Сказав так много о суровых и кровожадных наказаниях, нелишне будет упомянуть весьма недавний и современный авторитет в пользу полной отмены смертной казни. Это произошло в Имперских владениях, где новый уголовный кодекс был обнародован покойным императором Иосифом II и узаконен его эдиктом в 1787 году.
Этот Кодекс, сформированный в просвещенный век монархами, юристами и учеными мужами, которые приступили к обсуждению, опираясь на мудрость и опыт прошлых веков и на всю возможную информацию относительно практики цивилизованных современных наций, с убеждением также в своих умах, что кровожадные наказания в виде смерти, пыток или расчленения не являются необходимыми и должны быть отменены, становится интересным обстоятельством в летописях мира.
«Император в своем эдикте, подписанном в Вене 13 января 1787 года, заявляет о своем намерении придать точную и неизменную форму уголовному правосудию; предотвратить произвольные толкования; провести должную грань между уголовными и гражданскими преступлениями, а также преступлениями против государства; соблюдать справедливую пропорцию между преступлениями и наказаниями и определить последние таким образом, чтобы они производили более чем просто мимолетное впечатление. Обнародовав этот новый кодекс, он отменяет, аннулирует и объявляет недействительными все древние законы, которые ранее существовали в его владениях. Запрещая в то же время каждому уголовному судье выполнять функции своей должности в отношении кого-либо, кроме тех, кто будет доставлен перед ним, обвиняемый в уголовном преступлении, выраженном в новом кодексе».
Эта система уголовного права настолько лаконична, что умещается менее чем на ста страницах формата октаво. Она начинается с изложения определенных общих принципов, благоприятных по своей природе как для человечности, так и для общественной свободы. При определении наказаний (которые впоследствии будут очень кратко детализированы) для судей установлены следующие правила.
«Уголовный судья должен быть сосредоточен на соблюдении справедливой пропорции между уголовным преступлением и назначенным за него наказанием и тщательно сравнивать каждое обстоятельство. Что касается преступления, его основное внимание должно быть направлено на степень злонамеренности, сопровождающей дурной поступок, на важность обстоятельства, связанного с преступлением, на степень ущерба, который может из него проистекать, на возможность или невозможность мер предосторожности, которые могли бы быть использованы для его предотвращения. Что касается преступника, внимание судьи должно быть направлено на его молодость, на искушение или неосторожность, сопровождающие его, на наказание, которое было назначено за то же преступление, и на опасность рецидива».
Those denominated
Criminal Offences, viz. 1. Offences against the Sovereign and the State; including High Treason.
2. Offences against human life and bodily safety.
3. Offences against honour and liberty.
4. Offences against possessions and rights.
Those denominated
Civil Offences, viz. 5. Offences that endanger the life or health of the Citizens.
6. Offences that affect the fortunes or rights of the Citizens.
7. Offences that tend to the corruption of morals.
Преступления разделены на семь различных классов.
Невозможно в узких рамках этой работы вдаваться в подробное описание различных подразделений преступлений и наказаний, объясненных в этом Кодексе; с ним необходимо ознакомиться, чтобы сформировать ясное и всестороннее представление о предмете. Поэтому следующая спецификация содержит лишь заголовки или контуры системы; которые, как мы надеемся, могут, благодаря способу их расположения, доставить читателю как развлечение, так и наставление.
АБСТРАКТ УГОЛОВНОГО КОДЕКСА ИМПЕРАТОРА ИОСИФА II.
Crimes. Punishments.
High Treason.
1. Laying violent hands on the Sovereign, whether injury results from it or not. Confiscation of property; imprisonment for not less than 30 years; and branding on each cheek with the mark of a gallows[15] if the prisoner is remarkably depraved.
2. Attacking the Sovereign by speeches or writings. Imprisonment 8 years, and not less than 5.
3. Persons conspiring and taking up arms, or entering into alliance with an enemy, &c. are guilty of sedition and tumult. Confiscation of Property and 30 years' imprisonment, with branding as above.
Уголовные преступления, относящиеся к монарху и государству.
4. He who enters the house or abode of another, and uses violence against his person, goods, or possession, is guilty of open force. Imprisonment, not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, and condemnation to the public works.
5. He who violently resists the authority of a Judge, or Officer of Justice, although no wound result, is guilty of open violence. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years; but where there is an injury and wounds, not exceeding 8 nor less than 5.
6. Breach of trust, in a Governor, or Chargé des Affaires; neglecting the interest of the State, or betraying his Country, &c. Imprisonment not less than 8, nor more than 12 years, and condemnation to the public works, and in aggravated cases, the pillory.[16]
7. A Judge, who from corruption or passion is guilty of an abuse of judicial authority. Imprisonment not less than 8, nor more than 12 years, and condemnation to the public works, and in aggravated cases, the pillory.
8. Accomplices attempting to corrupt a Judge. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years; and condemnation to the public works.
9. Forgery, by attempting to counterfeit public bills of the State which circulate as money. Imprisonment not less than 30 years, and branding with a hot iron.
