РАСТЕНИЯ МИЧИГАНА ПРОСТЫЕ ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КЛЮЧИ ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ АВТОХТОННЫХ СЕМЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ШТАТА Генри Аллан Глисон, д-р философии, доцент ботаники и директор Ботанического сада и дендрария в Мичиганском университете 1918 Copyright, 1918 GEORGE WAHR Опубликовано Джорджем Уором, Энн-Арбор. Отпечатано в типографии The Ann Arbor Press ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Эта книга не предназначена для ботаника-эксперта. Ему следует обратиться к одному из обычных мануалов, в которых даются полные описания каждого вида растений. Она также не предназначена для праздных любопытцев. Лишь те, кто проявляет к растению достаточно интереса, чтобы наблюдать за ним, смогут найти его название с помощью этой книги. Кроме того, это не учебник. В ней не делается попыток передать ботанические сведения, она лишь предлагает возможность узнать названия растений. Ее задача будет полностью выполнена, если благодаря ее использованию студенты, отдыхающие и любители растений в целом смогут распознавать по названиям окружающие их растения. КАК ПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ КНИГОЙ Растение распознают по наличию структурных особенностей, свойственных только ему и не встречающихся ни у какого другого вида растений. В книге вроде этой такие признаки приводятся по одному или по нескольку за раз и противопоставляются признакам, которыми обладают другие виды растений. Такое изложение называется определительным ключом, и при его правильном использовании можно узнать название любого рассматриваемого в нем растения. Этот процесс называется определением. Ключи строятся по-разному, хотя принцип их работы одинаков. В этой книге пользователь начнет со строк 1a и 1b на странице с озаглавленным текстом «Определительный ключ к группам». Каждая из этих строк содержит некоторой описательный материал, но к определяемому растению может относиться только одна из них. Например, если определяемое растение — дуб, строка 1a подойдет идеально, и эта же строка подойдет к любому другому виду дерева или к любому кустарнику. Но если растение — фиалка, лютик или любое другое травянистое растение, совпадает строка 1b, а строка 1a не подойдет. В конце каждой строки содержится отсылка, к которой следует обратиться далее. Если растение является деревом или кустарником, соответственно обращаются к Группе 1 на странице ix и начинают сначала с первого приведенного номера. Если растение представляет собой травянистое растение, следуют по отсылке к строке 2, расположенной чуть ниже, и снова сравнивают растения со строками 2a и 2b. Под каждым номером приводится по меньшей мере две строки описания, обозначенные буквами a и b, а под несколькими номерами появляются дополнительные строки, обозначенные c, d и т. д. В каждом случае пользователь ключа выбирает из различных строк под одним и тем же номером ту конкретную строку, которая согласует со структурой растения, и следует по отсылке, приведенной в конце этой строки. В конце концов в конце строки вместо номера обнаруживается название семейства растений, к которому принадлежит данное конкретное растение, после чего переходят на страницу, где рассматривается это семейство. Под каждым семейством приводится аналогичный ключ, которому следует следовать точно таким же образом, пока наконец вместо номера не будут найдены русскоязычное название и научное название имеющегося растения. На этом процесс определения завершается, и студент находит название растения. В некоторых случаях в ключе делается отсылка к определенной части ключа по семействам. Тогда обращаются непосредственно к этому конкретному номеру в ключе по семействам и продолжают определение обычным способом. В качестве конкретного примера использования ключа предположим, что в руках имеется ветка белого дуба и ее название неизвестно. Чтобы определить ее название, ее прослеживают по следующим шагам в ключе. В ключе к группам она совпадает со строкой 1a, которая отсылает к Группе 1 «Древесные растения». Внутри этой группы она совпадает по строению со строкой 1a, отсылающей к 2; со строкой 2b, отсылающей к 21; со строкой 21b, отсылающей к 22; с 22b, отсылающей к 29; с 29b, отсылающей к 32; с 32c, отсылающей к 47; с 47b, отсылающей к 48; с 48b, отсылающей к 51; с 51b, отсылающей к номеру 1b в Буковом семействе. Обращаясь к надлежащему номеру в этом семействе, растение отсылают к строке 3; оно совпадает со строкой 3c, отсылающей к 10; с 10a, отсылающей к 11; и с 11b, которая дает название растения: Белый дуб, Quercus alba. В качестве второго примера предположим, что имеется обычное растение с цветками желтого цвета, цветущее на газонах и обочинах дорог весной. В ключе к группам оно совпадает с 1b, отсылающим к 2; с 2b, отсылающим к 3; а его сетчато-нервные листья помещают его в 3b, отсылающий к Группе 4 «Двудольные». Внутри этой группы его прикорневые листья помещают его в 1b, отсылающий к 2; его простые листья — в 2b, отсылающий к 18; отсутствие стеблевых листьев помещает его в 18b, отсылающий к 23; его одиночные цветки на каждом цветоносе помещают его в 23b, отсылающий к 24; его цветки желтого цвета согласуют с 24a, отсылающим к 25; а его млечный сок отсылает растение к номеру 16 в Семядольном семействе [так в тексте]. В ключе к этому семейству его лопастные листья согласуют с 16b, отсылающим далее к 17; его крупные цветки — с 17b, давая русскоязычное название «Одуванчик» и отсылая далее к 18 для определения того, какой именно вид одуванчика представляет собой растение. В определенной точке ключа для каждого растения будет обнаруживаться утверждение в скобках. Это общая информация, касающаяся высоты растения, цвета цветков или сезона цветения. Следует помнить, что высота растений подвержена большим вариациям; что большинство растений имеют белоцветковые разновидности; и что месяц цветения во многом зависит от широты и климата. Поэтому эту общую информацию не следует использовать в качестве средства различения видов. Названия растений. Каждое растение носит научное название. Оно состоит из двух частей и обычно имеет латинское или греческое происхождение. В некоторых случаях эти названия берутся непосредственно из латинского языка, как, например, Quercus — дуб или Acer — клен. В других случаях название может указывать на какую-то характерную особенность растения, например Polygonum — многоузловая, для спорыша, или Ammophila — песколюбивая, для песколюбки. Для почти каждого вида растений также приводится англоязычное название. В нескольких случаях устоявшееся англоязычное название отсутствует и не было дано. Во многих случаях одно и то же англоязычное название относится к нескольким видам растений и повторяется для каждого из них. Когда это так, обычное название приводится в ключе в скобках до того, как достигается научное название. Таким образом, если человека удовлетворяет знание лишь того, что его растение является одуванчиком, он узнает об этом в строке 17b ключа к Сложноцветному семейству, но чтобы обнаружить, какой именно вид одуванчика у него имеется, он должен проследовать по ключу и использовать научное название. Поэтому в этой книге нет необходимости изучать или использовать научные названия. Менее придирчивые могут довольствоваться англоязычным названием, а остальные могут использовать научные названия по своему усмотрению. Возможные ошибки. При использовании этой книги следует проявлять осторожность, чтобы сравнить все строки под каждым номером с растением и использовать здравый смысл при выборе правильной. Хотя ошибочное наблюдение или плохой здравый смысл могут привести к ошибке, оплошность обычно обусловлена небрежностью при неправильном следовании отсылке в конце выбранной строки. Если доходят до номера, в котором ни одна из строк описания не согласует с растением, весьма вероятно, что была допущена ошибка на более раннем этапе определения, и тогда следует начать заново. Намерением автора было сделать ключ как можно более устойчивым к ошибкам суждения. Например, аризему трехлистую можно искать как под Группой 3, так и под Группой 4; дерезу можно определить либо как кустарник, либо как травянистое растение, и можно обнаружить многочисленные другие подобные примеры. Необходимые ботанические сведения. Предполагается, что лица, пользующиеся книгой, будут знакомы с частями цветка и с более распространенными описательными терминами, применяемыми к листьям. Необычных терминов по возможности избегали, но те, которые все же встречаются, а также более простые объясняются в глоссарии. В целом в ключах использовались лишь те признаки, которые можно наблюдать без лупы и без препарирования цветка. В нескольких группах растений делается отсылка к более полным описаниям, которые можно найти в мануалах. Стандартными мануалами по Мичигану являются Новый ботанический мануал Грея, 7-е издание (American Book Company, $2.50) и Бриттон и Браун, «Иллюстрированная флора северных штатов и Канады» (Chas. Scribner's Sons, $13.50). С этими книгами можно ознакомиться в большинстве школьных или публичных библиотек. Все размеры выражены в метрической системе. Для удобства можно отметить, что 25 миллиметров (мм) примерно равны одному дюйму; 1 сантиметр (см) — двум пятым дюйма; 1 дециметр (дм) — 4 дюймам; а 1 метр (м) немного превышает 3 фута. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ КЛЮЧ К ГРУППАМ 1a. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, with stems which last from year to year Group 1, WOODY PLANTS, p. ix 1b. Herbaceous plants, with stems which live above ground only a single season — 2. 2a. Plants with unusual habits or structures, including leafless, colorless, submerged, floating, parasitic, or hollow-leaved plants Group 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS, p. xxiii. 2b. Ordinary terrestrial or swamp plants, without unusual structural peculiarities — 3. 3a. Leaves parallel-veined (or net-veined in a few species); parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives; wood-fibers scattered through the stem; seed with one cotyledon. All plants with definitely parallel-veined leaves may be identified through this division, unless the parts of the flower are distinctly in fives. Group 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES, p. xxvii. 3b. Leaves net-veined (or parallel-veined in a few species); parts of the flower usually in fours or fives; wood-fibers arranged in a circle in the stem; seeds with two cotyledons. All plants with definitely net-veined leaves may be identified through this division. Group 4, DICOTYLEDONES, p. xxx. Примечание: во избежание возможных шансов ошибки многие растения были рассмотрены под обеими указанными выше группами. Следующие подсказки также могут быть полезны при различении Групп 3 и 4: Все травянистые растения с глубокопальчатыми [так в тексте], рассеченными или сложными листьями можно искать под Двудольными. Все травянистые растения с пятью тычинками в каждом цветке или с семью и более тычинками и одной завязью в каждом цветке можно искать под Двудольными. ГРУППА 1, ДРЕВЕСНЫЕ РАСТЕНИЯ 1a. Trees, with erect stem and central trunk, attaining a height of 6 m. (20 ft.) or more — 2. 1b. Shrubs or woody vines, without true tree habit, or attaining heights of less than 6 m. (20 ft.) — 52. 2a. Key for use in earliest spring, for trees which have flowers but no leaves — 3. 2b. Key for use with trees bearing leaves — 21. 3a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 4. 3b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petals — 14. 4a. Leaf-scars and lateral buds 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first — 5. 4b. Leaf-scars and buds in three or more longitudinal rows — 9. 5a. From 1 to 3 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud 2b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22. 5b. From 4 to 7 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud — 6. 5c. From 8 to 20 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud; buds long and slender; bark of the trunk smooth — 8. 6a. Bundle-scars 5 or more 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 6b. Bundle-scars 3 — 7. 7a. Twigs bearing numerous dwarf branches thickly covered with crowded leaf-scars (Birch) BETULACEAE, p. 21. 7b. Twigs without dwarf branches (Ironwood) 9a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 8a. Trunk cylindrical or nearly so 2a, in FAGACEAE, p. 22. 8b. Trunk prominently fluted with longitudinal ridges 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21. 9a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar — 10. 9b. Bundle scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar — 12. 10a. Pith divided into separate cavities by transverse partitions 1a, in JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21. 10b. Pith not partitioned — 11. 11a. Buds small, with only one external bud-scale 1b, in SALICACEAE, p. 19. 11b. Buds with more than one outer bud-scale 1a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19. 12a. Buds clustered near the tips of the twigs 1b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22. 12b. Buds not clustered at the tips of the twigs — 13. 13a. Buds with about 3 visible bud-scales 2b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22. 13b. Terminal bud large, with 4 or more visible bud-scales 1b, in JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21. 14a. Flowers conspicuous, brightly colored, at least 8 mm. wide. with both calyx and corolla — 15. 14b. Flowers inconspicuous, seldom brightly colored, and then less than 8 mm. wide — 17. 15a. Flowers irregular, pink or red 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 15b. Flowers regular, white — 16. 16a. Ovary one, superior, in the center of the flower 32b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 16b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the summit of the pedicel 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 17a. Leaf-scars and buds opposite — 18. 17b. Leaf-scars and buds alternate — 19. 18a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 1b, in OLEACAE, p. 88. 18b. Bundle-scars 3 or more in each leaf-scar ACERACEAE, p. 70. 19a. Bundle-scar 1 in each leaf-scar 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 19b. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar — 20. 19c. Bundle-scars 5 in each leaf-scar 7a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 20a. Branches thorny 5a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 20b. Branches not thorny 3a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24. — 21— 21a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like; trees mostly evergreen PINACEAE, p. 1. 21b. Leaves broader, flat, never needle-like or scale-like, falling in winter — 22. 22a. Leaves compound — 23. 22b. Leaves simple — 29. 23a. Leaves opposite — 24. 23b. Leaves alternate — 26. 24a. Leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets SAPINDACEAE, p. 70. 24b. Leaves pinnately compound — 25. 25a. Leaflets 3-5 1a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70. 25b. Leaflets 7-11 1b, in OLEACEAE, p. 88. 26a. Stem or branches thorny 4a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 26b. Stem or branches not thorny — 27. 27a. Leaflets entire 7a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 27b. Leaflets entire except for a few large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65. 27c. Leaflets serrate their entire length — 28. 28a. Upper leaflets less than 25 mm. wide 4b, in ROSACEAE, p. 51. 28b. Upper leaflets more than 25 mm. wide JUGLANDACEAE, p. 21. 29a. Leaves opposite — 30. 29b. Leaves alternate — 32. 30a. Leaves entire CORNACEAE, p. 83. 30b. Leaves toothed or lobed, not entire — 31. 31a. Leaves lobed 1b, in ACERACEAE, p. 70. 31b. Leaves merely toothed 27b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111. 32a. Leaves entire — 33. 32b. Leaves toothed — 36. 32c. Leaves lobed — 47. 33a. Leaves heart-shape 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 33b. Leaves not heart-shape — 34. 34a. Twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 34b. Twigs and foliage not aromatic — 35. 35a. Pith 5-angled; fruit an acorn 3a, in FAGACEAE, p. 22. 35b. Pith not 5-angled; fruit a berry 1a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 36a. Leaves oblique at base, i. e., one side of the leaf larger than the other — 37. 36b. Leaves symmetrical, not oblique at base — 38. 37a. Leaves heart-shape, about as broad as long TILIACEAE, p. 72. 37b. Leaves oval or ovate, much longer than wide 1a, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 38a. Stems thorny 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 38b. Stems not thorny — 39. 39a. Leaves finely toothed, with 3-many teeth per centimeter of margin — 40. 39b. Leaves coarsely toothed, with 1-2 teeth per centimeter of margin — 46. 40a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19. 40b. Petioles not compressed — 41. 