«Классический словарь Лемприера»

АНТИЧНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ

Примечания составителя

Изображение на обложке предоставлено составителем и является общественным достоянием.

Пунктуация была приведена к единообразию.

Для удобства современных читателей большинство сокращенных латинских слов и имен были раскрыты до их общепринятой полной формы. (Пример: Hom. раскрыто как Гомер; Hor. раскрыто как Гораций.) Кроме того, для ясности к ссылкам были добавлены обозначения книги (bk.), главы (ch.), строки (li.) и письма (ltr.).

Эта книга была написана в период, когда написание многих слов еще не было стандартизировано. В тексте могут встречаться различные варианты написания слов или непоследовательное использование дефисов. Они были оставлены без изменений, если не указано иное в примечании составителя.

Символ «‡» указывает на то, что описание в скобках было добавлено к иллюстрации. Это может потребоваться, если подпись отсутствует или если подпись недостаточно полно описывает изображение.

В перечнях алфавитный порядок тем был исправлен, но ни одна тема не была добавлена или удалена. Буквы «I» и «J», а также «U» и «V» считаются автором синонимичными и располагаются в алфавитном порядке вместе.

Сноски в тексте обозначены надстрочным числом и приведены непосредственно под абзацем, в котором они встречаются.

Примечания составителя используются при внесении исправлений в текст или для предоставления дополнительной информации современному читателю. Эти примечания обозначены в тексте символами ♦♠♥♣ и приведены непосредственно под абзацем, в котором они встречаются.

АНТИЧНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ ЛЕМПРИЕРА.

А

АНТИЧНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ

СОДЕРЖАЩИЙ ПОДРОБНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ

ОБО ВСЕХ СОБСТВЕННЫХ ИМЕНАХ

УПОМИНАЕМЫХ АНТИЧНЫМИ АВТОРАМИ

С

УКАЗАНИЕМ СТОИМОСТИ МОНЕТ, ВЕСОВ И МЕР, ИСПОЛЬЗОВАВШИХСЯ У ГРЕКОВ И РИМЛЯН

И

ХРОНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТАБЛИЦЕЙ

ДЖ.

ЛЕМПРИЕРА, ДОКТОРА БОГОСЛОВИЯ

ЛОНДОН

ДЖОРДЖ РУТЛЕДЖ И СЫНОВЬЯ, ЛИМИТЕД

НЬЮ-ЙОРК: И. П. ДАТТОН И КО.

1904

Отпечатано в типографии Баллантайн, Хэнсон и Ко. в издательстве Баллантайн Пресс

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ОРИГИНАЛЬНОМУ ИЗДАНИЮ.

На следующих страницах автор стремился дать наиболее точные и исчерпывающие сведения обо всех собственных именах, встречающихся при чтении античных авторов, и с помощью удачно подобранных анекдотов и исторических фактов нарисовать картину древних времен, не менее поучительную, чем занимательную. Есть надежда, что такой труд не будет сочтен бесполезным приобретением для публики; и в то время как студент приобщается к знаниям по истории и мифологии, знакомясь с древним положением и границами королевств и городов, которых больше не существует, литератор, возможно, найдет в нем достойного спутника, из которого он сможет почерпнуть информацию и во второй раз ознакомиться со многими важными подробностями, которые время или более трудоемкие занятия могли стереть из его памяти. В ходе реализации своего плана автор был вынужден идти по стопам многих ученых мужей, чьи исследования были направлены, и не без успеха, на облегчение постижения классических знаний и древних языков. Их сочинения послужили для него источником информации, и он верит, что их труды теперь нашли новое освещение в его собственном, и что благодаря должному вниманию к каждому предмету он смог подражать их достоинствам, не копируя их недостатки. Многие сочинения подобного рода выходили из печати, но они фрагментарны и неудовлетворительны. Попытки быть краткими сделали труды одних скудными и неинформативными, в то время как длинные и несвязные цитаты из греческих и латинских писателей обезображивают страницы других и делают все произведение безвкусным и отталкивающим. Поэтому сейчас не может быть обескураживающим занятием попытаться завершить то, что другие оставили незавершенным, и к лаконичности Стефана добавить обширные исследования Ллойда, Гофмана, Кольера и др. Уделив должное внимание античным поэтам и историкам, от которых можно получить наиболее достоверную информацию, автор обратился к трудам более современных авторов, и каждое сочинение, отличающееся ясностью и четкостью исторического повествования или географических описаний, было тщательно изучено. Искренне осознавая, чем он обязан современным латинским и английским писателям и комментаторам, автор не должен забывать публично выразить признательность за помощь, которую он также получил от трудов французов. В «Siècles Payens» аббата Сабатье де Кастра он нашел всю информацию, которую могли дать здравая критика и совершенное знание языческой мифологии. Сочинения аббата Банье также были полезны; а в «Dictionnaire Historique» литературного общества, напечатанном в Кане, были обнаружены сокровищница оригинальных анекдотов, а также непредвзятый отбор и систематизация исторических фактов.

