Таким образом, именно Франция сохранила для современности это древнейшее из дошедших до нас свидетельств «Писем» Плиния. Средневековой Франции мы, по сути, обязаны сохранением не одной античной классической рукописи. Древнейшая рукопись третьей декады Ливия находилась в Корби во времена Карла Великого, когда ее одолжили в Тур, где с нее была сделана копия. И копия, и оригинал дошли до нас. «Истории» Саллюстия были спасены (хотя и не в полном виде) для нашего поколения аббатством Флёри. Знаменитые Schedae Vergilianae, написанные квадратной капителью, а также «Римский кодекс» Вергилия, написанный рустикой, принадлежали монастырю Сен-Дени. Лион сохранил «Кодекс Феодосия». Именно какой-то французский центр спас от уничтожения Помпония Мелу. Древнейшие фрагменты «Понтийских писем» Овидия, древнейшие фрагменты первой декады Ливия, древнейшая рукопись «Естественной истории» Плиния — все это палимпсесты — находились в Средние века в каком-то французском центре, что видно по бесспорно французскому письму VIII века, покрывающему древние тексты. Исследователь латинской литературы знает, что рукописная традиция Лукреция, Светония, Цезаря, Катулла, Тибулла и Проперция — если упомянуть лишь величайшие имена — показывает, что мы обязаны сохранением этих авторов прежде всего Gallia Christiana.
Примечания к Части I
4
1. For example, in the fifth-century manuscript of Livy in Paris (MS. lat. 5730) the forty-third and forty-fifth quires are composed of six leaves, while the rest are all quires of eight.
2. In an examination of all the uncial manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, it was found that out of twenty manuscripts that may be ascribed to the fifth and sixth centuries only two had the hair side on the outside of the quires. Out of thirty written approximately between A.D. 600 and 800, about half showed the same practice, the other half having the hair side outside. Thus the practice of our oldest Latin scribes agrees with that of the Greek: see C. R. Gregory, “Les cahiers des manuscrits grecs” in Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1885), p. 261. I am informed by Professor Hyvernat, of the Catholic University of Washington, that the same custom is observed by Coptic scribes.
5
3. The confused arrangement of the indices for Books I and II in the Codex Bellovacensis may well have been found in the manuscript of which the Morgan fragment is a part. The space required for the indices, however, would not have greatly differed from that taken by the index of Book III in both the Morgan fragment and the Codex Bellovacensis.
6
4. Many of our oldest Latin manuscripts have two and even three columns on a page, a practice evidently taken over from the roll. But very ancient manuscripts are not wanting which are written in long lines, e.g., the Codex Vindobonensis of Livy, the Codex Bobiensis of the Gospels, or the manuscript of Pliny’s Natural History preserved at St. Paul in Carinthia.
5. This is an ear-mark of great antiquity. It is found, for example, in the Berlin and Vatican Schedae Vergilianae in square capitals (Berlin lat. 2o 416 and Rome Vatic. lat. 3256 reproduced in Zangemeister and Wattenbach’s Exempla Codicum Latinorum, etc., pl. 14, and in Steffens, Lateinische Paläographie2, pl. 12b), in the Vienna, Paris, and Lateran manuscripts of Livy, in the Codex Corbeiensis of the Gospels, and here and there in the palimpsest manuscript of Cicero’s De Re Publica and in other manuscripts.
6. In many of our oldest manuscripts uncials are employed. The Pliny palimpsest of St. Paul in Carinthia agrees with our manuscript in using rustic capitals. For facsimiles see J. Sillig, C. Plini Secundi Naturalis Historiae, Libri XXXVI, Vol. VI, Gotha 1855, and Chatelain, Paléographie des Classiques Latins, pl. CXXXVI.
7
7. In this respect, too, the Pliny palimpsest of St. Paul in Carinthia agrees with our fragment. Most of the oldest manuscripts, however, have the colophon in the same type of writing as the text.
8. This is also the case in the Paris manuscript of Livy of the fifth century, in the Codex Bezae of the Gospels (published in facsimile by the University of Cambridge in 1899), in the Pliny palimpsest of St. Paul in Carinthia, and in many other manuscripts of the oldest type.
9. The strokes over the two consecutive i’s on fol. 53v, l. 23, were made by a hand that can hardly be older than the thirteenth century.
10. I venture to read dominus meus ... in te deus.
11. This doubtless stands for Quaere (= “investigate”), a frequent marginal note in manuscripts of all ages. A number of instances of Q for quaere are given by A. C. Clark, The Descent of Manuscripts, Oxford 1918, p. 35.