41a. Leaves, or many of them, crowded on short spur-like branches — 42. 41b. Leaves scattered, not on short spur-like branches — 43. 42a. Bark of the trunks separating in thin papery or leathery sheets BETULACEAE, p. 21. 42b. Bark of the trunk not papery or leathery 24b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53. 43a. Lateral leaf-veins straight and parallel, and terminating in the teeth BETULACEAE, p. 21. 43b. Lateral veins more or less curved, and not ending in the teeth — 44. 44a. Leaves palmately veined, about as broad as long; juice somewhat milky 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 44b. Leaves pinnately veined; juice not milky — 45. 45a. Willows, with slender leaves and brittle twigs 8a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19. 45b. Trees with lanceolate, ovate, or oblong leaves and tough twigs 30, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 45c. Cottonwoods, with broad, heart-shape or rounded leaves 1a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19. 46a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in SALICACEAE, p. 19. 46b. Petioles not compressed; lateral veins straight and parallel, running directly to the teeth FAGACEAE, p. 22. 47a. Stem thorny 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 47b. Stem not thorny — 48. 48a. Leaves palmately veined — 49. 48b. Leaves pinnately veined — 51. 49a. Lobes of the leaf entire 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 49b. Lobes of the leaf serrate — 50. 50a.Juice somewhat milky; lateral buds visible 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 50b.Juice not milky; lateral buds covered by the base of the petiole PLATANACEAE, p. 51. 51a. Leaves with 4 large entire lobes; stem marked with a ring at each node MAGNOLIACEAE, p. 40. 51b. Leaves with many lobes; stem not ringed 1b, in FAGACEAE, p. 22. — 52— 52a.For specimens bearing leaves only — 53. 52b. For specimens bearing flowers only — 140. 52c.For specimens with both leaves and flowers — 155. 53a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen — 54. 53b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like — 56. 54a. Foliage densely gray-pubescent; low bushy shrubs with yellow flowers 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74. 54b.Foliage green — 55. 55a. Leaves opposite or whorled PINACEAE, p. 1. 55b. Leaves scattered on the stem TAXACEAE, p. 2. 56a.Twining or climbing vines — 57. 56b. Not climbing or twining — 66. 57a. Thorny vines — 58.   57b. Not thorny — 60. 58a.Climbing by tendrils at the base of the leaves 4b, in LILIACEAE, p. 11. 58b.Tendrils none — 59. 59a. Leaves simple 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 59b. Leaves compound 8a, in ROSACEAE, p. 52. 60a.Leaves compound — 61. 60b.Leaves simple — 63. 61a. Leaves with 5 leaflets 1a, in VITACEAE, p. 71. 61b. Leaves with 3 leaflets — 62. 62a. Plant climbing by tendril-like leaf-stalks 1a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 62b. Plant climbing by hold-fast roots 5b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 69. 63a. Leaves opposite 5a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 63b. Leaves alternate — 64. 64a. Plants climbing by tendrils 1b, in VITACEAE, p. 71. 64b. Twining plants — 65. 65a. Leaves ovate-oblong, attached by the base 1a, in CELASTRACEAE, p. 69. 65b. Leaves almost round, peltate near the edge MENISPERMACEAE p. 40. 66a. Leaves opposite — 67. 66b. Leaves alternate — 84. 67a. Leaves compound — 68. 67b. Leaves simple — 69. 68a. Leaflets 3 STAPHYLEACEAE, p. 69. 68b. Leaflets 7 or more 1a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109. 69a. Leaves palmately veined, or at least with a pair of prominent lateral veins from the base — 70. 69b. Leaves pinnately veined — 72. 70a. Leaves not lobed 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 70b. Leaves more or less lobed — 71. 71a. Leaves with stipules 22a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111. 71b. Leaves without stipules 2a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70. 72a. Leaves serrate — 73. 72b. Leaves entire — 77. 73a. Stem thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 73b. Stem not thorny — 74. 74a. Bark of the ripe twigs green 1b, in CELASTRACEAE, p. 69. 74b. Bark of the ripe twigs brown, reddish, or gray — 75. 75a. Twigs with a prominent hairy ridge extending downward from the middle of the line connecting the petiole bases 13a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 75b. Twigs without any pubescent ridge — 76. 76a. Erect shrubs; leaves obviously toothed 11b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 76b. Spreading shrubs; most of the leaves entire, and only here and there some with serrate margins 18b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 77a. Leaves silvery beneath with a dense coating of scales ELAEAGNACEAE, p. 77. 77b. Leaves green beneath, or somewhat hairy and light-colored — 78. 78a. Aquatic plant with lanceolate leaves, and stems bending over and into the water 1a, in LYTHRACEAE, p. 77. 78b. Not truly aquatic, although frequently in wet places — 79. 79a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older stems 18a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85. 79b. Leaves deciduous each year — 80. 80a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots, easily seen when the leaf is held to the light 1a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 73. 80b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots — 81. 81a. Lateral veins curved forward and running almost parallel to the leaf-margin CORNACEAE, p. 83. 81b. Lateral veins spreading, and not paralleling the leaf-margin — 82. 82a. Leaves with stipules 1a, in RUBIACEAE, p. 108. 82b. Leaves with a prominent ridge connecting them at the base — 83. 82c. Leaves with neither stipules nor connecting ridges 1a, in OLEACEAE, p. 88. 83a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 18b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 83b. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar (Honeysuckle) 12, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 84a. Leaves compound — 85. 84b. Leaves simple — 95. 85a. Stems prickly or thorny — 86. 85b. Stems without prickles or thorns — 88. 86a. Leaves twice-pinnate 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 86b. Leaves evenly pinnate 5b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 86c. Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliate — 87. 87a. Leaflets entire 1a, 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65. 87b. Leaflets serrate 3b, 3b, in ROSACEAE, p. 51. 88a. Leaflets 3 — 89. 88b. Leaflets 5 to many — 91. 89a. Tall shrubs; leaflets entire or minutely toothed 1b, in RUTACEAE, p. 65. 89b. Shrubs 2 m. high or less; leaves conspicuously toothed — 90. 90a. Stipules present 17b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53. 90b. Stipules none 1b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68. 91a. Leaflets 6-25 mm. long — 92. 91b. Leaflets 30 mm. long, or more — 93. 92a. Leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7 7a, in ROSACEAE, p. 52. 92b. Leaflets mostly 9-19, 15 mm. long or more 26a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60. 92c. Leaflets mostly 25-45, less than 15 mm. long 8a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 93a. Leaflets entire 3a, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68. 93b. Leaflets entire, except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65. 93c. Leaflets toothed throughout — 94. 94a. Juice milky 1a, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68. 94b. Juice not milky 3a, in ROSACEAE, p. 51. 95a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74. 95b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube EMPETRACEAE, p. 68. 95c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color — 96. 96a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem 4b, in ERICACEAE, p. 84. 96b. Leaves deciduous — 97. 97a. Stems or branches thorny — 98. 97b. Stems or branches without thorns or thorny leaves — 103. 98a. Leaves conspicuously palmately veined — 99. 98b. Leaves pinnately veined, or sometimes with smaller lateral veins arising from the end of the petiole — 100. 99a. Leaves 5 cm. wide or less 1a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 99b. Leaves 15 cm. wide or more 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 100a. Leaves entire 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 100b. Leaves toothed or somewhat lobed — 101. 101a. Leaves with bristly margins; some of the thorns three-pointed 2a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. 101b. Leaves not bristly on the margin; thorns not branched — 102. 102a. Only lateral thorns present 41b, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 102b. Only terminal thorns present 2a, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 103a. Leaves palmately veined, or with one or more pairs of lateral veins from the base of the leaf — 104. 103b. Leaves pinnately veined — 111. 104a. Leaves entire — 105. 104b. Leaves toothed — 106. 104c. Leaves palmately lobed — 108. 105a. Foliage fragrant when crushed; leaves ovate 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 105b. Foliage not aromatic; leaves heart-shape 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 106a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, running to the teeth of the leaf 3a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 106b. Lateral veins curved or branched, and not running straight to the teeth — 107. 107a. Tall shrubs with somewhat milky juice and broadly ovate leaves 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 107b. Low shrubs less than 1 m. high with watery juice 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 108a. Leaves with 2 or 3 entire lobes, spicy-fragrant when crushed 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 108b. Leaves with milky juice 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 108c. Leaves neither spicy-fragrant nor with milky juice — 109. 109a. Stem covered with brown bristles 29, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 109b. Stem not bristly — 110. 110a. Sides of the petiole strongly decurrent on the stem; bundle-scars crowded or nearly in contact in the leaf-scars 28b, in ROSACEAE, p. 53. 110b. Sides of petiole little decurrent or not at all; bundle-scars distinctly separate 2b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 111a. Leaves aromatically fragrant when crushed — 112. 111b. Leaves not aromatically fragrant when crushed — 113. 112a. Leaves broadly obovate, entire; a common woodland shrub 1a, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 112b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, conspicuously toothed or entire MYRICACEAE, p. 20. 113a. Leaves entire — 114. 113b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 121. 114a. Base of the petiole covering the axillary buds; twigs marked with rings THYMELAEACEAE, p. 77. 114b. Base of petiole not covering the bud, and twigs not marked with rings — 115. 115a. Pith with prominent partitions; tall shrubs with fetid bark; leaves obovate, 10 cm. long or larger ANONACEAE, p. 40. 115b. Pith not partitioned; leaves smaller — 116. 116a. Leaves waxy or resinous underneath 24b, in ERICACEAE, p. 86. 116b. Leaves not waxy or resinous — 117. 117a. Lateral veins curved forward and almost parallel to the margin of the leaf 2a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 117b. Lateral veins spreading — 118. 118a. Leaves lanceolate or linear, much longer than wide — 119. 118b. Leaves ovate or elliptical — 120. 119a. Stem weak, spreading or trailing 5a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 119b. Stems, or some of them, erect 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 120a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as long as the leaf-blade 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69. 120b. Leaves with short petioles or sessile 24c, in ERICACEAE, p. 86. 121a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, mostly ending in the teeth of the leaf — 122. 121b. Lateral veins not straight and parallel — 129. 122a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the third leaf directly above the first — 123. 122b. Leaves not 2-ranked — 127. 123a. Leaves unsymmetrical, oblique at the base, i. e., with one side of the leaf larger than the other HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51. 123b. Leaves symmetrical or nearly so at the base — 124. 124a. Lateral leaf-veins ending in the leaf-teeth — 125. 124b. Lateral veins not ending in the teeth 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 125a. Bark smooth and fluted on the large stems 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21. 125b. Bark rough or warty or glandular — 126. 126a. Leaves 4 cm. long or less 3a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 126b. Leaves 5 cm. long or more 9b, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 127a. Pith 3-angled 6a, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 127b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in FAGACEAE, p. 23. 127c. Pith cylindrical — 128. 128a. Leaves finely serrate 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 128b. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate 41a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 129a. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate — 130. 129b. Leaves simply serrate — 131. 130a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the third leaf directly over the first 9b, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 130b. Leaves not 2-ranked 41a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 131a. Leaves with glands on the petiole or at the base of the leaf-blade — 132.   131b. Leaves with small dark glands on the upper side of the mid-vein 42a, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 131c. Leaves without glands — 133. 132a. Willows; with usually slender leaves, frequently conspicuous broad stipules, and lateral buds protected by a single external bud-scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20. 132b. Plums and cherries; with leaves lanceolate or broader, and stipules minute and falling early in the season; lateral buds with more than one bud-scale 30, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 133a. With stipules or with stipular scars indicating where stipules have been detached — 134. 133b. Without stipules or stipular scars — 138. 134a. With three bundle-scars in each leaf-scar — 135. 134b. With one bundle-scar in each leaf-scar — 136. 135a. Willows; usually with slender leaves and twigs and frequently with large conspicuous stipules; lateral buds covered by a single external bud-scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20. 135b. Juneberries; with oblong or ovate leaves and small stipules which fall early; lateral buds with more than one external scale 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 136a. Leaves mostly entire, only a few here and there with low teeth 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69. 136b. Leaves sharply toothed — 137. 137a. Axillary buds superposed, i. e., with a second one just above the first 1b, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69. 137b. Axillary buds not superposed 2b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 138a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as long as the blade 1a, in AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69. 138b. Leaves short-petioled or sessile — 139. 139a. Stems erect and straight, unbranched or with very few branches 27, in ROSACEAE, p. 53. 139b. Stems more or less crooked and freely branched, making a spreading shrub 25, in ERICACEAE, p. 86. — 140— 140a. Flowers appearing in autumn, after the leaves have fallen HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51. 140b. Flowers appearing in spring, before the leaves have opened — 141. 141a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 142.   141b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without brightly colored or petal-like parts — 149. 142a. Leaves 2-ranked, as shown by the arrangement of buds and leaf-scars in two longitudinal rows, so that the third bud is directly over the first — 143. 142b. Leaves and leaf-scars not 2-ranked — 146. 143a. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar — 144. 143b. Bundle-scars several in each leaf-scar 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 144a. Leaf-buds with only 1-3 visible bud-scales 10, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 144b. Leaf-buds with more than 3 visible scales — 145. 145a. Bark of the branches smooth and dark gray, the larger stems fluted with projecting longitudinal ridges 1b, in BETULACEAE, p. 21. 