Первоначальный замысел автора этого словаря состоял в том, чтобы дать подробное объяснение всех имен, о которых упоминают Плиний и другие античные географы; но, еще раз обдумав этот вопрос, он пришел к убеждению, что это увеличило бы объем его тома, но не его ценность. Ученый читатель поймет уместность этого замечания, если вспомнит, что названия многих мест, упоминаемых Плинием и Павсанием, больше нигде не встречаются у античных авторов; и что для поиска истинного местоположения незначительной деревни, упомянутой Страбоном, не следует обращаться ни к какому другому писателю, кроме Страбона.

Поскольку этот словарь был предпринят более конкретно для использования в школах, было сочтено правильным отметить долготу предпоследнего слога каждого слова и помочь студенту, который не может получить твердых и однозначных правил произношения. В этом вопросе следовало авторитету Сметиуса, а также изданию «Catholici Indices» Лаббе под редакцией Лида.

Поскольку любая публикация должна быть направлена на содействие литературе и служить развитию наук, автор этого словаря не осмелился навязывать себя публике, прежде чем убедился, что его скромные труды принесут некоторую пользу любителям античных языков. Предприятие предназначалось для использования в школах, поэтому он полагал, что никто не способен судить о его достоинствах и определять его полезность лучше, чем те, кто руководит образованием молодежи. С этой целью он взял на себя смелость сообщить о своих намерениях нескольким джентльменам в этой области, не менее выдающимся чистотой критики, чем своими классическими способностями, и от них он получил всю ту поддержку, на которую может рассчитывать желание способствовать развитию образования. Поэтому им, за их одобрение и дружеские советы, он публично выражает свою благодарность и надеется, что теперь, когда его труды завершены, его словарь может претендовать на их покровительство и поддержку, на которые, по их мнению, казался достойным образец этой работы. Он уделил должное внимание их замечаниям, с благодарностью принял их рассудительные наблюдения и не может обойти молчанием их любезные рекомендации, и в особенности дружеский совет, полученный им от преподобного Р. Вэлпи, директора школы Рединга.

Что касается описания римских законов и праздников, отмечавшихся древними жителями Греции и Италии, он особенно обязан полезным сборникам архиепископа Поттера, Годвина и Кеннета. В таблицах античных монет, весов и мер, которые он приложил к основному корпусу словаря, он следовал ученым расчетам доктора Арбетнота. Процитированные авторитеты были тщательно изучены и часто пересматривались: и есть надежда, что мнения мифологов предстанут без путаницы и будут избавлены от всякой неясности.