8
12. Such a division as ut|or on fol. 7, l. 10, is due entirely to thoughtless copying. The scribe probably took ut for a word.
13. For further details on syllabification in our oldest Latin manuscripts, see Th. Mommsen, “Livii Codex Veronensis,” in Abhandlungen der k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, phil. hist. Cl. (1868), p. 163, n. 2, and pp. 165-6; Mommsen-Studemund, Analecta Liviana (Leipsic 1873), p. 3; Brandt, “Der St. Galler Palimpsest,” in Sitzungsberichte der phil. hist. Cl. der k. Akad. der Wiss. in Wien, CVIII (1885), pp. 245-6; L. Traube, “Palaeographische Forschungen IV,” in Abhandlungen d. h. t. Cl. d. k. Bayer. Akad. d. Wiss. XXIV. 1 (1906), p. 27; A. W. Van Buren, “The Palimpsest of Cicero’s De Re Publica,” in Archaeological Institute of America, Supplementary Papers of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome, ii (1908), pp. 89 sqq.; C. Wessely, in his preface to the facsimile edition of the Vienna Livy (MS. lat. 15), published in the Leyden series, Codices graeci et latini, etc., T. XI. See also W. G. Hale, “Syllabification in Roman speech,” in Harvard Studies of Classical Philology, VII (1896), pp. 249-71, and W. Dennison, “Syllabification in Latin Inscriptions,” in Classical Philology, I (1906), pp. 47-68.
10
14. That is, manuscripts written before the eighth century. The number of abbreviations increases considerably during the eighth century. Previously the only symbols found in calligraphic majuscule manuscripts are the “Nomina Sacra” (deus, dominus, Iesus, Christus, spiritus, sanctus), which constantly occur in Christian literature, and such suspensions as are met with in our fragment. A familiar exception is the manuscript of Gaius, preserved in the Chapter library of Verona, MS. xv (13). This is full of abbreviations not found in contemporary manuscripts containing purely literary or religious texts. Cf. W. Studemund, Gaii Institutionum Commentarii Quattuor, etc., Leipsic 1874; and F. Steffens, Lateinische Paläographie2, pl. 18 (pl. 8 of the Supplement). The Oxyrhynchus papyrus of Cicero’s speeches is non-calligraphic and therefore not subject to the rule governing calligraphic products. The same is true of marginal notes to calligraphic texts. See W. M. Lindsay, Notae Latinae, Cambridge 1915, pp. 1-2.
15. Found only at the end of words in our fragment. Its use in the body of a word is, however, very ancient.
16. The C invariably has the two dots as well as the superior horizontal stroke.
17. The abbreviation is indicated by a stroke above the letters as well as by a dot after them.
11
18. An ancestor of our manuscript must have had tranq·, which was wrongly expanded to tranque.
19. This is a sign of antiquity. After the sixth century the M or Nstroke is usually placed above the vowel. The practice of confining the omission of M or N to the end of a line is a characteristic of our very oldest manuscripts. Later manuscripts omit M or N in the middle of a line and in the middle of a word. No distinction is made in our manuscript between omitted M and omitted N. Some ancient manuscripts make a distinction. Cf. Traube, Nomina Sacra, pp. 179, 181, 183, 185, final column of each page; and W. M. Lindsay, Notae Latinae, pp. 342 and 345.
20. The fraudulent character of the alleged discovery was exposed in masterly fashion by Ludwig Traube in his “Palaeographische Forschungen IV,” published in the Abhandlungen der K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, III Klasse, XXIV Band, 1 Abteilung, Munich 1904.
21. Cf. E. T. Merrill, “On the use by Aldus of his manuscripts of Pliny’s Letters,” in Classical Philology, XIV (1919), p. 34.
22. That the hair side of the vellum retained the ink better than the flesh side may be seen from an examination of facsimiles in the Leyden series Codices graeci et latini photographice depicti.
12
23. That the ink could scale off the flesh side of the vellum in less than three centuries is proved by the condition of the famous Tacitus manuscript in Beneventan script in the Laurentian Library. It was written in the eleventh century and shows retouched characters of the thirteenth. See foll. 102, 103 in the facsimile edition in the Leyden series mentioned in the previous note.
24. On the subject of omissions and the clues they often furnish, see the exhaustive treatise by A. C. Clark entitled The Descent of Manuscripts, Oxford 1918.
13
25. Our scribe’s method is as patient as it is unreflecting. Apparently he does not commit to memory small intelligible units of text, but is copying word for word, or in some places even letter for letter.
