах некоторые таблицы, возможно, придется просматривать с использованием мелкого шрифта, чтобы увидеть все столбцы.
В тех таблицах, где в заголовке указан «номер суда» от 1 до 29, номер 11 всегда отсутствует; это не ошибка, он отсутствует в оригинальном тексте.
Некоторые другие незначительные изменения в тексте отмечены в конце книги.
АМЕРИКАНЦЫ ПО ВЫБОРУ
Исследования американизации
Школьное образование иммигрантов. Фрэнк В. Томпсон, суперинтендант государственных школ, Бостон
Америка через соседство. Джон Дэниелс
Пересаженные черты Старого Света. Роберт Э. Парк, профессор-лектор, Чикагский университет; Герберт А. Миллер, профессор социологии, Оберлинский колледж
Доля в земле. Питер А. Спик, заведующий славянским отделом Библиотеки Конгресса
Здоровье иммигрантов и общество. Майкл М. Дэвис-младший, директор Бостонского диспансера
Новые дома для старых. Софонисба П. Брекинридж, профессор социальной экономики, Чикагский университет
Иммигрантская пресса и контроль над ней. Роберт Э. Парк, профессор-лектор, Чикагский университет
Адаптация иммигрантов и промышленность. (В подготовке) Уильям М. Лейерсон, председатель Советов по трудовым спорам, Рочестер и Нью-Йорк
Американцы по выбору. Джон П. Гавит, вице-президент «Нью-Йорк ивнинг пост»
Иммигрант в суде. (В печати) Кейт Холладей Клэгхорн, преподаватель социальных исследований, Нью-Йоркская школа социальной работы
Резюме. (В подготовке) Аллен Т. Бернс, директор исследований методов американизации
Издательство «Харпер энд Бразерс»
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ АМЕРИКАНИЗАЦИИ
АЛЛЕН Т. БЕРНС, ДИРЕКТОР
АМЕРИКАНЦЫ ПО ВЫБОРУ
АВТОР:
ДЖОН ПАЛМЕР ГАВИТ
ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО «ХАРПЕР ЭНД БРАЗЕРС»
НЬЮ-ЙОРК И ЛОНДОН
1922
Американцы по выбору
Copyright, 1922
By Harper & Brothers
Printed in the U. S. A.
Первое издание
G—W
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЯ
Материалы, представленные в этом томе, были собраны Отделом стандартов здравоохранения и ухода в рамках исследований методов американизации.
В данном исследовании американизация рассматривается как объединение уроженцев страны и иммигрантов во всех наиболее фундаментальных отношениях и видах деятельности нашей национальной жизни. Ибо американизация — это объединение новых американцев с коренными в более полном общем понимании и признании, с целью обеспечения высшего блага для всех посредством самоуправления. Такая американизация должна увековечивать не неизменный политический, внутренний и экономический режим, переданный отцами раз и навсегда, а растущую и расширяющуюся национальную жизнь, включающую в себя лучшее, где бы оно ни было найдено. Со всем нашим богатым наследием американизм лучше всего разовьется через взаимный обмен вкладами как от новых, так и от старых американцев в интересах общего блага. Данное исследование опирается именно на такое понимание американизации.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Этот том является результатом исследований методов американизации, подготовленных на средства, предоставленные Корпорацией Карнеги в Нью-Йорке. Он возник из того факта, что в Корпорацию постоянно поступали обращения о внесении вкладов в работу многочисленных агентств, занимающихся различными формами социальной деятельности, направленной на распространение среди населения Соединенных Штатов знаний об их правительстве и их обязательствах перед ним. Попечители сочли, что исследование, которое изложило бы не теории социального улучшения, а описание методов различных агентств, занимающихся такой работой, будет иметь особую ценность как для самого дела, так и для общественности.
Результаты исследования содержатся в одиннадцати томах по следующим темам: «Школьное образование иммигрантов», «Пресса», «Адаптация домов и семейной жизни», «Правовая защита и исправление», «Стандарты здравоохранения и уход», «Натурализация и политическая жизнь», «Промышленная и экономическая амальгамация», «Обращение с иммигрантским наследием», «Соседские агентства и организации», «Развитие сельских районов» и «Резюме». Все исследование проводилось под общим руководством г-на Аллена Т. Бернса. Каждый том выходит под именем автора, который непосредственно отвечал за конкретную область, охватываемую данным томом.