Поэтому, со всей уверенностью, которую может внушить искреннее желание быть полезным, автор предлагает следующие страницы публике, осознавая, что они могут содержать неточности и несовершенства. Словарь, как хорошо знает непредвзятый читатель, не может быть сделан совершенным сразу; в нем неизбежно останутся свои недостатки и упущения, как бы осторожен и бдителен ни был автор; и на каждой странице, по мнению некоторых, может найтись место для улучшений и дополнений. Поэтому он представляет свою публикацию на суд непредвзятых и беспристрастных читателей, и за любые замечания, которые может сделать дружелюбный критик, он будет благодарен и воспользуется ими, если благосклонность и снисходительность публики потребуют второго издания.

ХРОНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ТАБЛИЦА,

ОТ

СОТВОРЕНИЯ МИРА

ДО

ПАДЕНИЯ РИМСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

НА ЗАПАДЕ И НА ВОСТОКЕ

¹ В следующей таблице я ограничился более простыми и удобными эрами до Рождества Христова (до н.э.) и после Рождества Христова (н.э.). Однако для тех, кто не желает исключения юлианского периода, необходимо заметить, что, поскольку первый год христианской эры всегда приходится на 4714-й год юлианского летоисчисления, требуемое число лет до или после Рождества Христова легко будет обнаружено путем применения правил вычитания или сложения. Эра от основания Рима (A.U.C.) будет найдена с такой же легкостью, если вспомнить, что город был построен за 753 года до Рождества Христова; и к Олимпиадам также можно обратиться, учитывая, что победа Кореба (776 г. до н.э.) составляет первую Олимпиаду, и что Олимпийские игры праздновались после четырехлетнего цикла.

Before

Christ.¹

The world created in the 710th year of the Julian period 4004

The deluge 2348

The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages 2247

Celestial observations are first made at Babylon 2234

The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim the son of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188

The kingdom of Sicyon established 2089

The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059

The birth of Abraham 1996

The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus 1856

Memnon the Egyptian said to invent letters, 15 years before the reign of Phoroneus 1822

The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops 1764

Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728

The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins about this time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch which other writers have placed later by 26 years 1582

Moses born 1571

The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before the first Olympiad 1556

Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy 1546

The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly 1503

The Panathenæa first celebrated at Athens 1495

Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493

The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idæi Dactyli 1453

The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies the following year, aged 110 1452

Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli by the accidental burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete 1406

The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356

The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus king of Corinth 1326

The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by Adrastus king of Argos 1263

Gideon flourishes in Israel 1245

The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles 1225

Olympic games celebrated by Hercules 1222

The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 1213

Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. Æneas sails to Italy 1184

Alba Longa built by Ascanius 1152

Migration of the Æolian colonies 1124

The return of the Heraclidæ into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide the Peloponnesus among themselves; and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of Lacedæmon under Eurysthenes and Procles 1104

Saul made king over Israel 1095

The kingdom of Sicyon ended 1088

The kingdom of Athens ended in the death of Codrus 1070

The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their settlement in Asia Minor 1044

Dedication of Solomon’s temple 1004

Samos built 986

Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 975

Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the marbles 907

Elias the prophet taken up into heaven 896

Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedæmon, and, together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic games at Elis, about 108 years before the era which is commonly called the first Olympiad 884

Phidon king of Argos is supposed to have invented scales and measures, and coined silver at Ægina. Carthage built by Dido 869

Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed 80 years earlier by Justin 820

The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till the battle of Pydna 814

The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years 797

The triremes first invented by the Corinthians 786

The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes elected 779

Corœbus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the institution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome 776

The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedæmon by Theopompus 760

Isaiah begins to prophesy 757

The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the first 754

Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period 753

The rape of the Sabines 750

The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins 747

The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to the taking of Ithome 743

Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony 732

The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by Salmanasar king of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon on record March 19th, according to Ptolemy 721

Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne 718

Tarentum built by the Parthenians 707

Corcyra built by the Corinthians 703

The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the taking of Ira, after a siege of 11 years. About this time flourished the poets Tyrtæus and Archilochus 685