14
26. See below, p. 16.
27. See below, p. 16.
15
28. See below, p. 16.
16
29. For the pertinent literature on the manuscripts in the following list the student is referred to Traube’s Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen, Vol. I, pp. 171-261, Munich 1909, and the index in Vol. III, Munich 1920. The chief works of facsimiles referred to below are: Zangemeister and Wattenbach, Exempla codicum latinorum litteris maiusculis scriptorum, Heidelberg 1876 & 1879; E. Chatelain, Paléographie des classiques latins, Paris 1884-1900, and Uncialis scriptura codicum latinorum novis exemplis illustrata, Paris 1901-2; and Steffens, Lateinische Paläographie2, Treves 1907. (Second edition in French appeared in 1910.)
19
30. In later uncials the fore-stroke is often a horizontal hair-line.
21
31. This supposition will be strengthened by Professor Rand; see p. 53.
32. Compare, for example, the facsimile of a French deed of sale at Roye, November 24, 1433, reproduced in Recueil de Fac-similés à l’usage de l’école des chartes. Premier fascicule (Paris 1880), No. 1.
33. No mention of either of these is to be found in Dom Toussaints du Plessis’ Histoire de l’église de Meaux. For documents with similar opening formulas, see ibid. vol. ii (Paris 1731), pp. 191, 258, 269, 273.
[ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ]
* The original manuscript is in scriptura continua. For the reader’s convenience, words have been separated and punctuation added in the transcription.
In a few places the transcribers used V in place of U. This appears to be an error, but has not been changed.
folio 48r
folio 49r
folio 50r
folio 51r
folio 52r
folio 53r
folio 48v
folio 49v
folio 50v
folio 51v
folio 52v
folio 53v
LIBER·II·
CESSIT UT IPSE MIHI DIXERIT CUM CON
SULERET QUAM CITO SESTERTIUM SESCEN
TIES INPLETURUS ESSET INUENISSE SE EX
TA DUPLICATA QUIBUS PORTENDI MILLIES1 ET
DUCENTIES HABITURUM ET HABEBIT SI
MODO UT COEPIT ALIENA TESTAMENTA
QUOD EST IMPROBISSIMUM GENUS FAL
SI IPSIS QUORUM SUNT ILLA DICTAUERIT
UALE
1. L added by a hand which seems contemporary, if not the scribe’s own. If the scribe’s, he used a finer pen for corrections.
2· C · PLINI · SECUNDI
EPISTULARUM · EXPLICIT · LIBER · II.
2-2 The colophon is written in rustic capitals, the middle line being in red.
· INCIPIT · LIBER · III · FELICITER2
AD CALUISIUM RUFUM1
5 NESCIO AN ULLUM
AD UIBIUM · MAXIMUM
QUOD · IPSE AMICIS TUIS
1. On this and the following page lines in red alternate with lines in black. The first line is in red.
AD CAERELLIAE HISPULLAE2
CUM PATREM TUUM
2. The h seems written over an erasure.
10 AD CAECILIUM3 MACRINUM
QUAMUIS ET AMICI
AD BAEBIUM MACRUM
PERGRATUM EST MIHI
3. ci above the line by first hand.
4AD ANNIUM4 SEUERUM
15 4EX HEREDITATE4 QUAE
AD CANINIUM RUFUM
MODO NUNTIATUS EST
4-4 Over an erasure apparently.
AD SUETON5 TRANQUE
FACIS AD PRO CETERA
5. t over an erasure.
20 AD CORNELIUM6 MINICIANUM
POSSUM IAM PERSCRIB
AD UESTRIC SPURINN ·
COMPOSUISSE ME QUAED
6. c over an erasure.