10. Falsifying a public bill, by changing or altering it, or imitating the signatures. Imprisonment not less than 12, nor more than 15 years, and condemnation to the public works.
11. Coining false money, resembling the Coin of the Hereditary Dominions, or foreign Coin current by law; even though of equal weight and quality, or superior to the current Coin. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, with condemnation to the public works.
12. Coining false money, by using a bad alloy; and by fraud giving false money the quality of good. Imprisonment not less than 12, nor more than 15 years, and condemnation to the public works.
13. Accomplices in fabricating tools for Coining. Imprisonment not less than 8, nor more than 12 years, and condemnation to the public works.
14. Assisting in the escape of a prisoner. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years; and condemnation to the public works.
15. Magistrates granting indulgencies contrary to law, &c. Imprisonment not less than 12, nor more than 15 years; and deprivation of authority.
Уголовные преступления против человеческой жизни и телесной безопасности.
16. Murder,—by wounding a man so that death ensues, including all accomplices. Imprisonment not less than 15, nor more than 30 years; the latter in cases of consanguinity.[17]
17. Killing a man in self-defence, if the slayer exceed the bounds of necessity. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, and condemnation to the public works.
18. Murder,—with an intention to rob or steal the property of the person, or other property intrusted to his care. Imprisonment not less than 30 years, with the hot iron; in cruel cases, to be closely chained, with corporal punishment[18] every year.
19. Assassination by stratagem, arms, or poison. Condemnation to the Chain,[19] not less than 30 years.
20. Inducing another to commit Murder; by caresses, promises, presents, or threats; whether death is the result or not. Imprisonment not less than 5, nor more than 8 years, and condemnation to the public works.—If murder is committed, the criminal shall suffer as a murderer.
21. Duelling,—or challenging another to combat with murderous weapons on whatever pretence the challenge be grounded.—The person accepting the challenge is equally guilty, after agreeing to combat with murderous weapons. If death ensues; condemnation to the chain for 30 years, where the survivor is the challenger. If the survivor be the party challenged, imprisonment, not more than 12, nor less than 8 years, and condemnation to the public works. If neither fall, imprisonment to the challenger, not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years; and hard labour in the public works.
22. Accomplices acting as assistants and seconds. Imprisonment not less than 1, nor more than 5 years.
23. A woman with child using means to procure abortion. Imprisonment not less than 15, nor more than 30 years; and condemnation to the public works: augmented when married women.
24. Accomplices advising and recommending abortion. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, and condemnation to the public works.—Punishment increased when the accomplice is the father of the infant.
25. Exposing a living infant, in order to abandon it to danger and death; or to leave its deliverance to chance; whether the infant, so exposed, suffers death or not. Imprisonment not less than 8, nor more than 12 years; to be increased under circumstances of aggravation.
26. Maiming by malignant assault. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years.
27. Suicide or self-murder, without any sign of insanity. The body to be thrown into the earth by the executioner, and the name of the person and crime to be publicly notified and fixed on a gallows.
Уголовные преступления против чести и свободы.
28. Calumny—false accusation—injuring a man of his right, or robbing him of his good name unjustly and without proof (See post. No. 56.) Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, and condemnation to the public works; with corporal punishment if the party receive injury.
29. Rape,—or forcibly, by associates, threatnings, or shewing weapons, overpowering and forcing a woman to submit, and shamefully abusing her by rendering her incapable of opposition. Imprisonment not less than 3 years, nor more than 12, and condemnation to the public works.
30. Accomplices aiding in the commission of a rape. Imprisonment not less than 5, nor more than 8 years; and condemnation to the public works.
31. Forcibly carrying a person out of the State without his will, or the consent of the Magistrate, enlisting men into foreign service, &c. Imprisonment not less than 15 years, nor more than 30 years; augmented if the criminal is a natural-born subject.
32. Forcibly, or by address, secretly carrying away a Minor past the years of infancy, under the care of parents or guardians, &c. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years; if no injury result—otherwise imprisonment, not less than 8, nor more than 12 years, and condemnation to the public works.
33. Forcibly, and by address, getting possession of any woman contrary to her will, obtaining her consent to marriage, or shameful debauchery, and carrying her from her abode; whether the design is accomplished or not. Imprisonment not less than 5 years, and not more than 8; and condemnation to the public works.
34. Forcibly carrying away a woman known to be bound by lawful marriage, or under protection of parents, and without her consent. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, and condemnation to the public works.
35. Accomplices aiding and assisting. The same.
36. Unlawful Imprisonment, or keeping a person in confinement against his will and of his own private authority. Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years; augmented in cases of damages.
Уголовные преступления против собственности и прав.
37. Fraud.—Obtaining the property of another by stratagem, with an evil design on his possessions, honour, or liberty; forging title deeds or contracts, or altering the same. Various, according to the degree of malignity—in general by imprisonment not less than 8, nor more than 12 years; and in smaller offences, not less than 5 nor more than 8; and condemnation to the public works.
Perjury in a Court of Justice, assuming a false name, &c. &c. bearing false witness. The same.