По приглашению Корпорации Карнеги комитет в составе покойного Теодора Рузвельта, профессора Джона Грэма Брукса, доктора Джона М. Гленна и г-на Джона А. Волла выступал в качестве консультативного органа при директоре. Редакционный комитет в составе доктора Талкотта Уильямса, доктора Рэймонда Б. Фосдика и доктора Эдвина Ф. Гэя прочитал и подверг критике рукописи. Попечители Корпорации Карнеги весьма признательны обоим этим комитетам.
Цель отчета — дать как можно более четкое представление о методах агентств, фактически работающих в этой области, а не предлагать теории для решения связанных с этим сложных вопросов.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE Publisher’s Notev
Forewordvii
Table of Contentsix
List of Tablesxvi
List of Diagramsxxi
Introductionxxiii CHAPTER I. Of Their Own Free Will1
These Are Our Voters!2 Primitive Attitudes Toward Immigrants3 Legal Position of the Alien5 What Is an “American”?7 The American Has No Racial Marks10 Not Racial, but Cultural12 Essentials of “Americanism”14 II. New Members and an Old Game17
Factors in Immigration18 Politics Welcomes the Irish21 They Always Have Been Democrats21 Early Germans Became Republicans24 Effects of the Gold Craze25 Vast Naturalization Frauds25 First Choice in Politics30 The Politician Close to Humanity33 Political Aspects of Social Clubs35 Politics a Great Americanizing Force37 III. Citizenship: Under This Flag and Others40 Roots of Political Society42 Influence of Emigration to America43 The Right to Emigrate44 The Subject vs. the Active Member45 Essentials of Citizenship: Ancient—and American46 Bases of American Citizenship49 Common-law Definition Taken for Granted50 Concerning Americans Born Abroad51 Children Born at Sea52 Question of Dual Nationality53 Countries Denying the Right of Expatriation54 Conditional Recognition55 Naturalization Treaties With the United States55 Great Britain56 Germany57 Citizenship Takes No Account of Sex62 “A Woman Without a Country”63 The American Under Three Jurisdictions64 IV. Development of the Naturalization Law69 Our “Charter Members”69 First Naturalization Laws70 Efforts Toward Uniformity73 Bars Up Against Alien Anarchists77 Various Presidents Discussed Naturalization77 Definite Reform at Last80 Naturalization Commission Appointed80 What the Law Requires83 V. The Law in Operation89 Restrictions of Race92 Limitations Regarding Age95 The Declaration of Intention96 “Declaration Invalid”98 Should Declaration Be Abolished?102 Naturalization Judges Favor Its Retention105
The Seven-year Limitation107 The Certificate of Lawful Entry109 The Vexatious Question of Names112 The Petition for Naturalization115 Ninety Days’ Interval Before Hearing119 The Final Hearing in Court119 Must “Speak” the English Language120 Attached to the Constitution123 In the Matter of “Continuous Residence”124 The Absurdity of the “Incompetent Witness”126 Judges Denounce the Absurdity129 Depositions of Witnesses133 “Good Moral Character”135 The Final Ceremony—Oath of Allegiance137 Ceremonies of Initiation138 VI. Personal Equation in Naturalization143 A Function of Local Courts145 “Personal Equation” of the Judges147 Bird’s-eye View of the Questionnaire154 General Trend of Judges’ Opinions158 The Clerks of the Courts161 The Question of Adequate Clerical Force163 When the Clerk Pockets the Fees164 Forms of Petty Graft165 “Personal Equation” in the Naturalization Service167 A Scrupulously Honest Service169 Need of Unifying Influence170 “Nothing to Litigate!”171 Confused State of the Educational Test173 The Craze for “Americanizing” Somebody Else177 Extra Responsibilities Self-sought180 Enormous Arrearage in Bureau’s Work186 The Aliens Support the Bureau189 Fitness of Candidates193 “Personal Equation” of the Public195 VII. Some Statistics Concerning Immigrants, “New” and “Old”197 Paucity of Dependable Information199 Vast Arrearages in Examinations202 Report of Immigration Commission of 1907204 Legend of “The New Immigration”204 Disparity in Numbers Among Racial Groups206 The Factor of Length of Residence208 The Factor of Language214 Length of Residence and Earning Power215 Voting on “First Papers”217 What Becomes of the Declarations?218 VIII. Later Statistics—in Which Some Twenty-six Thousand Petitioners Speak for Themselves225 More Than a Fifth of All Petitioners226 From Twenty-eight Representative Courts226 In a Reasonably Normal Year227 The Racial Groups Are Typical228 Relative “Civic and Political Interest”231 How Did These Petitioners Fare?231 As Regards “Immoral Character”234 The Showing as to “Ignorance”235 Time-intervals in Naturalization236 How Do the Racial Groups Compare?238 They Are Young People241 Relative Age and “Political Interest”242 The Real Racial Distinction243 Race and Relative Age at Arrival244 At the Beginning of Married Life247 As for “Stability of Residence”247 Intellectual Equipment and Occupation250 General Conclusions252 IX. Citizenship via Military Service255 Position of the Alien Soldier256 Revolutionary Legislative Action258 Citizens at Heart, but “Enemy Aliens”260 All Safeguards Abandoned263