The government of Athens intrusted to annual archons 684

Alba destroyed 665

Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 years 659

Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians 658

Cyrene built by Battus 630

The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession for 28 years 624

Draco established his laws at Athens 623

The canal between the Nile and the Red sea begun by king Necho 610

Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies 606

The Phœnicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcæus, Sappho, &c. 604

The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares 596

The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this time flourished Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epimenides, Solon, the prophet Ezekiel, Æsop, Stersichorus 591

Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a siege of 18 months 587

The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every first and third year of the Olympiads 582

Death of Jeremiah the prophet 577

The Nemæan games restored 568

The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon 562

Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens 560

Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus 559

Crœsus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognis and Pherecydes 548

Marseilles built by the Phocæans. The age of Pythagoras, Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon 539

Babylon taken by Cyrus 538

The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the rebuilding of the temple 536

The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of Thespis 535

Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built 526

Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525

Polycrates of Samos put to death 522

Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourished Confucius the celebrated Chinese philosopher 521

The tyranny of the Pisistratidæ abolished at Athens 510

The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of the Tarquins, and continues independent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia 509

Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards the cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time flourished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. 504

The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome 498

The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer 493

The battle of Marathon 490

The battles of Thermopylæ, August 7th, and Salamis, October 20th. About this time flourished Æschylus, Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c. 480

The Persians defeated at Platæa and Mycale on the same day, 22nd September 479

The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th 477

Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes 471

The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon 470

The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years 465

Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by the Athenians 463

The Romans send to Athens for Solon’s laws. About this time flourished Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragic, Leocrates, Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. 454

The first Sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi 448

The Athenians defeated at Chæronea by the Bœotians 447

Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives public honours in the 39th year of his age. About this time flourished Empedocles, Hellanicus, Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias Artemones, Charondas, &c. 445

A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians 444

Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained in force for three years 440

A war between Corinth and Corcyra 439

Meton begins here his 19 years’ cycle of the moon 432

The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 27 years. About this time flourished Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi the last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides, Hippocrates, &c. 431

The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. A plague at Athens for five years 430

A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians, which is kept only during six years and ten months, though each continued at war with the other’s allies 421

The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The Agrarian law first moved at Rome 416

Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtæus is appointed king 414

The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates 409

The battle of Ægospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius 405

Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April. The end of the Peloponnesian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. About this time flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. 404

Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens by Thrasybulus 401

Socrates put to death 400

Agesilaus of Lacedæmon’s expedition into Asia against the Persians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas 396

The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon 395

The Lacedæmonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronæa, by Agesilaus 394

The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls 390

Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 11 months. About this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. 388

The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antalcidas, between the Lacedæmonians and Persians 387

The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two years 385

The Lacedæmonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos, September 20th, by Chabrias. About this time flourished Philistus, Isæus, Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. 377

Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates 374

The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedæmonians are defeated by Epaminondas the general of the Thebans 371

The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to Peloponnesus 370

One of the consuls at Rome elected from the plebeians 367

The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after the death of Pelopidas 363

Agesilaus assists Tachos king of Egypt. Some of the governors of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia 362

The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece 360

Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The second Sacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi being attacked by the Phocians 357

Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. 354

The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip 353

Egypt is conquered by Ochus 350

The Sacred war is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the Phocians 348

Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years’ banishment 347

Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant 343

The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About this time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, Æschines, Zenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades 340

The battle of Cheronæa, August 2nd, where Philip defeats the Athenians and Thebans 338

Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanius. His son Alexander, on the following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, &c. 336

The battle of the Granicus, 22nd of May 334

The battle of Issus in October 333

Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and Alexandria built 332

The battle of Arbela, October 2nd 331

Alexander’s expedition against Porus. About this time flourished Apelles, Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. 327

Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt 323

Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes 320

Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years 317

Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army 315

Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the Seleucidæ 312

The conquests of Agathocles in Africa 309

Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307

The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander 306

The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flourished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Crantor, &c. 301

Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year’s siege 296

The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and the time first divided into hours 293

Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he peopled with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zenodotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. 291

The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287

Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 286

The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be translated about this time 284

Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war begins, and continues 10 years. The Achæan league begins 281

Pyrrhus of Epirus goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines 280

The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of Delphi. About this time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persæus, &c. 278

Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus 274

The first coining of silver at Rome 269

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 268

The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed. About this time flourished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus, Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. 264

Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus 262

The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius 260

Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty by Antigonus 256

Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achæan league. About this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Timæus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes 251

The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, revolt from the Macedonians 250

The sea-fight of Drepanum 249

The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August 243

Agis king of Sparta put to death for attempting to settle an Agrarian law. About this period flourished Antigonus Carystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, Agesilaus the ephor, &c. 241

Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus 240

Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son 237

The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa 235

The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years 234

Original manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of 15 talents 233

The first divorce known at Rome, by Spurius Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica conquered 231

The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth 228

The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for five years 227

The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Romans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. About this time flourished Chrysippus, Polystratus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Messala, C. Nævius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, Philarchus, Lysiades, Agro, &c. 224

The battle of Sellasia 222

The Social war between the Ætolians and Achæans, assisted by Philip 220

Saguntum taken by Annibal 219

The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years 218

The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year that of Cannæ, May 21st 217

The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus, which is continued by intervals for 14 years 214

Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years 212

Philopœmen defeats Machanidas at Mantinea 208

Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archagathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion, Ennius, Hieronymus of Syracuse, Tlepolemus, Epicydes 207

The battle of Zama 202

The first Macedonian war begins and continues near four years 200

The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas 198

The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated 197

The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years 192

Lacedæmon joined to the Achæan league by Philopœmen 191

The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of Antiochus 189

The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philopœmen 188

Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Lælius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus, Massinissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. 187

A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, till the death of Annibal 184

Philopœmen defeated and killed by Dinocrates 183

Numa’s books found in a stone coffin at Rome 179

Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage 175

Ptolemy’s generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelusium and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 171

The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About this period flourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c. 168

The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from the plunder of Macedonia 167

Terence’s Andria first acted at Rome 166

Time measured out at Rome by a water-machine, invented by Scipio Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials 159

Andriscus the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty of Macedonia 152

Demetrius king of Syria defeated and killed by Alexander Balas 150

The third Punic war begins. Prusias king of Bithynia put to death by his son Nicomedes 149

The Romans make war against the Achæans, which is finished the next year by Mummius 148

Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by ♦Mummius ♦ «Mummus» заменено на «Mummius»

147

Viriathus is defeated by Lælius, in Spain 146

The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 141

The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by 4000 Numantines 138

Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaseas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. 137

The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panætius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece 136

The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war in Sicily begins, and continues for three years 135

Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 133

Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna 130

Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina 127

The Romans make war against the pirates of the Beleares. Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate 123

Caius Gracchus killed 121

Dalmatia conquered by Metellus 118

Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erymnæus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, Herodicus, Lucius Cælius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. 116

The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years 111

The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses of eating every day 110

The Teutones and Cimbri begin their war against Rome, and continue it for eight years 109

The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone 105

The Teutones defeated by Caius Marius at Aquæ Sextiæ 102

The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus 101

Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99

Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans 97

The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla 91

The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years 89

The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years 88

Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome 86

Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator 82

The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, Asclepiades, Apellicon, Lucius Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. 78

Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans 75

The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years after, the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus 73

Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus 69

Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is subdued by Metellus, after a war of two years 66

The reign of the Seleucidæ ends in Syria, on the conquest of the country by Pompey 65

Catiline’s conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself 63

The first triumvirate in the person of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus. About this time flourished Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. 60

Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year 58

Cæsar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain 55

Crassus is killed by Surena, in June 53

Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey 50

The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th 48

Alexander taken by Cæsar 47

The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year of confusion, because the calendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days 46

The battle of Munda 45

Cæsar murdered 44

The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, Cornelius Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. 43