145b. Branches without projecting ridges 4, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 146a. Pith 3-angled 8, in BETULACEAE, p. 22. 146b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in FAGACEAE, p. 23. 146c. Pith cylindrical — 147. 147a. Visible outer bud-scales 2 or more — 148. 147b. Buds with a single visible outer scale 13, in SALICACEAE, p. 20. 148a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar MYRICACEAE, p. 20. 148b. Bundle-scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar 2b, in URTICACEAE, p. 23. 149a. Flowers dark red-purple, about 3 cm. wide ANONACEAE, p. 40. 149b. Flowers bright pink, irregular, about 1 cm. wide 3a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 149c. Flowers white, with 5 conspicuous petals — 150. 149d. Flowers greenish or yellowish, small, inconspicuous — 152. 150a. Ovary 1, superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and not attached to surrounding parts 36, in ROSACEAE, p. 54. 150b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel — 151. 151a. Flowers in racemes or solitary 42b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 151b. Flowers in flattened or rounded branching clusters 42a, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 152a. Stems thorny 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65. 152b. Stems not thorny — 153.   153a. Bark pleasantly aromatic when crushed; perianth with 6 parts — 154. 153b. Bark not pleasantly aromatic; perianth with 4 short lobes THYMELAEACEAE, p. 77. 154a. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters 1a, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 154b. Flowers in peduncled terminal clusters 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. — 155— 155a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen — 54. 155b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like — 156. 156a. Twining or climbing vines — 56. 156b. Not twining or climbing — 157. 157a. Leaves opposite — 158. 157b. Leaves alternate — 165. 158a. Leaves compound — 68. 158b. Leaves simple — 159. 159a. Leaves broad, palmately lobed — 160. 159b. Leaves not palmately lobed — 161. 160a. Flowers greenish-yellow, in racemes or panicles 2a, in ACERACEAE, p. 70. 160b. Flowers white, in rounded or flattened clusters 22a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 111. 161a. Flowers in close clusters, subtended by four large white petal-like bracts 4b, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 161b. Flowers small, white, in dense spherical heads 1a, in RUBIACEAE, p. 108. 161c. Flowers not in dense heads, and not subtended by petal-like bracts — 162. 162a. Petals separate from each other — 163. 162b. Petals united with each other — 164. 163a. Flowers dark purple-red 1b, in CELASTRACEAE. p. 69. 163b. Flowers bright yellow 1a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 73. 163c. Flowers pink-purple; aquatic shrubs 1a, in LYTHRACEAE, p. 77. 163d. Flowers white 5, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 163e. Flowers minute, greenish; twigs usually thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 163f. Flowers small, yellowish; leaves silvery beneath ELAEAGNACEAE, p. 77. 164a. Stamens 2 1a, in OLEACEAE, p. 88. 164b. Stamens 4 or 5 11, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 110. 164c. Stamens 10 18a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85. 165a. Leaves once-compound — 166.   165b. Leaves simple — 172. 165c. Leaves twice- or thrice-compound 4a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 166a. Flowers small, greenish or greenish-yellow — 167. 166b. Flowers conspicuous, white, or brightly colored — 170. 167a. Stems thorny 1a, in RUTACEAE, p. 65. 167b. Stems not thorny — 168. 168a. Leaflets 3, entire or minutely toothed 1b, in RUTACEAE, p. 65. 168b. Leaflets 3, conspicuously toothed 1b, in ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68. 168c. Leaflets more than 3 — 169. 169a. Leaflets entire except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their base SIMARUBACEAE, p. 65. 169b. Leaflets entire, or toothed for their entire length ANACARDIACEAE, p. 68. 170a. Flowers with a single bright-blue petal 8a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 170b. Flowers with several petals — 171. 171a. Flowers regular 3, in ROSACEAE, p. 51. 171b. Flowers irregular, the upper petal the largest 4, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 172a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74. 172b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube EMPETRACEAE, p. 68. 172c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color — 173. 173a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem 4b, in ERICACEAE, p. 84. 173b. Leaves deciduous — 174. 174a. Flowers in catkins, without petal-like parts — 142. 174b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petal-like parts — 175. 175a. Flowers small, inconspicuous, yellowish or greenish in color — 176. 175b. Flowers white or colored, with conspicuous petals — 180. 176a. Leaves broad and palmately lobed; stem thorny 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 176b. Leaves entire, toothed, or with 2-3 entire lobes; stem not thorny — 177. 177a. Flowers in small axillary clusters; foliage not spicy-aromatic — 178.   177b. Flowers in clusters terminating last year's twigs; foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 178a. Petals none; sepals present 2b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 178b. Petals present but small — 179. 179a. A stamen in front of each petal 2a, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 179b. A stamen between each two petals AQUIFOLIACEAE, p. 69. 180a. Petals united with each other; stamens 8-10 24, in ERICACEAE, p. 86. 180b. Petals separate from each other — 181. 181a. Petals 4 — 182. 181b. Petals 5 — 183. 181c. Petal-like sepals 6; real petals none; foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in LAURACEAE, p. 41. 181d. Petals 6; sepals also present — 187. 182a. Flowers in late spring or early summer 2a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 182b. Flowers in autumn HAMAMELIDACEAE, p. 51. 183a. Corolla irregular, the upper petal largest 3b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 183b. Corolla regular, all petals alike in size and shape — 184. 184a. Stamens 5 — 185. 184b. Stamens 10 or more 24, in ROSACEAE, p. 53. 185a. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary clusters 2, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 185b. Flowers in branching clusters — 186. 186a. Leaves palmately lobed; stem thorny 1a, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 186b. Leaves not lobed; stem not thorny 1b, in RHAMNACEAE, p. 71. 187a. Flowers dark red-purple ANONACEAE, p. 40. 187b. Flowers yellow 2a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. ГРУППА 2, НЕОБЫЧНЫЕ РАСТЕНИЯ 1a. Small brown leafless plants, growing as parasites on the tamarack or black spruce LORANTHACEAE, p. 25. 1b. Aquatic plants, with all or most of the leaves submerged, or leafless — 2. 1c. Aquatic plants, with the leaves or the whole plant floating on or near the surface — 20. 1d. Terrestrial or marsh plants, without floating or submerged leaves — 29. 2a. Submerged aquatics, without leaves — 3. 2b. Submerged aquatics, with the leaves linear or dissected — 4. 3a. Flowers showy, yellow or purple LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105. 3b. Flowers small and inconspicuous, sessile, purplish or greenish 3a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 4a. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not lobed or dissected — 5. 4b. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected — 13. 5a. Leaves all basal — 6. 5b. Stem-leaves present — 7. 6a. Flowers blue, 1 cm. long or more; leaves cylindrical, blunt, hollow, partitioned lengthwise 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113. 6b. Flowers yellow; leaves minute LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105. 6c. Flowers white, in clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, not hollow 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3. 6d. Flowers greenish, solitary at the end of elongated peduncles; leaves very long and ribbon-like, flat or trough-shape 1a, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3. 6e. Flowers minute, whitish or lead-color, in heads ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9. 7a. Leaves alternate — 8. 7b. Leaves opposite — 10. 7c. Leaves whorled — 12. 8a. Leaves with thin sheathing stipules 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 8b. Leaves without stipules — 9. 9a. Flowers greenish, in a head SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2. 9b. Flowers pale yellow 1b, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10. 10a. Leaves serrate 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 10b. Leaves entire — 11. 11a. Leaves 2 cm. long or less CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68. 11b. Leaves thread-like, 2-8 cm. long 2a, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 11c. Leaves linear to elliptical, more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 12a. Leaves in whorls of 3, abruptly widened at the base 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 12b. Leaves in whorls of 3, widest near the middle 1b, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3. 12c. Stems straight and erect, at leaves the flowers emerged; leaves in whorls of 4 or more 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 13a. Leaves with numerous small bladders attached, each bladder 1-3 mm. long LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105. 13b. Leaves without bladders — 14. 14a. Leaves alternate — 15. 14b. Leaves opposite or whorled — 18. 15a. Delicate and rare plants growing attached to stones in running water PODOSTEMACEAE, p. 48. 15b. Plants 2 dm. high or more, with roots in mud or sand — 16. 16a. Leaves once-pinnate — 17. 16b. Leaves 2-3 times pinnate 15b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81. 16c. Leaves palmately dissected 1b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 17a. Taste peppery or mustardy 34, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 45. 17b. Taste not peppery or mustardy 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 18a. Leaves pinnately compound 3b, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 18b. Leaves palmately compound — 19. 19a. Leaves opposite or in whorls of four 119a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 123. 19b. Leaves in whorls of 5-12 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 34. 20a. Plants small, flattened, rounded or ovate, without distinction of stem and leaf; the whole plant floating on or near the surface LEMNACEAE, p. 9. 20b. Plant attached to the soil, with differentiated stem and leaves — 21. 21a. Leaves on long slender stalks, which bear also a cluster of slender tubers near the leaf-base; leaves heart-shape 1b, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88. 21b. Leaf-stalks without a cluster of tubers — 22. 22a. Leaves all basal — 23. 22b. Stem-leaves present — 24. 23a. Leaves parallel-veined 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3. 23b. Leaves net-veined 1b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35. 24a. Leaves opposite or whorled — 25. 24b. Leaves alternate — 26. 25a. Leaves less than 2 cm. long CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68. 25b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 26a. Leaves attached by the center to the stalk 2b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35. 26b. Leaves attached by the margin — 27. 27a. Leaves parallel-veined — 28. 27b. Leaves net-veined, with a single mid-vein; lanceolate or elliptical in outline 29b, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 28. 28a. Leaves not over 2 dm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2. 28b. Leaves very long and grass-like 14a, in GRAMINEAE, p. 5. 29a. Brown, yellow, or white plants, without green color — 30. 29b. Plants with normal green color, at least in some parts — 33. 30a. Stemless and leafless plants, consisting of flowers only and partly underground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8. 30b. Stems climbing on other plants 1b, in CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91. 30c. Stem and flower-stalks erect, not climbing — 31. 31a. Corolla regular; stamens 6-12 1a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84. 31b. Corolla irregular — 32. 32a. Sepals and petals each 3; flowers in simple racemes 5a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16. 32b. Sepals 5; corolla of united petals OROBANCHACEAE, p. 106. 33a. Stem thick and fleshy, leafless, thorny CACTACEAE, p. 77. 33b. Stem not thorny — 34. 34a. Leaves none — 35. 34b. Leaves reduced to small scales — 40. 34c. Leaves thick and fleshy — 44. 34d. Leaves hollow — 45. 34e. Leaves small, all basal, bearing large glandular hairs on the upper surface DROSERACEAE, p. 48. 35a. Stem none, the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the surface of the soil 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8. 35b. Stem present — 36. 36a. Stem freely branched 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10. 36b. Stem unbranched, except possibly in the flower-clusters — 37. 37a. Flowers greenish or brownish, without obvious colored petals — 38.   37b. Flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals — 39. 38a. Each flower with 6 small chaffy petals 4, in JUNCACEAE, p. 10. 38b. Petals none; each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract 2a, in CYPERACEAE, p. 7. 39a. Flowers regular 34a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11. 39b. Flowers irregular 10a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16. 40a. Stem erect, unbranched or with one or two branches only — 41. 40b. Stem freely branched — 42. 41a. Plants of moist soil, with opposite scales; corolla regular, with 4 petal-like lobes 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88. 41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105. 42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74 42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem — 43. 43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10. 43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow 7a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 74. 44a. Sepals 2 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34. 44b. Sepals 4 or 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48. 45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top SARRACENIACEAE, p. 48. 45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in LILIACEAE, p. 13. ГРУППА 3, ОДНОДОЛЬНЫЕ 1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes DIOSCOREACEAE, p. 14. 1b. Plants with milky juice 13a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115. 1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky juice. — 2. 2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, or sword-shape ARACEAE, p. 8. 2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters — 3. 2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class — 9. 3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, or leafless and the stems not jointed — 4. 3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a — 5. 4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, usually hollow GRAMINEAE, p. 4. 4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually 3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid CYPERACEAE, p. 7. 5a. Flowers in dense spikes — 6. 5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles — 7. 6a. Spike terminal, with pistillate flowers at the base and staminate ones at the apex TYPHACEAE, p. 2. 6b. Spike short, apparently lateral, near the apex of the stem 3a, in ARACEAE, p. 8. 7a. Flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes, the lowest heads pistillate, the upper staminate; ovary 1-celled SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2. 7b. Flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched stalks ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9. 7c. Flowers in a spike-like raceme; ovaries 3-6, separate or nearly so JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3. 7d. Flowers in heads or panicles, all perfect, not woolly, with one ovary — 8. 8a. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, or none; divisions of the perianth 6 JUNCACEAE, p. 10. 8b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 9a. Flowers regular, with all the petals of approximately the same size and shape — 10. 9b. Flowers irregular, with the petals of each flower not of the same size or shape — 22. 10a. Ovaries 3 or more, separate or barely united with each other at the base — 11. 10b. Ovary one in each flower — 12. 11a. Ovaries 3-6 in number; flowers in spikes or racemes; leaves linear JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3. 