AD IULIUM GENITOR ·
5 EST OMNINO ARTEMIDORI
AD CATILINUM SEUER ·
UENIAM AD CENAM
AD UOCONIUM ROMANUM
LIBRUM QUO NUPER
10 AD PATILIUM
REM ATROCEM
AD SILIUM PROCUL ·
PETIS UT LIBELLOS TUOS
ad nepotem adnotasse uideor fata dictaque·1
AD IULIUM SERUIAN ·2
15 RECTE OMNIA
AD UIRIUM SEUERUM
OFFICIU CONSULATUS
AD CALUISIUM RUFUM ·
ADSUMO TE IN CONSILIUM
20 AD MAESIUM MAXIMUM
MEMINISTINE TE
AD CORNELIUM PRISCUM
AUDIO UALERIUM MARTIAL ·
1. Added interlineally, in black, by first hand using a finer pen.
2. This is followed by an erasure of the letters um in red.
· EPISTULARUM ·
·C·PLINIUS · CALUISIO SUO SALUTEM
NESCIO AN ULLUM IUCUNDIUS TEMPUS
EXEGERIM QUAM QUO NUPER APUD SPU
RINNAM FUI ADEO QUIDEM UT NEMINEM
5 MAGIS IN SENECTUTE SI MODO SENESCE
RE DATUM EST AEMULARI UELIM NIHIL
EST ENIM ILLO UITAE GENERE DISTIN
CTIUS ME AUTEM UT CERTUS SIDERUM
CURSUS ITA UITA HOMINUM DISPOSITA
10 DELECTAT SENUM PRAESERTIM NAM
IUUENES ADHUC CONFUSA QUAEDAM
ET QUASI TURBATA NON INDECENT SE
NIBUS PLACIDA OMNIA ET ORDINATA1 CON
UENIUNT QUIBUS INDUSTRIA SERUA1TURPIS
15 AMBITIO EST HANC REGULAM SPURIN
NA CONSTANTISSIME SERUAT · QUIN ETIAM
PARUA HAEC PARUA · SI NON COTIDIE FIANT
ORDINE QUODAM ET UELUT ORBE CIRCUM
1. Letters above the line were added by first or contemporary hand.
AGIT MANE LECTULO2 CONTINETUR HORA
20 SECUNDA CALCEOS POSCIT AMBULAT MI
LIA PASSUUM TRIA NEC MINUS ANIMUM
QUAM CORPUS EXERCET SI ADSUNT AMICI
HONESTISSIMI SERMONES EXPLICANTUR
SI NON LIBER LEGITUR INTERDUM ETIAM PRAE
25 SENTIBUS AMICIS SI TAMEN ILLI NON GRAUAN
2. u corrected to e.
TUR DEINDE CONSIDIT3 ET LIBER RURSUS
AUT SERMO LIBRO POTIOR · MOX UEHICULUM
3. Second i corrected to e (not the regular uncial form) apparently by the first or contemporary hand.
· LIBER · III ·
ASCENDIT ADSUMIT UXOREM SINGU
LARIS EXEMPLI UEL ALIQUEM AMICORUM
UT ME PROXIME QUAM PULCHRUM ILLUD
QUAM DULCE SECRETUM QUANTUM IBI AN
5 TIQUITATIS QUAE FACTA QUOS UIROS AU
DIAS QUIBUS PRAECEPTIS IMBUARE QUAMUIS
ILLE HOC TEMPERAMENTUM MODESTIAE
SUAE INDIXERIT NE PRAECIPE REUIDEATUR
PERACTIS SEPTEM MILIBUS PASSUUM ITE
10 RUM AMBULAT MILLE ITERUM RESIDIT
UEL SE CUBICULO AC STILO REDDIT SCRI
BIT ENIM ET QUIDEM UTRAQUE LINGUA LY
RICA DOCTISSIMA MIRA ILLIS DULCEDO
MIRA SUAUITAS MIRA HILARITAṪİS1 CUIUS
15 GRATIAM CUMULAT SANCTITAṪİS2 SCRI
BENTIS UBI HORA BALNEI NUNTIATA EST
EST AUTEM HIEME NONA · AESTATE OCTA
UA IN SOLE SI CARET UENTO AMBULAT
NUDUS DEINDE MOUETUR PILA UEHE
20 MENTER ET DIU NAM HOC QUOQUE EXER
CITATIONIS GENERE PUGNAT CUM SE
NECTUTE LOTUS ACCUBAT ET PAULIS
PER CIBUM DIFFERT INTERIM AUDIT LE
GENTEM REMISSIUS ALIQUID ET DULCIUS
25 PER HOC OMNE TEMPUS LIBERUM EST
AMICIS UEL EADEM FACERE UEL ALIA
1. The scribe first wrote hilaritatis. To correct the error he or a contemporary hand placed dots above the t and i and drew a horizontal line through them to indicate that they should be omitted. This is the usual method in very old manuscripts.
2. sanctitatis is corrected to sanctitas in the manner described in the preceding note.
SI MALINT ADPONITUR3 CENA NON MINUS
3. i added above the line, apparently by first hand.