The battle of Philippi 42

Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day 39

Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius 36

Octavius and Antony prepare for war 32

The battle of Actium, 2nd September. The era of the Roman emperors properly begins here 31

Alexander taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 30

The title of Augustus given to Octavius 27

The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Virgil, Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Mæcenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. 25

The conspiracy of Muræna against Augustus 22

Augustus visits Greece and Asia 21

The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 20

The secular games celebrated at Rome 17

Lollius defeated by the Germans 16

The Rhæti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus 15

The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius 12

Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus 11

Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years to be without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer 8

Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years 6

Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4709 of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749, and the fourth of the 193rd Olympiad 4

Tiberius returns to Rome A.D.

2

The leap year corrected, having formerly been every third year 4

Ovid banished to Tomos 9

Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius 10

Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by Tiberius. The age of Phædrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel. Celsus, &c. 14

Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake 17

Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch 19

Tiberius goes to Capreæ 26

Sejanus disgraced 31

Our Saviour crucified, Friday, April 3rd. This is put four years earlier by some chronologists 33

St. Paul converted to Christianity 35

Tiberius dies at Misenum, near Baiæ, March 16th, and is succeeded by Caligula. About this time flourished Valerius Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judæus, Artabanus, and Agrippina 37

St. Matthew writes his Gospel 39

The name of christians first given, at Antioch, to the followers of our Saviour 40

Caligula murdered by Chæreas, and succeeded by Claudius 41

The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43

St. Mark writes his Gospel 44

Secular games celebrated at Rome 47

Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 51

Claudius succeeded by Nero 54

Agrippina put to death by her son Nero 59

First persecution against the christians 64

Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65

Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persius, Quintus Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. 66

St. Peter and St. Paul put to death 67

Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68

Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitellius is defeated by Vespasian’s army 69

Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70

The Parthians revolt 77

Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius, November 1st 79

Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Silius Italicus, Martial, Apollon. Tyanæus, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. 81

Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every fourth year 86

Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins, and continues 15 years 88

Second persecution of the christians 95

Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c., and succeeded by Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. 96

Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan 98

Pliny proconsul of Bithynia sends Trajan an account of the christians 102

Dacia reduced to a Roman province 103

Trajan’s expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished Florus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Biblius, Dion, Prusæus, Plutarch, &c. 106

Third persecution of the christians 107

Trajan’s column erected at Rome 114

Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 117

Fourth persecution of the christians 118

Adrian builds a wall in Britain 121

Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 126

He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 130

The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and all banished 131

Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of Adrian flourished Teon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arian, Ptolemy, &c. 138

Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians 145

The worship of Serapis brought to Rome 146

Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, the last of whom reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maximus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantus, Lucian, Hermogenes, Polyænus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. 161

A war with Parthia, which continues three years 162

A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 169

Another, which continues three years 177

Marcus Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flourished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenæus, Montanus, Diogenes, Laërtius 180

Commodus makes peace with the Germans 181

Commodus put to death by Martia and Lætus. He is succeeded for a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered 193; and four rivals arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, and Albinus. Under Commodus flourished Julius Pollux, Theodotion, St. Irenæus, &c. 192

Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus 194

Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 198

Severus conquers the Parthians 200

Fifth persecution against the christians 202

Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there across from the Frith of Forth 207

Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas 211

Geta killed by his brother Caracalla 212

The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. Flourished Oppian 217

Opilius ♦Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Heliogabalus ♦ «Macrinius» заменено на «Macrinus»

218

Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted an annual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The age of Julius Africanus 222

The Arsacidæ of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king of Media, and their empire destroyed 229

Alexander defeats the Persians 234

The sixth persecution against the christians 235

Alexander killed and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time flourished Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius 235

The two Gordians succeeded Maximinus, and are put to death by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the soldiers of the younger Gordian 236

Sarbinianus defeated in Africa 240

Gordian marches against the Persians 242

He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace with Sapor the next year. About this time flourished Censorius, and Gregory Thaumaturgus 244

Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished 249

The seventh persecution against the christians 250

Decius succeeded by Gallus 251

A great pestilence over the empire 252

Gallus dies, and is succeeded by Æmilianus, Valerianus, and Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian and Plotinus 254

The eighth persecution against the christians 257

The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively 258

Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive 260

Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus 264

The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenæus 267

Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. 268

Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia takes possession of Egypt 269

Aurelian succeeds 270

The ninth persecution against the christians 272

Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa 273

Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor 274

Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and, two months after, by Probus 275

Probus makes an expedition into Gaul 277

He defeats the Persians in the east 280

Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Carinus and Numerianus 282

Diocletian succeeds 284

The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Diocletian takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague 286

Britain recovered, after a tyrant’s usurpation of 10 years. Alexandria taken by Diocletian 296

The tenth persecution against the christians, which continues 10 years 303

Diocletian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus the two Cæsars. About this period flourished Julius Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes the lawyers, Ælius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiscus, Trebellius Pollio, &c. 304

Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son 306

At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, Maximianus, and Maxentius 308

Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312

The emperor Constantine begins to favour the christian religion 319

Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine 324

The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops, who sit from June 19th to August 25th 325

The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople 328

Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the 11th of May 330

Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed 331

The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine flourished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius 337

Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquilea 340

Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius 350

Gallus put to death by Constantius 354

One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an earthquake 358

Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but the former dies the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this period flourished Ælius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. 360

Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian’s reign flourished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. 363

Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valentinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east, and the other of the west 364

Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian 367

Firmus tyrant of Africa defeated 373

Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I. 375

The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the Huns 376

Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals 379

Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius 383

The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388

Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after defeated by Theodosius 392

Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east and Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius flourished Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. 395

Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself 398

Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulæ 405

The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi permitted to settle in Spain and France by Honorius 406

Theodosius the younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isdegerdes king of Persia as his guardian, appointed by his father 408

Rome plundered by Alaric king of the Visigoths, August 24th 410

The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain 412

The kingdoms of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace 413

The Visigoths found a kingdom at Toulouse 415

The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths 417

The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 420

The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian III. Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, Panodorus, Stobæus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates, &c. 423

Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and attempts the restoration of learning 425

The Romans take leave of Britain and never return 426

Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals pass into Africa 427

The French defeated by Ætius 428

The Theodosian code published 435

Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the Vandals in Africa 439

The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated complaint to Ætius against the Picts and Scots, and three years after the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern 446

Attila king of the Huns ravages Europe 447

Theodosius II. dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. About this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c. 450

The city of Venice first began to be known 452

Death of Valentinian III., who is succeeded by Maximus for two months, by Avitus for 10, and, after an interregnum of 10 months, by Majorianus 454

Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first established 455

The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro 456

Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian. Vortimer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent 457

Severus succeeds in the western empire 461

The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of Aquitain 463

♦Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an interregnum of two years ♦ «Athemius» заменено на «Anthemius»

467

Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos 472

Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern empire, and, some months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno 474

The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer king of the Heruli, who assumes the title of king of Italy. About this time flourished Eutyches, Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Apollinaris 476

Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 40 days at intervals 480

The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius the Roman general 485

After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius, surnamed the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne 491

Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths revolts about this time, and conquers Italy from the Heruli. About this time flourished Boethius and Symmachus 493

Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis 496

The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud 501

Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcillè near Poitiers 507

Paris made the capital of the French dominions 510

Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned with a brazen speculum by Proclus 514

The computing of time by the christian era, introduced first by Dionysius 516

Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor 518

Justinian I. nephew of Justin succeeds. Under his glorious reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, Simplicius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus, Narses, &c. 527

Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four years after his digest 529

Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after 534

Italy is invaded by the Franks 538

The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542

A great plague, which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia and Europe 543

The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 545

Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547

The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe by monks 551

Defeat and death of Totila the Gothic king of Italy 553

A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which continues for 50 years 558