11b. Ovaries more than 6 ALISMACEAE, p. 3. 12a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so — 13. 12b. Flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks — 14. 13a. Leaves minute and scale-like; flowers greenish-yellow 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10. 13b. Leaves linear, grass-like 3b, in IRIDACEAE, p. 13. 13c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not grass-like or scale-like 2b, in LILIACEAE, p. 10. 14a. Divisions of the perianth 5-12 cm. long — 15. 14b. Divisions of the perianth less than 5 cm. long — 16. 15a. Flowers blue, or blue marked with yellow 1a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15. 15b. Flowers not blue 12a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11. 16a. Flowers solitary — 17. 16b. Flowers 2 or more, in some kind of a cluster — 18. 17a. Leaves 2, broadly heart-shape, basal, on long stalks 1b, in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25. 17b. Leaves not heart-shape 20, 20, in LILIACEAE, p. 12. 18a. Divisions of the perianth (4 to 6) all essentially alike — 19. 18b. Perianth differentiated into sepals and 2 or 3 colored petals — 21. 19a. Flowers in umbels — 20.   19b. Flowers in dense round heads; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 19c. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles 38, in LILIACEAE, p. 13. 20a. Ovary inferior, appearing below the perianth as a swelling at the apex of the stalk; flowers bright yellow; leaves linear AMARYLLIDACEAE, p. 14. 20b. Ovary inferior; flowers blue or white, terminating a flattened winged leafless flower-stalk 3a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15. 20c. Ovary superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and separate from the perianth 31, in LILIACEAE, p. 13. 21a. Flowers in dense heads, yellow, 1 cm. wide or smaller XYRIDACEAE, p. 9. 21b. Flowers in umbels, blue or white, 2 cm. wide or larger COMMELINACEAE, p. 9. 22a. Flowers blue; ovary superior (defined under 20c); stamens distinct from the other parts of the flower — 23. 22b. Ovary inferior (defined under 20a); floral structure complex; stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure ORCHIDACEAE, p. 15. 23a. Leaves triangular-heart-shape at base; marsh plants 1a, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10. 23b. Leaves not heart-shape at base COMMELINACEAE, p. 9. ГРУППА 4, ДВУДОЛЬНЫЕ 1a. Foliage leaves all or principally basal; flower-stalk either completely leafless, or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves only. Bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves — 2. 1b. Stem-leaves present on the stem, either one or more in number, and not limited to a single opposite pair — 3. 2a. Leaves compound — 7. 2b. Leaves simple — 18. 3a. Stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled (the bracts of the flower clusters may be alternate) — 4. 3b. Stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate — 5. 4a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, the perianth none or greenish or chaffy, and never petal-like in appearance — 50. 4b. Flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 66. 5a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, without any white or colored petal-like perianth — 118. 5b. Flowers large or small, but with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 6. 6a. Flowers small, not exceeding 3 mm. in length or breadth — 144. 6b. Flowers larger, more than 3 mm. in length or breadth — 166. — 7— 7a. Leaves twice to three times compound or dissected — 8. 7b. Leaves once-compound — 11. 8a. Flowers in racemes 2b, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41. 8b. Flowers in umbels — 9. 9a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide, white or greenish-white — 10. 9b. Flowers 10-20 mm. wide, conspicuous 45b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39. 10a. Leaflets 5-15 cm. long 5b, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 10b. Leaflets not over 2 cm. long 16a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81. 11a. Leaflets 2 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. 11b. Leaflets three or more — 12. 12a. Leaflets entire or very finely toothed — 13. 12b. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed — 15. 13a. Flowers irregular, in dense head-like umbels 37a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 61. 13b. Flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly enclosing a fleshy spike 2, in ARACEAE, p. 8. 13c. Flowers regular, solitary or in loose clusters — 14. 14a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape, not over 2 cm. long OXALIDACEAE, p. 64. 14b. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long 1c, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88. 15a. Flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals — 16. 15b. Flowers with one kind of perianth only (calyx), with broad and petal-like parts 32, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38. 15c. Flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals 38b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39. 16a. Petals and sepals each 4 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44. 16b. Petals and sepals each 5 or more — 17. 17a. Leaves with stipules ROSACEAE, p. 51. 17b. Leaves without stipules 23b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 37. — 18— 18a. Stem-leaves a single opposite pair (basal leaves may also be present) — 19. 18b. Stem-leaves none — 23. 19a. Leaves entire — 20. 19b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 21. 20a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly kidney-shape ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25. 20b. Flowers in racemes; leaves linear or lanceolate PORTULACACEAE, p. 34. 21a. Flowers in racemes; petals deeply toothed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51. 21b. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster; petals entire or nearly so — 22. 22a. Petals 5 GERANIACEAE, p. 64. 22b. Petals 6 or more 2b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p.40. 23a. Flowers or flower-clusters sessile, at or partly beneath the surface of the ground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8. 23b. Flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks — 24. 23b. Flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk — 38. 24a. Flowers yellow — 25. 24b. Flowers not yellow — 29. 25a. Juice milky 16, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115. 25b. Juice not milky — 26. 26a. Aquatic or mud plants, with large entire leaves 1-4 dm. wide NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35. 26b. Land plants, with smaller or lobed leaves — 27. 27a. Flower-stalk scaly 110, in COMPOSITAE, p. 122. 27b. Flower-stalk bare or with 1 to 2 minute bracts — 28. 28a. Flowers regular 10, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36. 28b. Flowers irregular, with a spur 3a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75. 29a. Flowers obviously irregular, with a spur — 30. 29b. Flowers regular or nearly so, without a spur — 31. 30a. Leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 2 LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105. 30b. Leaves petioled; stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, p. 75. 31a. Flowers 3 mm. wide or smaller; leaves thread-like 16a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 103. 31b. Flowers 6 mm. wide or larger — 32. 32a. Ovary 1 — 33. 32b. Ovaries numerous — 37. 33a. Leaves lobed or cleft — 34. 33b. Leaves entire or toothed — 35. 34a. Leaves deeply 2-cleft; stamens 8 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. 34b. Leaf 1, palmately lobed; stamens numerous 1a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41. 35a. Flowers dull red ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25. 35b. Flowers white or pinkish — 36. 36a. Leaves entire; stamens with good anthers 5 13, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50. 36b. Leaves minutely toothed; stamens 8-10 14a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85. 37a. Leaves lobed or divided RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 37b. Leaves crenate or toothed 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56. — 38— 38a. Flowers of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 10, in COMPOSITAE. p. 114. 38b. Flowers separate; variously clustered, but never crowded into involucred heads — 39. 39a. Flowers in dense close spikes — 40.   39b. Flowers in open loose clusters — 42. 40a. Flower-stalk leafless below the spike PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 107. 40b. Flower-stalk with several bracts — 41. 41a. Leaves entire 9c, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16. 41b. Leaves toothed 6a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 102. 42a. Flowers in umbels — 43. 42b. Flowers in racemes, panicles, flat-topped clusters, or merely 1 or 2 — 45. 43a. Leaves almost round, peltate, palmately veined 3a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 43b. Leaves at least twice as long as broad, with a single mid-vein — 44. 44a. Stamens 5 PRIMULACEAE, p. 87. 44b. Stamens 10 15, in ERICACEAE, p. 85. 45a. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, obtuse. 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113. 45b. Leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs; bog plant with flowers in racemes DROSERACEAE, p. 48. 45c. Leaves flat, pubescent or smooth, but not with long glandular hairs — 46. 46a. Sepals and petals each 4 53, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46. 46b. Sepals and petals each 5 — 47. 46c. Sepals 6; petals none; flowers minute, green; leaves frequently lobed at the base 4, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 25. 47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105. 47b. Petals separate from each other — 48. 48a. Stamens 10; style 1 ERICACEAE, p. 84. 48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous — 49. 49a. Flowers white 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56. 49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36. — 50— 50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 51. 50b. Leaves entire or toothed — 54. 51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles URTICACEAE, p. 23. 51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters — 52. 52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 52b. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary — 53. 53a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; swamp plants with flowers in spikes or solitary HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 53b. Leaves lobed, or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected; weedy plants with flowers in racemes 2, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114. 54a. Juice milky 3, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 67. 54b. Juice not milky or colored — 55. 55a. Leaves whorled — 56. 55b. Leaves all opposite — 58. 56a. Aquatic or mud plants with erect stems 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 56b. Prostrate weedy terrestrial plants AIZOACEAE, p. 31. 56c. Erect or ascending terrestrial plants — 57. 57a. Leaves more than 2.5 cm. long 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 57b. Leaves 2 cm. long or less 3a, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87. 58a. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, or other clusters — 59. 58b. Flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves — 61. 59a. Leaves less than 5 mm. long 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88. 59b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long — 60. 60a. Inflorescence chiefly terminal, panicled 2, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114. 60b. Inflorescence chiefly axillary URTICACEAE, p. 23. 61a. Flowers on long pedicels 2, in CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31. 61b. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile — 62. 62a. Stem erect, repeatedly branched; leaves linear to oblong ILLECEBRACEAE, p. 31. 62b. Stem decumbent or prostrate — 63. 63a. Leaves round, ovate, or kidney-shape, rounded at the base, crenate or lobed 12a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50. 63b. Leaves of a narrower shape, entire, tapering toward the base — 64. 64a. Principal leaves 2-3 cm. long 1a, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78. 64b. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less — 65. 65a. Petals present ELATINACEAE, p. 74. 65b. Petals none CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68. — 66— 66a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 67. 66b. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, but not in involucred heads — 70. 67a. Involucre of 4 conspicuous white bracts, much larger than the small flower-cluster 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 67b. Involucral bracts green or somewhat colored — 68. 68a. Stem more or less prickly DIPSACACEAE, p. 112. 68b. Stem and leaves not prickly — 69. 69a. Stem square; foliage aromatic when crushed LABIATAE, p. 95. 69b. Stem not square; foliage not with the odor of mint COMPOSITAE, p. 113. 70a. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of separate parts — 71. 70b. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of united parts — 97. 71a. Stem-leaves compound, or cleft to the very base — 72. 71b. Stem-leaves simple — 78. 72a. Stamens more than 10 in each flower — 73. 72b. Stamens 5-10 in each flower — 75. 73a. Ovary 1 in each flower 2a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41. 73b. Ovaries several in each flower — 74. 74a. Leaves pinnately compound 68a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57. 74b. Leaves palmately compound RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 75a. Stamens 6 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44. 75b. Stamens 5 or 10 — 76. 76a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow OXALIDACEAE, p. 64. 76b. Leaflets not reverse heart-shape; flowers white, greenish, or pink — 77. 77a. Flowers greenish or white, about 2 mm. broad ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 77b. Flowers 5 mm. broad or larger GERANIACEAE, p. 64. 78a. Juice milky — 79. 78b. Juice not milky — 80. 79a. A 3-lobed ovary with 3 short styles visible in some of the flowers EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66. 79b. Ovaries 2 in the center of each flower (sometimes concealed by other organs); sepals and petals each 5 — 104. 80a. Perianth with one circle of parts only — 81. 80b. Each flower with both calyx and corolla — 82. 81a. Stem prostrate; flowers only 2 mm. broad AIZOACEAE, p. 31. 81b. Stem erect; flowers at least 20 mm. wide 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 82a. Petals 2 or 4 — 83. 82b. Petals 3 22, in LILIACEAE, p. 12. 82c. Petals 5 or 6 — 84. 83a. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins MELASTOMACEAE, p. 77. 83b. Leaves with 1 principal mid-vein ONAGRACEAE, p. 78. 84a. Leaves palmately lobed — 85. 84b. Leaves entire or toothed, or with 1-2 small lobes near the base only — 86. 85a. Petals entire or notched at the end GERANIACEAE, p. 64. 85b. Petals conspicuously fringed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51. 86a. Ovary 1 — 87. 86b. Ovaries 2, surrounded and concealed by other organs ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90. 86c. Ovaries 4-5 2b, in CRASSULACEAE, p. 48. 87a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots (easily seen when the leaf is held to the light) HYPERICACEAE, p. 73. 87b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots — 88. 88a. Leaves only 1-3 mm. long, closely appressed and concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74. 88b. Leaves larger, not concealing the stem — 89. 89a. Style 1 or none — 90. 89b. Styles 2 to 7 — 94. 90a. Stamens 5 — 91. 90b. Stamens 10 — 92. 90c. Stamens neither 5 nor 10 — 93. 91a. Flowers blue, sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts LYTHRACEAE, p. 77. 91b. Flowers not in terminal bracted spikes PRIMULACEAE, p. 87. 92a. Leaves entire LYTHRACEAE, p. 77. 92b. Leaves toothed or crenate ERICACEAE, p. 84. 93a. Flowers irregular; petals 3 POLYGALACEAE, p. 65. 93b. Flowers regular; petals 5 or more LYTHRACEAE, p. 77. 94a. Sepals 2, partly attached to the ovary PORTULACACEAE, p. 34. 94b. Sepals 5, free from the ovary — 95. 95a. Stamens 5 — 96. 95b. Stamens not 5 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31. 96a. Flowers blue or yellow LINACEAE, p. 63. 96b. Flowers white or pinkish CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31. — 97— 97a. Perianth with but one circle of floral leaves — 98. 97b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla — 101. 