38. Theft, or taking a moveable from the possession of another by fraud, and without his consent. (See post. No. 47.) Imprisonment not less than 1 month, nor more than 5 years, if unaccompanied by aggravating circumstances: but in aggravated cases, imprisonment not less than 5 nor more than 8; or not less than 8, nor more than 12 years.
39. Accomplices in Theft.—abettors and receivers, &c. Imprisonment not less than 1 month nor more than 5 years, and condemnation to the public works.
40. Robbery—committed alone or in company, by using violence, or forcing a person to discover effects, on which the offender has felonious views. Imprisonment not less than 15 years, nor more than 30; if wounds ensue, in consequence of the violence used. And if acts of cruelty or wounds, occasioning death, then the punishment of the chain additional.
41. Incendiary—where one undertakes an action from which fire may ensue, or with intention to prejudice, or cause damage, with a view to profit by the disorder that takes place, he shall be considered as an incendiary, whether damage ensues or not. Imprisonment not less than 8 nor more than 12 years; and condemnation to the public works: when the flames have been stifled. Setting fire to a Camp, Magazine, Barn, Timber-yard, &c. from 15 to 30 years; according to the circumstances of the case.
42. Bigamy—where one bound by the tie of lawful matrimony, concludes a second marriage with another person, single or married. Imprisonment not less than 5 nor more than 8 years, or condemnation to the public works; if the person with whom the offender contracts the second marriage was acquainted with the first.—If concealed, then imprisonment not exceeding 12 nor less than 8 years.
Гражданские преступления, угрожающие жизни или здоровью гражданина.
43. Misadventure—where without any ill intention, by means of poisonous merchandize, or apothecaries selling adulterated drugs, any person suffers danger or injury. Imprisonment from 1 month to a year, or condemnation to the public works, if the offender has caused any immediate damage; but if the cause of damage be remote, imprisonment from a day to 1 month.
44. Damage to man or child, occasioned by riding or driving carriages with too much speed; or injury received by persons incapable of guarding against danger, occasioning a wound or death, which might have been prevented by due vigilance. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month; to be augmented, in case death or wound should have resulted from the accident.
45. Breaking Quarantine, &c. and fabricating false bills of health. By a Military Court of Justice.
46. Actions prejudicial to health, or nuisance, where the necessary precautions prescribed by the laws of health are neglected in cases of dead animals, distempers among cattle, &c. &c. Condemnation to the public works, with or without fetters; either from 1 day to a month, or from 1 month to a year.
Гражданские преступления, затрагивающие состояние и права граждан.
47. Stealing to the value of 25 crowns of any moveable, when not accompanied with aggravating circumstances: Stealing Wood in a Forest—Poaching by an unqualified person—Stealing Fruit from Trees—or earth from open Fields—though beyond the value of 25 crowns. (See ante, No. 38, 39.) Confinement, corporal correction, and the augmentation of the punishment if requisite.
48. Using Frauds in playing at Games allowed by Law. The pillory and condemnation to the public works, in atrocious cases; also imprisonment, from 1 day to a month, and restitution.—In case of foreigners, the pillory and banishment.
49. Accomplices co-operating in such Frauds. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month.
50. Playing at prohibited Games. A fine of 300 ducats, or imprisonment.
51. Persons selling Merchandize at higher prices than fixed by the Police, or by false weight or measure. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month, which may be augmented.
52. Adultery. Corporal correction, or imprisonment from 1 day to a month.
53. Contracting illegal Marriages. (See ante, No. 42.) Imprisonment from 1 day to a month, and condemnation to the public works.
54. Servants receiving earnest, and engaging to serve more masters than one, or otherwise misbehaving. Corporal correction or imprisonment from 1 day to a month.
55. Masters giving servants a false character. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month.
56. Libels on another by writings or disgraceful prints or drawings, causing injury to another. (See ante, No. 28.) Condemnation to the public works; reserving the right to recompence to the party wronged.
57. Distributing or publishing Libels. Condemnation to the public works; reserving the right of recompence to the party wronged.
58. Actions by which danger by fire may be occasioned; such as smoking tobacco in a stable, timber-yard, &c. Corporal correction.
59. Acts of hasty petulance, leading to quarrels, assaults, and damages. Imprisonment various, or condemnation to the public works.
Гражданские преступления, ведущие к развращению нравов.
60. Wickedly insulting the Supreme Being by words, deeds, or actions, in a public place, or in the presence of another person. Detention in the hospital destined for madmen; where the offender is to be treated like a man out of his senses, until his amendment be perfect and assured.
61. Disturbing the exercise of Public Worship, &c. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month; to be augmented by fasting and corporal correction.
62. Writing or Preaching against the Christian Religion, and Catholick Faith, &c. &c. Heresies, &c. Pillory and Imprisonment, from 1 day to a month, or to a year.
63. Committing indecencies in any public street or place. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month, augmented by fasting.
64. Attempting to seduce or insult women of reputation, by shameful debauchery, and using gestures, or discourses, tending to that purpose. Imprisonment from 1 day to a month.
65. Carnal Commerce by Man with Beast, or with a person of the same sex,—Sodomy. Corporal Correction, and condemnation to the public works; and banishment from the place where the offence has been publicly scandalous.