All Race Restrictions Removed265 Ordinary Naturalization Disputed265 Statistics of Alien Registration267 Aliens and Military Service269 Foreign Born Eager to Serve272 Austrians Who Were Not for Austria274 There Was Human War-time Psychology275 Diplomatic Requests for Exemption276 Reciprocal Conscription Among Cobelligerents278 Of German Descent, but Loyal Americans278 Desertion, Among Aliens and Citizens279 War’s Test of “the Melting-pot”281 An Old Practice with a New Significance282 What Some Judges Thought of It283 Here Was “Attachment to Our Principles”!285 Assimilating the Enemies of Tyranny287 Episodes of Military Naturalization288 Those Who Went Without Citizenship292 A Great Composite Record of Loyalty294 X. The Foreign-born Woman, Her Home and Her Children, in American Politics296 Regardless of Qualifications298 Unmarried Women Have Male Rights298 Dangers of “Derivative Citizenship”299 Children of Aliens Here American Born301 “Derivative Citizenship” Almost Equals the Direct302 Woman Suffrage Was Widespread303 Applicants Came as Young Married Men304 The Mother Must Be “Americanized”305 Must Learn Politics by Political Activity307 Few Women Seek Naturalization309 Some Courts Notice the Wives311 Obstacles of Distance and Expense312 Woman Suffrage Opens a New Era314 Opinions of Naturalizing Judges315 650,000 “Derivative Voters” Extant317 Largely an Ignorant Vote318
Political Indifference Not Peculiar to Foreign Born320 Many Were Called, but Few Responded321 Foreign-born Women Without Political Experience323 They Are Good Material324 How the Women Can Be Reached327 A Specific Example—It Works330 What the Children Did333 XI. The Foreign-born Voter in Action335 Divided by Racial Traditions338 Aliens Not Without Political Influence339 There is no “Foreign Vote”340 Old Evils Abolished341 Corruption Was Not an Importation343 Home-grown in Adams County, Ohio!344 Who Is the Buyer of Votes?345 Attempts to Find the “Foreign Vote”347 Response to Progressive Ideas354 Some Results from Cleveland357 “Civic Interest” in Grand Rapids365 Municipal Voters’ League of Chicago369 Some Other Instances373 XII. The Foreign Born in Radical Movements377 The Socialist Press380 Dues-paying Socialist Members381 Racial Groups of Socialists383 The Socialist Vote385 German Influence in Socialism387 Jews in Socialism390 Effect of the War on Socialism391 The Single-tax and Agrarian Movements393 The Nonpartisan League397 Ultraradical Movements Nonpolitical401 The “I. W. W.” and the Homeless Worker403 XIII. Some General Considerations410 No Lowering of Standards416 A Function Administrative or Judicial?420 Physical Conditions and Dignity422 Function of the Naturalization Bureau425
Appendix429
Index435
СПИСОК ТАБЛИЦ
TABLEPAGE 1. Immigration from Ireland and Germany Each Year, 1820–184022 2. Aliens Naturalized 1856–1867 in two Courts in New York City26 3. Applicants for Naturalization in Supreme Court, New York City in October, 186828 4. Number of Replies from Judges in Each District149 5. Appropriation for the Naturalization Service for each fiscal year, 1908–1919185 6. Receipts from Naturalization fees and disbursements, 1907–1920190 7. Number of Declarations of Intention and Petitions for Naturalization issued, 1907–1920201 8. Per Cent that fully Naturalized Male Employees are of Total Male Employees who were twenty-one years of age and over at Time of Coming and who have been in the United States ten years or over, compared with the per cent that Male Employees in the United States ten years or over are of those here five years and over, by race207 9. Per Cent of Foreign Born Male Employees Reporting Citizenship who have been in the United States each specified period of years, by race209 10. Present Political Condition of Foreign Born Male Employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were twenty-one years of age at time of coming, by race211