98a. Flowers small, in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts — 99. 98b. Flowers 2-5, in a colored spreading 5-lobed involucre NYCTAGINACEAE, p. 31. 98c. Flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary, but never in heads with a conspicuous involucre — 100. 99a. Bracts 4, white and conspicuous; stem not thorny 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83. 99b. Bracts green; stem thorny DIPSACACEAE, p. 112. 100a. Stamens 3 VALERIANACEAE, p. 111. 100b. Stamens 4 or 5 RUBIACEAE, p. 108. 101a. Anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla — 102. 101b. Anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla — 103. 101c. Anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla — 110. 102a. Leaves simple POLYGALACEAE, p. 65. 102b. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets OXALIDACEAE, p. 64. 102c. Leaves finely dissected; stems climbing 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41. 103a. Ovaries 2 — 104. 103b. Ovary 1, but very deeply 4-lobed, with a single style LABIATAE, p. 95. 103c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed — 105. 104a. Stamens united, surrounding and more or less concealing the ovaries, and not resembling ordinary stamens ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90. 104b. Stamens separate, of ordinary structure APOCYNACEAE, p. 90. 105a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel — 106. 105b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower — 107. 106a. Corolla 3-4-lobed RUBIACEAE, p. 108. 106b. Corolla 5-lobed 3b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109. 107a. Leaves toothed or deeply cut VERBENACEAE, p. 99. 107b. Leaves entire — 108. 108a. A stamen in front of the middle of each petal PRIMULACEAE, p. 87. 108b. Stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla, or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their position is not easily ascertained — 109. 109a. Corolla salver-form, with a very slender tube, and abruptly spreading lobes POLEMONIACEAE, p. 92. 109b. Corolla salver-form, with a wide tube and fringed blue petals GENTIANACEAE, p. 88. 109c. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or bell-shape GENTIANACEAE, p. 88. 110a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, appearing like 4 separate ovaries; style 1 LABIATAE, p. 95. 110b. Ovary not 4-lobed — 111. 111a. Stamens 2 — 112. 111b. Stamens 3 VALERIANACEAE, p. 111. 111c. Stamens 4 — 113. 112a. Flowers in dense heads 1a, in ACANTHACEAE, p. 107. 112b. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 113a. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped and irregular — 114. 113b. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped, its 5 lobes all alike or nearly so — 115. 114a. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip with 3 awl-shape teeth, the lower with 2 short teeth; flowers in slender terminal spikes PHRYMACEAE, p. 107. 114b. Calyx not obviously 2-lipped, its teeth equal or nearly so SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 115a. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in spikes — 116. 115b. Flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk 3a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109. 115c. Flowers solitary or in clusters; not in spikes or nodding pairs — 117. 116a. Corolla not over 1 cm. long VERBENACEAE, p. 99. 116b. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or more SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 117a. Calyx-lobes 15-25 mm. long; flowers blue, 3-5 cm. long; calyx without an obvious tube 2, in ACANTHACEAE, p. 107. 117b. Calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. — 118— 118a. Leaves deeply lobed, compound, or dissected — 119. 118b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 129. 119a. Leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed — 120. 119b. Leaves once-palmately compound or lobed — 124. 119c. Leaves dissected or 2-3 times compound — 125. 120a. Leaves merely lobed — 121. 120b. Leaves actually compound — 123. 121a. Flowers axillary; marsh or swamp plants HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 121b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 122. 122a. Stamens 2-6; taste mustard-like 52b, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46. 122b. Stamens 10 or more RESEDACEAE, p. 48. 123a. Leaflets entire LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 68. 123b. Leaflets serrate 70a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57. 124a. Flowers solitary 31a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38. 124b. Flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 124c. Flowers in terminal racemes 2a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114. 124d. Flowers in axillary spikes or panicles 9b, in URTICACEAE, p. 24. 125a. Leaves merely dissected, not truly compound with distinct leaflets — 126. 125b. Leaves truly compound, with distinct petiolate leaflets — 127. 126a. Flowers in axillary clusters CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28. 126b. Flowers in terminal clusters COMPOSITAE, p. 113. 127a. Stamens 5; flowers in umbels — 128. 127b. Stamens 6; flowers in small clusters 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. 127c. Stamens many; flowers in racemes or panicles RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 128a. Styles 5 ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 128b. Styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 129a. Flowers in dense cottony heads; plants more or less white-woolly 79, in COMPOSITAE, p. 120. 129b. Pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre, ripening into a bur 3a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114. 129c. Flowers minute, subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts 1a, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66. 129d. Plants without any of the preceding characters — 130. 130a. Plants with milky or colored juice 10, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 67. 130b. Plants with tendrils, at least on the upper leaves 4a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11. 130c. Plants of nettle-like character, with stinging hairs 8b, in URTICACEAE, p. 24. 130d. Plants with sheathing stipules, surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 25. 130e. Plants with smooth, pale, juicy, almost translucent stems 12a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24. 130f. Plants without any of the preceding structures or habits — 131. 131a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters — 132.   131b. Flowers in terminal, or terminal and axillary clusters — 138. 132a. Leaves linear CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28. 132b. Leaves of a broader shape than linear — 133. 133a. Flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers — 134. 133b. Flowers without conspicuous bracts — 135. 134a. Leaves broadest below the middle 8a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24. 134b. Leaves broadest above the middle 2, in AMARANTHACEAE, p. 30. 135a. Principal leaves 3 cm. long or more — 136. 135b. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. long or less — 137. 136a. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75. 136b. Flowers erect in the axils 2a, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78. 137a. Leaves narrowly oblong 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79. 137b. Leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape 12a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50. 138a. Flowers in racemes or simple spikes — 139. 138b. Flowers in panicles or other branched clusters — 141. 139a. Leaves toothed or lobed 52b, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46. 139b. Leaves entire — 140. 140a. Flowers sessile; leaves heart-shape PIPERACEAE, p. 19. 140b. Flowers pedicelled; leaves obovate 8b, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87. 141a. Individual flowers distinct from each other, on pedicels — 142. 141b. Individual flowers crowded in close clusters, or separate and sessile — 143. 142a. Leaves finely serrate 3b, in CRASSULACEAE, p. 49. 142b. Leaves entire 1b, in CISTACEAE, p. 74. 143a. Flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts AMARANTHACEAE, p. 30. 143b. Flower-clusters without bracts, or (rarely) with bracts which are not sharp-pointed CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28. — 144— 144a. Juice not milky — 145. 144b. Juice milky; apparent flowers consisting of a few white or colored petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be plainly seen 145a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 146. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66. 145b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but not in involucred heads — 147. 146a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets; stipules present LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 146b. Stipules none COMPOSITAE, p. 113. 147a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 148. 147b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 154. 148a. Flowers irregular LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 148b. Flowers regular — 149. 149a. Petals 3 LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 68. 149b. Petals 4 — 150. 149c. Petals 5 or more — 151. 150a. Stamens 4 70a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57. 150b. Stamens 6 CRUCIFERAE, p. 42. 150c. Stamens numerous 43, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39. 151a. Flowers in heads or umbels — 152. 151b. Flowers in slender spikes or racemes — 153. 152a. Styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 152b. Styles 5 ARALIACEAE, p. 80. 153a. Leaves ternately compound 43, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39. 153b. Leaves once-pinnately compound 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 154a. Flowers irregular — 155. 154b. Flowers regular — 156. 155a. Stamens 2 40b, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 104. 155b. Stamens 5 or 10 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 155c. Stamens 6 or 8 POLYGALACEAE, p. 65. 156a. With sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of each leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 24. 156b. Stipules not encircling the stem, or none — 157. 157a. Petals 3 CISTACEAE, p. 74. 157b. Petals 4 — 158. 157c. Petals 5 — 161. 158a. Stamens 2 — 159. 158b. Stamens 6 CRUCIFERAE, p. 42. 158c. Stamens 8 — 160. 159a. Corolla perfectly regular; flowers in terminal clusters without bracts, becoming racemes; taste peppery 52a, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46. 159b. Corolla slightly irregular; flowers in bracted clusters, or axillary; taste not peppery 40b, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 104. 160a. Delicate trailing evergreen, with flowers solitary in the axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves 22b, in ERICACEAE, p. 85. 160b. Erect or nearly so; flowers in terminal clusters 12b, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78. 161a. Leaves sword-shape, finely parallel-veined, with bristly margins 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 161b. Leaves not sword-shape — 162. 162a. Leaves toothed or lobed — 163. 162b. Leaves entire — 164. 163a. Stems creeping 2b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 163b. Stems erect or nearly so SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 164a. Flowers in open panicles; leaves principally basal SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 164b. Flowers in rounded or flattened clusters; leaves principally on the stem SANTALACEAE, p. 24. 164c. Flowers in racemes, which become elongated at maturity — 165. 165a. Foliage glabrous 8b, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87. 165b. Foliage pubescent BORAGINACEAE, p. 93. — 166— 166a. Juice milky or colored — 167. 166b. Juice watery, not colored — 172. 167a. Apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be seen EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66. 167b. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 11, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115. 167c. Flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a single flower — 168. 168a. Corolla very irregular; stamens protruding LOBELIACEAE, p. 113 168b. Corolla regular — 169. 169a. Stamens with ordinary visible anthers; ovary 1 — 170.   169b. Stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost unrecognizable; ovaries 2 ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90. 170a. Petals separate PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41. 170b. Petals united — 171. 171a. Stamens attached to the tube of the corolla CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91. 171b. Stamens attached at the very base of the corolla CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112. 172a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 173. 172b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in involucred heads — 174. 173a. True composites, without a normal calyx COMPOSITAE, p. 113. 173b. A normal calyx with each floweret; leaves compound with 3 leaflets LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 174a. Flowers irregular, i. e., the conspicuous lobes of the perianth unlike in size or shape — 175. 174b. Flowers regular — 185. 175a. Stamens 2 or 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 175b. Stamens 5 — 176. 175c. Stamens 6 — 181. 175d. Stamens 8; leaves simple POLYGALACEAE, p. 65. 175e. Stamens 10; leaves usually compound LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58. 175f. Stamens more than 10 — 183. 176a. Petals separate — 177. 176b. Petals united — 179. 177a. Flowers greenish or purplish, in a panicle SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 177b. Flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 177c. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered clusters — 178. 178a. Flowers blue, yellow, or white, in spring VIOLACEAE, p. 75. 178b. Flowers red-orange or yellow, in summer BALSAMINACEAE, p. 71. 178c. Flowers small and greenish, in spring 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75. 179a. Anthers united; stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla LOBELIACEAE, p. 113. 179b. Anthers separate; corolla almost regular — 180. 180a. Corolla rotate; some or all filaments hairy 2, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 180b. Corolla funnel-form, dull yellow and purple; filaments not hairy 12a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 101. 180c. Corolla funnel-form, blue or violet; filaments not hairy 7b, in BORAGINACEAE, p. 94. 181a. Leaves compound or dissected FUMARIACEAE, p. 41. 181b. Leaves simple — 182. 182a. Flowers solitary ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25. 182b. Flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes POLYGALACEAE, p. 65. 183a. Leaves truly compound — 184. 183b. Leaves palmately cleft; flowers 15 mm. wide or larger 6a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36. 183c. Leaves irregularly cleft; flowers about 5 mm. wide RESEDACEAE, p. 48. 184a. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs 6b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36. 184b. Petals not prolonged into spurs CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 47. — 185— 185a. Perianth consisting of one circle of parts only (usually considered to be the calyx) — 186. 185b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla — 192. 186a. Leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the base of every leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 25. 186b. Leaves without sheathing stipules — 187. 187a. Leaves entire — 188. 187b. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound — 190. 188a. Stamens 5 SANTALACEAE, p. 24. 188b. Stamens 6 — 189. 188c. Stamens 10 PHYTOLACCACEAE, p. 30. 189a. Perianth-lobes 3; perianth-tube curved ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25. 189b. Perianth-lobes 6, spreading 4a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11. 190a. Stamens 5 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 190b. Stamens 6 — 191. 190c. Stamens more than 6 RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 191a. Climbing plant with heart-shape perianth 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41. 191b. Erect plant, with spreading perianth 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. 192a. Corolla composed of united petals — 193. 192b. Corolla composed of separate petals — 208. 193a. Stamens 2 or 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 193b. Stamens 3; climbing vines CUCURBITACEAE, p. 112. 193c. Stamens 5 — 194. 193d. Stamens 6 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41. 193e. Stamens 8 22b, in ERICACEAE, p. 85. 