Justin II., son of Vigilantia the sister of Justinian, succeeds 565

Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who form a kingdom there 568

Tiberius II., an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, and soon after succeeds 578

Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time 581

Maurice the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds 582

Gregory I., surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter’s chair at Rome. The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this century were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours the father of French history, Evagrius, and St. Augustin the monk 590

Augustin the monk, with 40 others, comes to preach christianity in England 597

About this time the Saxon heptarchy began in England 600

Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the revolt of the soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children 602

The power of the popes begins to be established by the concessions of Phocas 606

Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of the usurper Phocas 610

The conquests of Chosroes king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, and afterwards his siege of Rome 611

The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000 men, and the next year they overrun Africa 614

Mahomet, in his 53rd year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Friday, July 16th, which forms the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622

Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs 626

Death of Mahomet 632

Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after Alexandria and its famous library destroyed 637

Constantine III. son of Heraclius, in partnership with Heracleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constantine’s son Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme power 641

Cyprus taken by the Saracens 648

The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus 653

Constantine IV., surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the murder of his father in Sicily 668

The Saracens ravage Sicily 669

Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire 673

Justinian II. succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 10 years the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tiberius. His restoration happened 704. The only men of learning in this century were Secundus, Isidorus, Theophylactus, Georgius Pisides, Callinicus, and the venerable Bede 685

Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy 690

Africa finally conquered by the Saracens 709

Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on the murder of Justinian 711

Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius, or Anastasius II., to the throne 713

Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius III., who, two years after, yields to the superior influence of Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty 715

Second, but unsuccessful, siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 717

Tax called Peter-pence begun by Ina king of Wessex, to support a college at Rome 727

Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers in October 732

Constantine V., surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father Leo 741

Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia 746

The computation of years from the birth of Christ first used in historical writings 748

Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the Saracens 749

The Merovingian race of kings ends in France 750

Bagdad built, and made the capital of the caliphs of the house of Abbas 762

A violent frost for 150 days from October to February 763

Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine 770

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the Lombards, after a duration of 206 years 774

Leo IV. son of Constantine succeeds, and, five years after, is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine VI. 775

Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men of learning in this century were Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the monk 797

Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western empire. About this time the popes separate themselves from the princes of Constantinople 800

Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after 801

Nicephorus I., great treasurer of the empire, succeeds 802

Stauracius son of Nicephorus, and Michael I., surnamed Rhangabe, the husband of Procopia sister of Stauracius, assume the purple 811

Leo V. the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace, ascends the throne of Constantinople 813

Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almanon, who made observations on the sun, &c. 816

Michael II. the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds, after the murder of Leo 821

The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia 823

The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of Almanon 827

Theophilus succeeds his father Michael 829

Origin of the Russian monarchy 839

Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother Theodora 842

The Normans get possession of some cities in France 853

Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil I. the Macedonian 867

Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice 872

Basil is succeeded by his son Leo VI. the philosopher. In this century flourished Mesué, the Arabian physician Eginhard, Rabanus, Albumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anastasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser 886

Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by bishop Goslin 887

Death of Alfred king of England, after a reign of 30 years 900

Alexander brother of Leo succeeds, with his nephew Constantine VII., surnamed Porphyrogenitus 911

The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo 912

Romanus I., surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps the throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, and Constantine VIII. 919

Fiefs established in France 923

Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms 936

Naples seized by the eastern emperors 942

The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults this occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus 945

Romanus II. son of Constantine VII., by Helena the daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds 959

Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophana, is succeeded by Nicephorus Phocas II., whom the empress, unable to reign alone under the title of protectress of her young children, had married 963

Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 964

Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophana, is murdered by John Zimisces, who assumes the purple 969

Basil II., and Constantine IX., the two sons of Romanus by ♦Theophana, succeed on the death of Zimisces ♦ «Theopana» заменено на «Theophana»