11. Average weekly earnings of male employees, by race and specified industries216 12. Per Cent of Foreign Born of Voting Age having First Papers and also per cent in states Permitting Aliens to Vote on first papers, compared with certain states not Permitting Aliens to Vote on first papers for 1900 and 1910218 13. Number of Declarations filed each year 1908–1912 with Average Number and Ratio of Petitions consummating in five-year period ending each year220 14. Yearly Number of Declarations Filed 1908–1912 and Number of final Petitions for Naturalization Assumed to have been based upon those Declarations221 15. Ratio of Declarations of Intention to Petition for Naturalization by States223 16. Comparison by Races of (1) Naturalization Petitioners Studied, (2) Unnaturalized Males twenty-one years of age or over in nine cities and in the country as a whole, in 1910229 17. Comparison of Causes of Denial for the years 1908–1918 and 1913–1914232 18. Racial Distribution of Petitioners Denied 1913–1914, and the Per Cent Denials for six Principal Causes233 19. Per Cent of Denials due to “Immoral Character,” by Race235 20. Per Cent of Denials due to “Ignorance,” by Race236 21. Average Time Elapsing between Arrival and Declaration of Intention; between Declaration and Petition and between Petition and Naturalization237 22. Average Interval before filing Petition after Attainment of twenty-one years, for those arriving at ages, 1–14, by Race239
23. Average Interval before filing Petition after Arrival at Ages 16–20, by Race240 24. Average Interval before filing Petition after Arrival at Ages twenty-one or over, by Race241 25. Number and Per cent of Petitioners for three age groups242 26. Racial Distribution of Petitioners for the age periods “over twenty-one” “15–20” and “1–14”246 27. Number of Declarations made in “Other” States249 28. Principal Occupations Represented in Petitions for Naturalizations filed in seven Cities 1913–1914, ratio between Number of Petitioners and total of Foreign Born White Males in those Occupations in those Cities in 1910251 29. Number and Per Cent of Petitioners in Each Occupation252 30. Allegiance of Aliens Registered under the Selective Service Act268 31. Fitness for Service of Alien Registrants269 32. Neutrals withdrawing from the Service273 33. Diplomatic Requests for Discharge of and Total Registration of Aliens by Country of Birth277 34. Comparison of Reported Desertions of Alien and Citizen Registrants281 35. Years in which full and partial Suffrage was Granted to Women, by States303 36. Maximum Enrollment in Citizenship and English classes, in United States in 1919322 37. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Voters of Native Parentage350
38. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Russians and Austrians350 39. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by the Irish351 40. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Germans352 41. Per Cent of New York City Vote Cast for McCall in 1913, Dix in 1910 by Italians352 42. Per Cent of Socialist Vote in New York City in 1910 and 1913 by Nationality353 43. Distribution of Dominant Nationality in ninety-two precincts in Cleveland358 44. Distribution of Democratic and Republican Votes in Cleveland in 1913–1915 among Certain Racial Groups361 45. Per Cent of Certain Races Exercising Second and Third Choice362 46. Vote Cast in precincts of Varying Racial Make-up in Three Wards of Grand Rapids, 1918, 1919366 47. Per Cent of Women Registered in thirteen Michigan cities368 48. Number of Socialists paying dues each year from 1903 to 1915382 49. Ranks of Race Groups in Relative Socialist Strength384 50. Socialist Vote for President from 1880 to 1898385 51. The Socialist Vote for President by States from 1900 to 1920386 52. Per Cent Circulation of the German Press in nine states388
53. Socialist Vote for President in nine states from 1900 to 1916389 54. Membership of the Nonpartisan League by states in December, 1918398 55. Distribution of Petitions Studied, by Courts429 56. Sex and Marital Condition of Petitioners430 57. Petitioners’ Children Under twenty-one years of age431 58. Age of Petitioners at Arrival and Time Elapsing between twenty-one years of age (or later arrival) and Petition, 1913–1914432
59. Number and Per Cent of Petitions Denied for each Cause, by CourtsFacing432 60. Number of Petitions Denied for each Cause, by Country of BirthFacing432 61. Distribution of Petitioners, by Country of Birth and CourtsFacing432 62. Distribution of Petitioners, Length of Time from Arrival to Petition, by Country of BirthFacing432 63. Distribution of Petitions, by Occupation and Courts433 64. Average Number of Years from Date of Arrival to Date of Petition, by Occupation434 65. Number of Petitioners, by Country of Birth and OccupationFacing434 66. Ratio between Naturalization Petitions filed in 1913–1914 and Total Foreign Born White Males ten years of age and over in 1910, by Occupation for seven cities Facing434