193f. Stamens 10 — 207. 193g. Stamens very numerous MALVACEAE, p. 72. 194a. Ovaries 2; flowers orange-red, in umbels 7a, in ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 91. 194b. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; flowers in racemes BORAGINACEAE, p. 93. 194c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed — 195. 195a. Climbing or scrambling vines — 196. 195b. Not climbing or scrambling — 198. 196a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide — 197. 196b. Flowers 2-8 cm. wide CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91. 197a. Leaves 1 cm. wide or less 2b, in CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112. 197b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more 4a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 198a. Flowers solitary, either terminal or axillary — 199. 198b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 201. 199a. Calyx concealed by 2 bracts CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91. 199b. Calyx not completely concealed by bracts — 200. 200a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the base of the flower, 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112. 200b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 201a. Some or all filaments hairy — 202. 201b. Filaments not hairy — 203. 202a. Leaves lobed or divided HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 93. 202b. Leaves not lobed 2, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101. 203a. Anthers close together, longer than the filaments 2, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 203b. Anthers separate from each other — 204. 204a. Leaves compound or very deeply lobed — 205. 204b. Leaves simple or with shallow lobes only — 206. 205a. Leaf-segments linear or oblong, irregular HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 93. 205b. Leaves truly compound with separate leaflets 1a, in POLEMONIACEAE, p. 92. 206a. Flowers greenish-yellow SOLANACEAE, p. 100. 206b. Flowers blue, violet, white, or intermediate tints CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112. 207a. Leaves simple ERICACEAE, p. 84. 207b. Leaves compound OXALIDACEAE, p. 64. — 208— 208a. Petals 4 — 209. 208b. Petals 5 — 212. 208c. Petals 6 or more — 227. 209a. Stamens 4 or 8 — 210. 209b. Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short CRUCIFERAE, p. 42. 209c. Stamens 9 or more CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 47. 210a. Leaves compound ROSACEAE, p. 51. 210b. Leaves simple — 211. 211a. Ovary 1, inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx ONAGRACEAE, p. 78. 211b. Ovaries 4 or 5, in the center of the flower CRASSULACEAE, p. 48. 212a. Stamens with good anthers 5 — 213. 212b. Stamens 6 to 10 — 217. 212c. Stamens more than 10 — 222. 213a. Flowers solitary, terminating the stem 12b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50. 213b. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters — 214. 213c. Flowers several, in loose irregular terminal clusters; leaves simple LINACEAE, p. 63. 213d. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes; leaves compound 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 213e. Flowers in panicles 20a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50. 213f. Flowers in umbels — 216. 214a. Leaves compound 25b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60. 214b. Leaves simple — 215. 215a. Flowers blue or yellow, erect or spreading LINACEAE, p. 63. 215b. Flowers greenish, nodding 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75. 216a. Flowers pink or purple GERANIACEAE, p. 64. 216b. Flowers yellow or white UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80. 217a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets — 218.   217b. Leaves pinnately compound — 219. 217c. Leaves deeply palmately lobed GERANIACEAE, p. 64. 217d. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 220. 218a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow OXALIDACEAE, p. 64. 218b. Leaflets taper-pointed; flowers white or pink 73, in ROSACEAE, p. 57. 219a. Leaflets entire 24, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60. 219b. Leaflets toothed 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55. 220a. Prostrate plants, with thick, fleshy, entire leaves 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34. 220b. Bushy branched plants, with small gray leaves concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74. 220c. Erect or spreading plants — 221. 221a. Ovary 1, style 1 4a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84. 221b. Ovary with 2 distinct styles SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49. 221c. Ovaries 5; styles 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48. 222a. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube MALVACEAE, p. 72. 222b. Stamens separate from each other — 223. 223a. Leaves with stipules; ovaries more than 1 ROSACEAE, p. 51. 223b. Leaves without stipules — 224. 224a. Leaves toothed, deeply lobed, or compound RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 224b. Leaves entire — 225. 225a. Ovaries numerous RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. 225b. Ovary 1 — 226. 226a. Sepals 2 PORTULACACEAE, p. 34. 226b. Sepals 3 or 5 CISTACEAE, p. 74. — 227— 227a. Leaves entire LYTHRACEAE, p. 77. 227b. Leaves lobed, divided, dissected, or compound — 228. 228a. Flowers in slender racemes RESEDACEAE, p. 48. 228b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in slender racemes — 229. 229a. Stamens 6 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40. 229b. Stamens numerous RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35. РАСТЕНИЯ МИЧИГАНА PINACEAE, сосновое семейство Деревья или кустарники, обычно вечнозеленые, с игольчатыми или чешуевидными листьями; плод — шишка или ягода. 1a. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 — 2. 1b. Leaves mostly in clusters of 10 or more, on short lateral wart-like branches, deciduous each autumn Tamarack, Larix laricina. 1c. Leaves not in clusters — 4. 2a. Leaves in clusters of 5 White Pine, Pinus strobus. 2b. Leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 — 3. 3a. Leaves 8-15 cm. long Norway Pine, Pinus resinosa. 3b. Leaves 2-4 cm. long Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana. 4a. Leaves alternate or scattered — 5. 4b. Leaves opposite or whorled — 8. 5a. Leaves four-sided — 6. 5b. Leaves flattened — 7. 6a. Leaves 6-12 mm. long Black Spruce, Picea mariana. 6b. Leaves 15-25 mm. long White Spruce, Picea canadensis. 7a. Leaves short-stalked, 15 mm. long or less Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. 7b. Leaves sessile, 15-30 mm. long Balsam, Abies balsamea. 8a. Leafy twigs soft and flattened White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis. 8b. Leafy twigs not distinctly flattened — 9. 9a. Leaves opposite — 10. 9b. Leaves in whorls of three — 11. 10a. Erect shrub or tree Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana. 10b. Prostrate or spreading shrub Creeping Cedar, Juniperus horizontalis. 11a. Erect shrub or small tree Juniper, Juniperus communis. 11b. Spreading or ascending shrub, growing in dense mats Low Juniper, Juniperus communis var. depressa. TAXACEAE, тисовое семейство Кустарники с игольчатыми вечнозелеными листьями; плод красный и ягодный. One species in Michigan; straggling shrub 1-3 m. high Ground Hemlock, Taxus canadensis. TYPHACEAE, рогозовое семейство Прямостоячие растения высотой 1–2 м, с линейными листьями и верхушечными колосьями коричневых цветков, появляющимися летом. 1a. Staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike contiguous, the latter 2.5 cm. in diameter Common Cat-tail, Typha latifolia. 1b. Staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated, the latter 2 cm. or less in diameter Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia. SPARGANIACEAE, ежеголовниковое семейство Болотные растения с линейными листьями и шаровидными головками незаметных зеленоватых цветков, появляющимися летом. About 5 species occur in Michigan, of which the commonest is Bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum. NAJADACEAE, наядовые семейство Водные растения с погруженными или плавающими листьями и незаметными цветками летом. 1a. Leaves opposite or whorled — 2. 1b. Leaves alternate — 2c. 2a. Leaves thread-like, 3-8 cm. long Horned Pondweed, Zannichellia palustris. 2b. Leaves linear, toothed, abruptly dilated at the base, 3 cm. long or less (Naiad) — 3. 2c. Leaves entire, not abruptly dilated at base [2]Pondweed, Potamogeton spp. 3a. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, sharply and coarsely toothed Naiad, Naias marina. 3b. Leaves very narrowly linear, with numerous minute teeth Naiad, Naias flexilis. JUNCAGINACEAE, ситниковидные семейство Болотные растения с линейными цилиндрическими листьями и незаметными цветками в колосьях или кистях, появляющимися в начале лета. 1a. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous in a spike-like raceme (Arrow Grass) — 2. 1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers in a loose bracted raceme (1-3 dm. high). Scheuchzeria, Scheuchzeria palustris. 2a. Fruit (usually to be seen at the base of the raceme) ovoid or oblong, rounded at the base Arrow Grass, Triglochin maritima. 2b. Fruit linear, narrowed at the base (1-5 dm. high) Arrow Grass, Triglochin palustris. ALISMACEAE, частуховые семейство Болотные растения со стеблями наподобие стрелок; цветки с 3 зелеными чашелистиками, 3 белыми лепестками, 6 или более тычинками и несколькими раздельными пестиками. 1a. Ovaries in a ring; flowers in panicles (2-8 dm. high, summer) Water Plantain, Alisma Plantago-aquatica. 1b. Ovaries in a head; flowers in racemes or umbels — 2. 2a. Flowers all perfect, in a single umbel of 2-8 flowers; stamens 9 (leaves lanceolate; 15 cm. high or less; summer) Dwarf Water Plantain, Echinodorus tenellus. 2b. Flowers in a raceme of 3-flowered whorls, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate; stamens usually more than nine (1-10 dm. high, summer) (Arrow-head) — 3. 3a. Leaves ovate to linear, not sagittate at base — 4. 3b. Leaves broad or narrow, sagittate at base — 5. 4a. Pistillate (basal) flowers sessile or nearly so (2-8 dm. high, summer) Arrow-head, Sagittaria heterophylla. 4b. Pistillate flowers with obvious pedicels Arrow-head, Sagittaria graminea. 5a. Basal lobes of the leaf conspicuous, triangular, almost or quite as long as the terminal portion — 6. 5b. Basal lobes small, short, linear — 4b. 6a. Beak of the achene very short and erect; rare species Arrow-head, Sagittaria arifolia. 6b. Beak of the achene sharp, incurved at right angles to the body; common species Arrow-head, Sagittaria latifolia. HYDROCHARITACEAE, водокрасовые семейство Погруженные водные растения с незаметными цветками летом. 1a. Leaves all from the base, 2 dm. long or more Eel Grass, Vallisneria spiralis. 1b. Leaves on the stem, 2 cm. long or less Water-weed, Elodea canadensis. GRAMINEAE, злаковое семейство Злаки с линейными или узкими влагалищными листьями и очень мелкими цветками без околоцветника в пазухах чешуевидных прицветников, появляющиеся в конце весны и летом. Из большого числа (более 150) злаков в Мичигане здесь включены лишь самые распространенные, а для их полного рассмотрения студент отсылается к мануалам. Их классификация зависит главным образом от строения и расположения колосков. Они типично состоят из короткой оси — рахиллы, почти или полностью скрытой несколькими чешуевидными прицветниками. Два нижних прицветника называются колосковыми чешуями и не имеют цветков в своих пазухах. Выше колосковых чешуй находятся два или более других прицветника — леммы. В пазухе каждой леммы и обычно скрытая ею находится более мелкая чешуя — палея, а между леммой и палеей располагается один цветок. Число цветков в колоске, следовательно, в норме равно числу лемм. Колоски сгруппированы в кисти, колосья или метелки различного размера. 1a. Spikelets one-flowered — 2. 1b. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers — 24. 2a. Spikelets grouped into dense solitary cylindrical spikes — 3. 2b. Spikelets arranged in panicles or in panicled spikes — 8. 3a. Spikelets without awns or bristles, or with short awns not more than 3 mm. long — 4. 3b. Spikelets with awns 2-5 cm. long, terminating the bracts Squirrel-tail, Hordeum jubatum. 3c. Bracts of the spikelet without terminal awns, but the spikelets with one or more long bristles arising from their base — 6. 4a. Spike-like panicle thickened in the middle, more than 1 cm. thick Beach Grass, Ammophila arenaria. 4b. Spike little or not at all thickened in the middle, less than 1 cm. thick — 5. 5a. Lower bracts awned; stem erect, unbranched Timothy, Phleum pratense. 5b. Lower scales unawned; stem branched at the base Floating Foxtail, Alopecurus geniculatus. 6a. Bristles 5 or more at the base of each spikelet Yellow Foxtail, Setaria glauca. 6b. Bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet — 7. 7a. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; bristles not much longer, green Green Foxtail, Setaria viridis. 7b. Spikelets about 3 mm. long; bristles much longer, usually purple Millet, Setaria italica. 8a. Spikelets numerous, in long slender symmetrical spikes — 9. 8b. Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or loose spikes — 13. 9a. Spikelets without awns; plants 8 dm. high or less (Crab Grass) — 10.   9b. Spikelets with awns; plants 12 dm. high or more — 12. 10a. Leaf-sheaths all glabrous. Crab Grass, Digitaria humifusa. 10b. Lower leaf-sheaths hairy — 11. 11a. Axis of the spike flat, with wing-like margins Crab Grass, Digitaria sanguinalis. 11b. Axis of the spike slender, without winged margins Crab Grass, Digitaria filiformis. 12a. Spikes numerous, appressed to the axis of the panicle; tall marsh grass Slough Grass, Spartina michauxiana. 12b. Spikes 2-6, widely divergent; plant of dry ground Blue-joint, Andropogon furcatus. 13a. Spikelets subtended by an ovoid thorny involucre 3-8 mm. wide Sand Bur, Cenchrus carolinianus. 13b. Spikelets without a thorny involucre — 14. 14a. Lower branches of the panicle spreading, bearing staminate flowers, the upper branches erect, with pistillate flowers; aquatic or marsh grass 2-4 m. high Wild Rice, Zizania aquatica. 14b. Panicle uniform throughout — 15. 15a. Spikelets with awns 2 mm. or more long — 16. 15b. Spikelets not awned, or with short inconspicuous awns — 18. 16a. Spikelets in solitary raceme-like spikes; awn about 1 cm. long or more Beard Grass, Andropogon scoparius. 16b. Spikelets in branching clusters; awn less than 1 cm. long — 17. 17a. Leaf-blade 4 mm. wide or narrower; panicle slender Drop-seed, Muhlenbergia schreberi. 17b. Leaf-blade 6 mm. wide or more; panicle stout and coarse Barnyard Grass, Echinochloa crus-galli. 18a. Spikelet plump and compact, its bracts closely folded about each other — 19. 18b. Spikelet very flat, its two bracts closely folded together Cut-grass, Leersia oryzoides. 18c. Spikelet loose and open, somewhat flattened, its 3 bracts ascending or spreading and not closely folded about each other — 20. 19a. Panicle about half as long as the entire plant; leaves copiously hairy Witch Grass, Panicum capillare. 19b. Panicle of smaller size Panic-grasses, various species of Panicum. 20a. Panicle strongly contracted or spike-like; plants of sand-dunes — 4a. 20b. Panicle spreading or slightly contracted; axis of the spikelet beset with bristles; leaves 2 dm. long or more; marsh grass Reed Grass, Calamagrostis canadensis. 20c. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, but not spike-like; axis of the spikelet without bristles — 21. 21a. Panicle-branches erect or ascending — 22.   21b. Panicle-branches strongly spreading — 23. 22a. The two outer scales of the spikelet one-fourth as long as the third scale, or sometimes one of them absent — 17a. 22b. The glumes at least half as long as the lemma Wood-grass, Muhlenbergia mexicana. 23a. The chief lateral branches of the panicle dividing and bearing flowers below their middle Red-top, Agrostis alba. 23b. The chief branches of the panicle dividing only beyond the middle Hair Grass, Agrostis hyemalis. 24a. Spikelets arranged in two rows to form a definite spike — 25. 24b. Spikelets in panicles, never in definite rows — 29. 25a. Spikelets in a single row on one side of the axis, forming a one-sided spike Yard Grass, Eleusine indica. 25b. Spikelets alternating on opposite sides of the axis, forming a two-rowed spike — 26. 26a. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, forming a dense spike (Wild Rye) — 27. 26b. Spikelets single at each joint, forming a loose, open or interrupted spike — 28. 27a. Glumes lanceolate Wild Rye, Elymus canadensis. 27b. Glumes narrowly subulate Wild Rye, Elymus virginicus. 28a. Spikelets with their edges toward the axis of the spike Rye Grass, Lolium perenne. 