· EPISTULARUM ·
NITIDA QUAM FRUGI IN ARGENTO PURO ET
ANTIQUO SUNT IN USU ET CHORINTHIA1 QUIBUS DE
LECTATUR ET ADFICITUR FREQUENTER CO
MOEDIS CENA DISTINGUITUR UT UOLUPTA
5 TES QUOQUE STUDIIS CONDIANTUR SUMIT ALI
QUID DE NOCTE ET AESTATE NEMINI1 HOC LON
GUM EST TANTA COMITATE CONUIUIUM
TRAHITUR INDE ILLI POST SEPTIMUM ET
SEPTUAGENSIMUM ANNUM AURIUM
10 OCULORUM UIGOR INTEGER INDE AGILE
ET UIUIDUM CORPUS SOLAQUE EX SENEC
TUTE PRUDENTIA HANC EGO UITAM UO
TO ET COGITATIONE PRAESUMO INGRES
SURUS AUIDISSIME UT PRIMUM RATIO AE
1. The letters above the line are additions by the first, or by another contemporary, hand.
15 TATIS RECEPTUI CANERE PERMISERIT2 IN
TERIM MILLE LABORIBUS CONTEROR QUI HO
RUM MIHI ET SOLACIUM ET EXEMPLUM
EST IDEM SPURINNA NAM ILLE QUOQUE
QUOAD HONESTUM FUIT OBIIT1 OFFICIA
20 GESSIT MAGISTRATUS PROVINCIAS RE
XIT MULTOQUE LABORE HOC OTIUM ME
RUIT IGITUR EUNDEM MIHI CURSUM EUN
DEM TERMINUM STATUO IDQUE IAM NUNC
APUD TE SUBSIGNO UT SI ME LONGIUS SE
2. permiserit: t stands over an erasure, and original it seems to be corrected to et, with e having the rustic form.
25 EUEHI3 UIDERIS IN IUS UOCES AD HANC EPIS
TULAM MEAM ET QUIESCERE IUBEAS CUM
INERTIAE CRIMEN EFFUGERO UALE·4
3. The scribe first wrote longius se uehi. The e which precedes uehi was added by him when he later corrected the page and deleted se.
4. uale: The abbreviation is marked by a stroke above as well as by a dot after the word.
· LIBER · III ·
A tout ceulz qui ces presentes lettres verront et orront
Jehan de sannemeres garde du scel de la provoste de
Meaulx & francois Beloy clerc Jure de par le Roy
nostre sire a ce faire Salut sachient tuit que par.1
·C̅·PLINIUS · MAXIMO SUO SALUTEM
QUOD IPSE AMICIS TUIS OPTULISSEM · SI MI
HI EADEM MATERIA SUPPETERET ID NUNC
IURE UIDEOR A TE MEIS PETITURUS ARRIA
5 NUS MATURUS ALTINATIUM EST PRINCEPS
CUM DICO PRINCEPS NON DE FACULTATI
BUS LOQUOR QUAE ILLI LARGE SUPER
SUNT SED DE CASTITATE IUSTITIA GRA
UITATE PRUDENTIA HUIOS EGO CONSI
10 LIO IN NEGOTIIS IUDICIO IN STUDIIS UT
OR NAM PLURIMUM FIDE PLURIMUM
VERITATE PLURIMUM INTELLEGENTIA
PRAESTAT AMAT ME NIHIL POSSUM AR
1. A fifteenth-century addition, see above, p. 21.
DENTIUS DICERE UT TU KARET AMBITUI2
15 IDEO SE IN EQUESTRI GRADU TENUIT CUM
FACILE POSSIT3 ASCENDERE ALTISSIMUM
MIHI TAMEN ORNANDUS EXCOLENDUS
QUE EST ITAQUE MAGNI AESTIMO DIGNITATI
EIUS ALIQUID ADSTRUERE INOPINANTIS
20 NESCIENTIS IMMO ETIAM FORTASSE
NOLENTIS ADSTRUERE AUTEM QUOD SIT
SPLENDIDUM NEC MOLESTUM CUIUS
GENERIS QUAE PRIMA OCCASIO TIBI CON
FERAS IN EUM ROGO HABEBIS ME HABE
25 BIS IPSUM GRATISSIMUM DEBITOREM
QUAMUIS ENIM ISTA NON ADPETAT TAM
GRATE TAMEN EXCIPIT QUAM SI CONCU
2. The scribe originally divided i-deo between two lines. On correcting the page he (or a contemporary corrector) cancelled the i at the end of the line and added it before the next.
3. i changed to e (not the uncial form) possibly by the original hand in correcting.
· EPISTULARUM ·
PISCAT · UALE
·C̅·PLINIUS · CORELLIAE · SALUTEM ·
CUM PATREM TUUM GRAUISSIMUM ET SAN