28b. Spikelets with their sides toward the axis of the spike Quack Grass, Agropyron repens. 29a. Glumes longer than the lemmas Oats, Avena sativa. 29b. Glumes shorter than the lemmas — 30. 30a. Axis of the spikelet beset with conspicuous long hairs about equaling the lemmas; tall marsh grass 1-4 m. high Reed, Phragmites communis. 30b. Spikelets without conspicuous long hairs — 31. 31a. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, forming crowded or spike-like panicles — 32. 31b. Spikelets distinctly panicled — 33. 32a. Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the panicle branches Orchard Grass, Dactylis glomerata. 32b. Spikelets in an erect spike-like cluster Prairie June-grass, Koeleria cristata. 33a. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 8 mm. long or more — 34. 33b. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 6 mm. long or less — 35. 34a. Awns on the lemmas 12 mm. long or more Brome-grass, Bromus tectorum. 34b. Awns on the lemmas 8 mm. long or less, or none Cheat, Bromus secalinus. 35a. Lemmas with 7 sharp conspicuous veins from base to apex Manna Grass, Glyceria nervata. 35b. Lemmas with 3-5 inconspicuous veins — 36. 36a. Spikelets with 5 flowers or more — 37. 36b. Spikelets with 2-4 (rarely 5) flowers — 40. 37a. Stems tufted and decumbent at base (Love Grass) — 38. 37b. Stems erect (Fescue Grass) — 39. 38a. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide Love Grass, Eragrostis pilosa. 38b. Spikelets 3 mm. wide Love Grass, Eragrostis megastachya. 39a. Lemmas with conspicuous awns Fescue Grass, Festuca octoflora. 39b. Lemmas without awns Fescue Grass, Festuca elatior. 40a. Tufted annual grass Spear Grass, Poa annua. 40b. Perennials, with erect flowering stems — 41. 41a. Stems round Blue Grass, Poa pratensis. 41b. Stems strongly flattened Canadian Blue Grass, Poa compressa. CYPERACEAE, осоковые семейство Злаковидные или ситниковидные растения с линейными листьями или безлистные, с незаметными цветками в мелких чешуйчатых колосьях. В Мичигане произрастает более 200 видов, из которых здесь включены лишь самые распространенные. Для остальных видов следует обращаться к мануалам. 1a. Spikes all alike — 2. 1b. The uppermost spike or spikes wholly staminate, the lower one or more pistillate; ovary and achene surrounded by a sac, the perigynium. Mature fruit is necessary for satisfactory identification (Sedge) — 12. 2a. Stems leafless, bearing one or more spikes at or near the top — 3. 2b. Stems leafy — 6. 3a. Spike one, terminal and erect (Spike Rush) — 4. 3b. Spikes usually more than one, lateral and spreading — 5. 4a. Annual, with fibrous roots Spike Rush, Eleocharis obtusa. 4b. Perennial, with a running rootstock Spike Rush, Eleocharis palustris. 5a. Stem round Bulrush, Scirpus validus. 5b. Stem 3-cornered Three-square, Scirpus americanus. 6a. Spikes axillary along the side of the stem Dulichium, Dulichium, arundinaceum. 6b. Spikes terminal — 7. 7a. Spikes subtended by long conspicuous leaves which greatly exceed the flower clusters — 8.   7b. Spikes not conspicuously exceeded by the bract-like leaves — 10. 8a. Spikes in a dense head-like cluster, white-woolly at maturity Cotton Grass, Eriophorum virginicum. 8b. Spikes not in dense heads, nor white-woolly at maturity — 9. 9a. Perennial by a creeping rootstock Nut Grass, Cyperus esculentus. 9b. Perennial by hard basal corms Cyperus, Cyperus strigosus. 10a. Bracts of the spike chestnut-brown Twig Rush, Cladium mariscoides. 10b. Bracts of the spike green or straw-color (Sedge) — 11. 11a. Spikes 3-8, separate Sedge, Carex straminea. 11b. Spikes very numerous and densely crowded Sedge, Carex vulpinoidea. 12a. Achenes flattened Sedge, Carex crinita. 12b. Achenes 3-angled — 13. 13a. Perigynium tipped with a sharp straight 2-toothed beak — 14. 13b. Perigynium with a short soft beak — 17. 14a. Perigynium thin and papery, loosely enclosing the achene — 15. 14b. Perigynium firm, closely enclosing the achene — 16. 15a. Perigynium less than 1 cm. long Sedge, Carex hystericina. 15b. Perigynium more than 1 cm. long Sedge, Carex lupulina. 16a. Perigynium smooth Sedge, Carex riparia. 16b. Perigynium hairy Sedge, Carex filiformis. 17a. Beak of the perigynium bent abruptly to one side Sedge, Carex laxiflora. 17b. Beak of the perigynium straight Sedge, Carex pennsylvanica. ARACEAE, ароидные семейство Индивидуальные цветки мелкие, но скученные на мясистом початке с образованием заметного колоса, обычно окруженного зеленым или цветным покрывалом. 1a. Leaves compound — 2. 1b. Leaves simple — 3. 2a. Leaflets 3, spathe pale green or purple (3-6 dm. high; spring) Indian Turnip, Arisaema triphyllum. 2b. Leaflets 7-11; spathe green; spadix long and slender (3-8 dm. high; late spring) Dragon Root, Arisaema dracontium. 3a. Leaves linear, sword-shape; spathe none (5-15 dm. high; early summer) Sweet Flag, Acorus calamus. 3b. Leaves broader than linear; spathe present — 4. 4a. Flower clusters partly underground, appearing in earliest spring Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus. 4b. Flower clusters peduncled, in early summer — 5. 5a. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate; spathe white Water Arum, Calla palustris. 5b. Leaves more or less sagittate; spathe green Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginica. LEMNACEAE, рясковые семейство Микроскопические безлистные растения, плавающие на стоячей воде; цветки чрезвычайно мелкие и редко наблюдаемые. 1a. Plant thick, ovoid, less than 2 mm. long; roots none. Two species are reported from Michigan Wolffia spp. 1b. Plant flattened, with short roots — 2. 2a. Roots several from each rounded plant Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza. 2b. Root single from each rounded plant Duckweed, Lemna spp. Three species are reported from Michigan, of which the commonest is Lemna minor. ERIOCAULACEAE, синтауловые семейство Болотные травянистые растения с мелкими цветками в головках, венчающих длинные тонкие цветоносы. One species in Michigan; leaves linear and basal; flower-stalk 5-15 cm. high; flower-heads whitish or lead-color Pipewort, Eriocaulon articulatum. XYRIDACEAE, ксиридовые семейство Мелкие травянистые растения с прикорневыми листьями и прямостоячими цветоносами, несущими головку обоеполых желтых цветков, летом. 1a. Base of plant bulbous-thickened (3-6 dm. high) Yellow-eyed Grass, Xyris flexuosa. 1b. Base of plant not bulbous-thickened (1-3 dm. high) Yellow-eyed Grass, Xyris montana. COMMELINACEAE, коммелиновые семейство Leafy-stemmed herbs; flowers with 3 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 stamens, lasting but a single day; petals blue. 1a. Stamens 6; petals all equal (Spiderwort) — 2. 1b. Perfect stamens 3, sterile stamens 3; two of the petals larger than the third (3-6 dm. high; summer) Day-flower, Commelina virginica. 2a. Sepals villous (3-10 dm. high; late spring) Spiderwort, Tradescantia virginiana. 2b. Sepals glabrous, or with a tuft of hairs at the apex (4-10 dm. high; late spring) Spiderwort, Tradescantia reflexa. PONTEDERIACEAE, понтидериевые семейство Водные травянистые растения с 6 довольно заметными лепестками; цветки летом. 1a. Flowers blue; leaves cordate-sagittate (3-10 dm. high) Pickerel-weed, Pontederia cordata. 1b. Flowers yellow; leaves linear (submerged) Mud Plantain, Heteranthera dubia. JUNCACEAE, ситниковые семейство Злаковидные или ситниковидные растения с незаметными зеленоватыми или розовато-коричневыми цветками, состоящими из 3 чешуевидных или чешуевидных чашелистиков и стольких же сходных лепестков. 1a. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled and 3-seeded; stem or leaves usually hairy at or near the base (1-4 dm. high). (Wood Rush) — 2. 1b. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule many-seeded; plants never hairy — 4. 2a. Flowers solitary at the ends of the branches of the umbel-like cluster (spring) Wood Rush, Luzula saltuensis. 2b. Flowers in spikes or dense clusters — 3. 3a. Flower-cluster spike-like, nodding at the tip (summer) Wood Rush, Luzula spicata. 3b. Flower-cluster umbel-like (spring) Wood Rush, Luzula campestris var. multiflora. 4. The genus Juncus, or Rush, contains about 25 species in Michigan, blooming in summer or autumn. For their identification the Manuals should be consulted. One of the commonest species is Juncus effusus, growing in marshes, with erect leafless cylindrical stems, bearing a lateral cluster of flowers near the summit. Another common species is Juncus tenuis, with slender stems and linear leaves, growing in hard ground, especially in woodland paths. LILIACEAE, лилейное семейство Травянистые растения или вьющиеся кустарники с обычно заметными цветками; чашелистиков и лепестков по 3, и они обычно одинаково окрашены, тычинок 6, завязь 3-гнездная, верхняя. У одного вида околоцветник 4-раздельный и тычинок 4. 1a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so — 2. 1b. Flowers or flower-clusters scapose or terminal — 12. 2a. Leaves minute and scale-like (7-15 dm. high; flowers greenish-yellow, June) Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. 2b. Leaves broad and flat, not scale-like — 3. 3a. Flowers numerous in rounded umbels; perianth-segments nearly separate; leaves long-petioled — 4.   3b. Flowers in clusters of 1-8; leaves short-petioled, sessile, or clasping — 8. 4a. Stems herbaceous (flowers greenish-yellow, ill-scented) (Carrion-flower) — 5. 4b. Stems woody, thorny, climbing (flowers greenish-yellow, early summer) (Green Brier) — 7. 5a. Stems climbing by tendrils — 6. 5b. Stem not climbing; only the upper leaves, or none, with tendrils Carrion-flower, Smilax ecirrhata. 6a. Leaves smooth beneath. Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea. 6b. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath when mature Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta. 7a. Leaves with 5 principal veins. Green Brier, Smilax rotundifolia. 7b. Leaves with 7 principal veins. Green Brier, Smilax hispida. 8a. Perianth-segments united into a tube (flowers axillary, late spring) (Solomon's Seal) — 9. 8b. Perianth-segments separate (2-8 dm. high; spring) (Twisted-stalk) — 10. 9a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath; filaments rough, inserted at three-fourths the length of the perianth (3-8 dm. high) Small Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum biflorum. 9b. Leaves smooth beneath; filaments smooth, inserted at the middle of the perianth tube (5-15 dm. high) Great Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum commutatum. 10a. Leaves distinctly clasping the stem; flowers greenish-white Twisted-stalk, Streptopus amplexifolius. 10b. Leaves closely sessile; flowers reddish to purple — 11. 11a. Rootstock short and thick; berries spherical Twisted-stalk, Streptopus roseus. 11b. Rootstock long and slender; berries 3-angled Twisted-stalk, Streptopus longipes. 12a. Perianth-segments 5-12 cm. long — 13. 12b. Perianth-segments shorter than 5 cm. — 19. 13a. Leaves all or chiefly basal, stem-leaves bract-like or none — 14. 13b. Leaves chiefly or entirely on the stem — 15. 14a. Leaves numerous, linear or sword-shape (flowers orange, summer) Day Lily, Hemerocallis fulva. 14b. Leaves a single pair, oblong or lanceolate — 21. 15a. Leaves a single whorl of 3 (Wake Robin, Trillium) — 22. 15b. Leaves numerous (6-12 dm. high; flowers yellow, orange, or red, in summer) (Lily) — 16. 16a. Flowers erect — 17. 16b. Flowers nodding — 18. 17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 6-15 mm. wide, mostly whorled Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum. 17b. Leaves linear, 5 mm. wide or less, almost all alternate Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum. 18a. Perianth-segments strongly revolute Turk's-cap Lily, Lilium superbum. 18b. Perianth-segments half-recurved Yellow Lily, Lilium canadense. 19a. Flower solitary — 20. 19b. Flowers in clusters, not solitary — 31. 20a. Stem with a single pair of basal leaves (Dog's-tooth Violet) — 21. 20b. Stem with a single whorl of 3 leaves (1-3 dm. high; spring) (Wake Robin, Trillium) — 22. 20c. Stem leafy (Bellwort) — 29. 21a. Perianth yellow Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium americanum. 21b. Perianth white, bluish, or pinkish Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium albidum. 22a. Flower sessile, red or brown  — 23. 22b. Flower peduncled, white or pink, rarely red — 24. 23a. Leaves sessile, sepals spreading Wake Robin, Trillium sessile. 23b. Leaves short-petioled, sepals reflexed Wake Robin, Trillium recurvatum. 24a. Ovary with 6 distinct wing-like angles — 25. 24b. Ovary obtusely 3-angled or lobed — 28. 25a. Stamens distinctly longer than the pistil — 26. 25b. Stamens equaling or shorter than the pistil — 27. 26a. Stigmas erect or nearly so, slender Wake Robin, Trillium grandiflorum. 26b. Stigmas strongly recurved or spreading Wake Robin, Trillium erectum. 27a. Filaments about as long as the anthers Wake Robin, Trillium cernuum. 27b. Filaments half as long as the anthers or shorter Wake Robin, Trillium declinatum. 28a. Leaves obtuse; petals obtuse, white Dwarf White Trillium, Trillium nivale. 28b. Leaves acuminate; petals acute, purple-striped at base Painted Trillium, Trillium undulatum. 29a. Leaves sessile (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, spring) Bellwort, Oakesia sessilifolia. 29b. Leaves perfoliate (4-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, in spring) — 30. 30a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath Bellwort, Uvularia grandiflora. 30b. Leaves glabrous and all glaucous Bellwort, Uvularia perfoliata. 31a. Stem bearing 2 whorls of 3-9 leaves (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale yellow, early summer) Indian Cucumber-root, Medeola virginiana. 31b. Stem-leaves not whorled, or all leaves basal — 32. 32a. Flowers in umbels — 33. 32b. Flowers in racemes or panicles — 38. 33a. Plant with the odor of onions or garlic (leaves all or chiefly basal; flower-stalks 2-8 dm. high, late spring or summer) — 34. 33b. Plant not with the odor of onions (leaves basal; flower-stalks 2-3 dm. high, with an umbel of 3-6 greenish-yellow flowers in late spring) Clintonia, Clintonia borealis. 34a. Leaves oblong, 2-5 cm. wide, not present when the plants are in bloom (greenish-white flowers) Wild Leek, Allium tricoccum. 34b. Leaves linear, present with the flowers — 35. 35a. Umbel nodding or horizontal (petals rose-color) Wild Onion, Allium cernuum. 35b. Umbel erect — 36. 36a. Pedicels longer than the flowers — 37. 36b. Pedicels equaling or shorter than the flowers (petals rose-purple) Wild Chives, Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum. 37a. Leaves flattened; flowers pink to white Wild Onion, Allium canadense. 37b. Leaves cylindrical; flowers greenish to purple Field Garlic, Allium vineale. 38a. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not more than 8 times as long as broad — 39. 38b. Leaves linear or grass-like, at least 12 times as long as broad — 45. 39a. Principal leaves all basal, stem-leaves none or bract-like — 40. 39b. Principal leaves on the stem — 41. 40a. Flowers in a spike-like raceme (4-10 dm. high; small white flowers in summer) Colic-root, Aletris farinosa. 40b. Flowers in an umbel-like cluster — 34b. 41a. Perianth-segments 4 (1-2 dm. high; flowers white, early summer) Wild Lily of the Valley, Maianthemum canadense. 41b. Perianth-segments 6 — 42. 42a. Styles 3; flowers dioecious (3-10 dm. high; flowers white, early summer) Blazing Star, Chamaelirium luteum. 42b. Style 1; flowers perfect, white, in spring (False Solomon's Seal) — 43. 43a. Flowers panicled (3-6 dm. high) False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina racemosa. 43b. Flowers racemed — 44. 44a. Leaves 2-4, usually 3 (1-2 dm. high) False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina trifolia. 44b. Leaves 5-12 (2-5 dm. high) False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina stellata. 45a. Flowers bright blue; perianth-segments united (2-3 dm. high, spring) Grape Hyacinth, Muscari botryoides. 45b. Flowers blue, greenish, yellowish, or white; perianth-segments separate — 46. 46a. Flowers 1 cm. wide, or smaller (white or greenish, in racemes, late spring or summer) (False Asphodel) — 47. 46b. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide, or larger — 48. 47a. Stem glabrous (2 dm. high or less) False Asphodel, Tofieldia palustris. 47b. Stem viscid-pubescent (1-5 dm. high) False Asphodel, Tofieldia glutinosa. 48a. Perianth-segments with 2 glands near the base (3-8 dm. high; greenish-white panicled flowers in summer) Zygadenus, Zygadenus chloranthus. 48b. Perianth-segments without glands — 49. 49a. Plant 3-5 dm. tall; flowers blue or nearly white, in long racemes (early summer) Wild Hyacinth, Camassia esculenta. 49b. Plant 1-3 dm. tall; flowers greenish-white, in short corymb-like racemes (spring) Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogalum umbellatum. DIOSCOREACEAE, диоскорейное семейство Вьющиеся травянистые растения с сетчато-нервными листьями и зеленоватыми или белыми цветками в метелках или кистях. One species in Michigan; leaves ovate-cordate; flowers in summer Wild Yam, Dioscorea villosa. AMARYLLIDACEAE, амариллисовое семейство Растения с линейными прикорневыми листьями и обоеполыми цветками с 6-раздельным околоцветником, нижней завязью и 6 тычинками. One species in Michigan; 1-2 dm. high; flowers yellow, 1 cm. wide, in spring Star Grass, Hypoxis hirsuta. IRIDACEAE, ирисовое семейство Травянистые растения с 6-раздельным околоцветником, нижней завязью и 3 тычинками. 1a. Flowers blue, 5 cm. wide or larger — 2. 1b. Flowers about 1 cm. wide (blue or white, from a spathe terminating a 2-edged stem 2-5 dm. high, spring and early summer) (Blue-eyed Grass) — 3. 2a. Flowering stems 4-8 dm. high (early summer) Blue Flag, Iris versicolor. 2b. Flowering stems 2 dm. or less high (spring) Dwarf Iris, Iris lacustris. 3a. Spathes terminal, sessile — 4. 3b. Spathes long-peduncled, axillary — 8. 4a. Spathe single — 5. 4b. Spathes 2 on each flowering stem — 7. 5a. Pedicels much longer than the inner (shorter) bract Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium mucronatum. 5b. Pedicels equaling or barely exceeding the inner bract — 6. 6a. Capsule brown; common species Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium angustifolium. 6b. Capsule green or yellowish; rare species Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium montanum. 7a. Leaves folded lengthwise; stems narrowly winged Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium hastile. 7b. Leaves flat; stem broadly winged, 2-3 mm. wide Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium albidum. 8a. Capsules pale straw-color or whitish — 9. 8b. Capsules brown, or tinged with purple — 10. 9a. Plant with straight fibrous bristles at base; pedicels long-exserted Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium farwellii. 9b. Plants not bristly at base; pedicels barely exserted Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium strictum. 10a. Pedicels scarcely exceeding the inner bract — 6a. 10b. Pedicels much exceeding the inner bract — 11. 11a. Stem 2-6 mm. wide; bracts 1.5-2 cm. long Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium gramineum. 11b. Stem 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 1-1.5 cm. long Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium apiculatum. ORCHIDACEAE, орхидное семейство Травянистые растения с неправильными цветками, одним лепестком (губой), отличающимся от остальных по размеру и форме, нижней завязью и одной или двумя тычинками, сросшимися со столбиком. 1a. Flowers in a spike-like obviously twisted raceme; small, yellowish or greenish-white, in late summer and autumn (except 4a) (Ladies' Tresses) — 2.   1b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but never in a twisted raceme — 5. 2a. Flowers in 1 row Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes gracilis. 2b. Flowers in several rows — 3. 3a. Lip constricted near the apex Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes romanzoftiana. 3b. Lip not constricted — 4. 4a. Lip yellow; flowers in spring and early summer Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes lucida. 4b. Lip white Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes cernua. 5a. Brown, purple, or yellow plants, without green color, with scale-like leaves (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Coral Root) — 6. 5b. Plants with normal green color — 9. 6a. Lip white, not spotted Coral Root, Corallorrhiza trifida. 6b. Lip white, spotted with red — 7. 7a. Lip distinctly 3-lobed Coral Root, Corallorrhiza maculata. 7b. Lip entire, or barely toothed — 8. 8a. Flower, exclusive of ovary, 4 mm. long Coral Root, Corallorrhiza odontorhiza. 8b. Flower about 10 mm. long. Coral Root, Corallorrhiza striata. 9a. Leaf 1 or none at flowering time — 10. 9b. Leaves a single pair, basal, or opposite on the stem; never alternate on the stem — 19. 9c. Leaves several, all basal, prominently net-veined, and frequently blotched with white (scape 1-4 dm. high; flowers whitish, pubescent, in summer) (Rattlesnake Plantain) — 26. 9d. Leaves 2 or more, on the stem — 28. 10a. Foliage leaf absent or undeveloped at flowering time, or merely persisting through the winter from the previous year — 11. 10b. Foliage leaf present at flowering time — 12. 11a. Flower rose-purple, 3-5 cm. long, solitary or two (1-3 dm. high, early summer) Arethusa, Arethusa bulbosa. 11b. Flowers purplish-green, in racemes, with a spur 2 cm. long Crane-fly Orchis, Tipularia discolor. 11c. Flowers yellowish, purple tinged, in racemes; spur none (3-4 dm. high, early summer). Putty Root, Aplectrum hyemale. 12a. Leaf linear or linear-lanceolate — 13. 12b. Leaf of a broader shape — 14. 13a. Flower solitary or two; leaf just below the flower — 11a. 13b. Flowers in a loose raceme, sometimes only 2; leaf basal Calopogon, Calopogon pulchellus. 14a. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white — 15. 14b. Flowers pink to purple, often variegated — 17. 15a. Flowers 6-10 mm. wide, with a spur about the same length (1-4 dm. high, summer) (Rein Orchis) — 35.   15b. Flowers 5 mm. wide or less; spur none (1-2 dm. high; summer) (Adder's Mouth) — 16. 16a. Pedicels less than 5 mm. long; lip broadest below the middle Adder's Mouth, Microstylis monophyllos. 16b. Pedicels more than 5 mm. long; lip broadest near the apex Adder's Mouth, Microstylis unifolia. 17a. Flowers spicate; lip distinctly 3-lobed (1-2 dm. high; early summer) — 24. 17b. Flowers solitary or two — 18. 18a. Leaf on the stem, lanceolate to ovate — 34a. 18b. Leaf basal, round-ovate (2 dm. high or less; early summer) Calypso, Calypso bulbosa. 19a. Leaves opposite and sessile near the middle of the stem (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Tway-blade) — 20. 19b. Leaves basal — 21. 20a. Lip deeply 2-cleft (flowers purplish) Tway-blade, Listera cordata. 20b. Lip wedge-shape, with 2 round shallow lobes (flowers greenish-yellow) Tway-blade, Listera convallarioides. 21a. Lip an inflated sac about 4 cm. long — 29d. 21b. Lip not sac-like — 22. 22a. Flower with a spur 15-50 mm. long — 23. 22b. Flower not spurred (1-2 dm. high; early summer) (Tway-blade) — 25. 23a. Flowers purple or magenta, or with white markings — 24. 23b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Rein Orchis) — 36. 24a. Leaf 1 (1-2 dm. high; early summer) Round-leaved Orchis, Orchis rotundifolia. 24b. Leaves 2 (-20 cm. high; late spring) Showy Orchis, Orchis spectabilis. 25a. Lip about 10 mm. long, purple Tway-blade, Liparis liliifolia. 25b. Lip about 5 mm. long, yellowish-green Tway-blade, Liparis loeselii. 26a. Perianth 8-10 mm. long; lip with elongated point Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis decipiens. 26b. Perianth 4-6 mm. long; lip sack-like — 27. 27a. Raceme loosely flowered, one-sided Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis repens var. ophioides. 27b. Raceme closely flowered, not one-sided Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis pubescens. 28a. Lip conspicuously sack-like, inflated (late spring and early summer) (Lady's Slipper) — 29. 28b. Lip not sack-like nor inflated — 32. 29a. Lip white (1-3 dm. high) White Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium candidum. 29b. Lip yellow (2-7 dm. high) — 30. 29c. Lip white, with crimson or purple markings — 31. 29d. Lip pink (1-4 dm. high, late spring) Stemless Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium acaule. 30a. Lip 2-3 cm. long. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum. 30b. Lip 3.5-5 cm. long Large Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens. 31a. Lip 2 cm. long or less; sepals separate (1.5-3 dm. high) Ram's Head Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium arietinum. 31b. Lip 3 cm. long or more; the 2 lower sepals united Showy Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium hirsutum. 32a. Flowers solitary in the axils, or solitary and terminal; not spurred — 33. 32b. Flowers in terminal racemes, spurred — 38. 33a. Leaves a whorl of 5 (2-3 dm. high; petals greenish; late summer) Whorled Pogonia, Pogonia verticillata. 33b. Leaves alternate — 34. 34a. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed at base; flower terminal (1-4 dm. high; flowers pink purple, early summer) Snake Mouth, Pogonia ophioglossoides. 34b. Leaves ovate, 1-2 cm. long, clasping; flowers axillary (5-20 cm. high; flowers purple, summer) Nodding Pogonia, Pogonia trianthophora. 35a. Leaf basal; spur nearly straight Rein Orchis, Habenaria obtusata. 35b. Leaf on the stem; spur strongly curved Rein Orchis, Habenaria clavellata. 36a. Flower-stalk without bracts below the raceme; flowers yellowish-green Rein Orchis, Habenaria hookeri. 36b. Flower-stalk bearing bracts below the raceme; flowers greenish-white — 37. 37a. Spur 15-25 mm. long Rein Orchis, Habenaria orbiculata. 37b. Spur 30-50 mm. long Rein Orchis, Habenaria macrophylla. 38a. Lip fringed (Fringed Orchis) — 43. 38b. Lip not fringed (Rein Orchis) — 39. 39a. Lip with 2-3 evident teeth at apex — 40. 39b. Lip without apical teeth — 41. 40a. Stem-leaves 3 or more Rein Orchis, Habenaria bracteata. 40b. Stem-leaves 2 — 35b. 41a. Flowers white Rein Orchis, Habenaria dilatata. 41b. Flowers greenish-yellow — 42. 42a. Lip lanceolate, tapering toward the apex Rein Orchis, Habenaria hyperborea. 42b. Lip oblong, truncate at the apex Rein Orchis, Habenaria flava. 43a. Lip deeply 3-lobed, toothed or fringed — 44.   43b. Lip not 3-lobed, but deeply fringed — 46. 44a. Flowers purple Purple Fringed Orchis, Habenaria psycodes. 44b. Flowers white or nearly so — 45. 45a. Spur 3 cm. long or more Prairie Fringed Orchis, Habenaria leucophaea. 45b. Spur 1-1.5 cm. long Ragged Fringed Orchis, Habenaria lacera. 46a. Flowers yellow Yellow Fringed Orchis, Habenaria ciliaris. 46b. Flowers white White Fringed Orchis, Habenaria blephariglottis. PIPERACEAE, перечные семейство Травянистые растения с очередными листьями и цветками без чашечки и венчика. One species in Michigan, a marsh plant with heart-shape leaves and slender racemes of white flowers Lizard's Tail, Saururus cernuus. SALICACEAE, ивовое семейство Деревья или кустарники с двудомными цветками в сережках. 1a. Leaves less than twice as long as broad, on petioles 3 cm. long or more — 2. 1b. Leaves more than twice as long as broad, on petioles 2.5 cm. long or less. (The genus Salix, or Willow, contains about 30 species in Michigan, of which only the commoner are mentioned here. For the others the Manuals should be consulted.) — 8. 2a. Petioles strongly flattened laterally — 3. 2b. Petioles not flattened laterally — 6. 3a. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly circular — 4. 3b. Leaves broadly triangular or deltoid in shape — 5. 4a. Leaves coarsely toothed Large-toothed Aspen, Populus grandidentata. 4b. Leaves finely crenulate or serrate Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides. 5a. Tree with narrow spire-shape crown Lombardy Poplar, Populus nigra var. italica. 5b. Tree with spreading crown Cottonwood, Populus deltoides. 6a. Lower side of leaf densely tomentose White Poplar, Populus alba. 6b. Lower side of leaf glabrous or nearly so — 7. 7a. Petioles glabrous Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera. 7b. Petioles ciliate Balm of Gilead, Populus candicans. 8a. Trees — 9. 8b. Shrubs — 13. 9a. Petioles without glands — 10.   9b. Petioles with glands — 11. 10a. Petiole short (about 5 mm.), broad and flat Black Willow, Salix nigra. 10b. Petiole slender, about 10-20 mm. long Peach-leaved Willow, Salix amygdaloides. 11a. Leaves green beneath Crack Willow, Salix fragilis. 11b. Leaves pale beneath — 12. 12a. Branches and twigs conspicuously drooping Weeping Willow, Salix babylonica. 12b. Branches and twigs not conspicuously drooping, yellow Yellow Willow, Salix alba var. vitellina. 13a. Shrubs of bogs — 14. 13b. Plants of sand-dunes along the Great Lakes — 15. 13c. Plants of dry upland hills — 16. 13d. Plants of wet ground, river-banks, and swamps — 17. 14a. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath Willow, Salix candida. 14b. Leaves pale beneath but not tomentose Willow, Salix serissima. 14c. Leaves glabrous and green beneath Willow, Salix pedicellaris. 15a. Leaves linear Willow, Salix longifolia. 15b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tomentose beneath Willow, Salix syrticola. 15c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, glabrous Willow, Salix glaucophylla. 16a. Leaves about 3 times as long as broad Willow, Salix rostrata. 16b. Leaves narrower, nearly sessile Willow, Salix tristis. 16c. Leaves narrower, distinctly petioled Willow, Salix humilis. 17a. Leaves linear or nearly so Willow, Salix longifolia. 17b. Leaves shining Willow, Salix lucida. 17c. Leaves silky Willow, Salix sericea. 17d. Leaves not as in the preceding 3 species — 18. 18a. Leaves rounded at base Willow, Salix cordata. 18b. Leaves acute at base — 19. 19a. Leaves finely serrulate Willow, Salix petiolaris. 19b. Leaves remotely serrate or nearly entire Willow, Salix discolor. MYRICACEAE, восковницевое семейство Кустарники с однодомными или двудомными цветками в сережках и с ароматной листвой. 1a. Leaves pinnately lobed Sweet Fern, Myrica asplenifolia. 1b. Leaves merely serrate — 2. 2a. Shrub of sandy soil, shore of Lake Erie Bayberry, Myrica carolinensis. 2b. Shrub of bogs and shores, northern half of state Sweet Gale, Myrica gale. JUGLANDACEAE, ореховое семейство Деревья с очередными перисто-сложными листьями и цветками в сережках. 1a. Leaflets 11-23; pith divided by partitions into chambers — 2. 1b. Leaflets 5-11; pith not partitioned (Hickory) — 3. 2a. Pith brown; bark with flat longitudinal ridges Butternut, Juglans cinerea. 2b. Pith cream-color; bark of trunk without flat ridges Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. 3a. Bark of the trunk essentially smooth, not deeply furrowed or shaggy — 4. 3b. Bark of the trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy — 6. 4a. Leaflets glabrous beneath; buds greenish — 5. 4b. Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath; buds bright yellow Bitter Nut, Carya cordiformis. 5a. Twigs hairy Small-fruited Hickory, Carya microcarpa. 5b. Twigs smooth Pignut Hickory, Carya glabra. 6a. Twigs and leaves both pubescent — 7. 6b. Twigs nearly smooth; leaves smooth beneath Shag-bark Hickory, Carya ovata. 7a. Twigs brownish; buds densely hairy Mocker-nut Hickory, Carya alba. 7b. Twigs orange; buds very slightly hairy King-nut Hickory, Carya laciniosa. BETULACEAE, березовое семейство Деревья или кустарники с очередными простыми листьями и незаметными однодомными цветками, тычиночные цветки в сережках, а пестичные — в сережках или мелких пучках. 1a. Trees, with white or yellowish bark exfoliating in thin papery plates or scales — 2. 1b. Tree or shrub, with smooth, dark gray bark; trunk fluted with prominent longitudinal ridges Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana. 1c. Trees or shrubs; the bark more or less roughened, but not exfoliating; trunk not fluted — 3. 2a. Bark white or chalky Paper Birch, Betula alba var. papyrifera. 2b. Bark yellowish Yellow Birch, Betula lutea. 3a. Shrubs, with leaves 4 cm. long or less — 4. 3b. Shrubs or trees, with leaves 5 cm. long or more — 5.   4a. Twigs glandular-warty Dwarf Birch, Betula glandulosa. 4b. Twigs not glandular Swamp Birch, Betula pumila. 5a. Twigs and bark with the odor of wintergreen Sweet Birch, Betula lenta. 5b. Twigs and bark without odor of wintergreen — 6. 6a. Fruit clusters woody, persistent on the plant for a long time — 7. 6b. Fruit clusters herbaceous, dropping in late autumn — 9. 7a. Leaves rusty or whitish beneath, and pubescent at least on the veins Speckled Alder, Alnus incana. 7b. Leaves green beneath, and either pubescent or smooth — 8. 8a. Leaves broadest at or below the middle Mountain Alder, Alnus crispa. 8b. Leaves broadest above the middle Smooth Alder, Alnus rugosa. 9a. Tree; fruit a cluster of bladder-like sacs each containing a small achene Ironwood, Ostrya virginiana. 9b. Shrubs; fruit a nut within a close-fitting involucre — 10. 10a. Involucre of 2 broad bracts, almost separate and not much longer than the fruit Hazel, Corylus americana. 10b. Involucre of united bracts, prolonged into a bristly beak beyond the fruit Beaked Hazel, Corylus rostrata. FAGACEAE, буковое семейство Деревья (или 1 вид кустарниковый) с очередными простыми листьями и однодомными цветками, тычиночные цветки в сережках, а пестичные — одиночные или в мелких пучках. Плод — орех (или желудь), заключенный в плюску или обертку. 1a. Leaves serrate with numerous sharp-pointed teeth — 2. 1b. Leaves serrate, lobed, or entire, but never serrate with sharp-pointed teeth; fruit an acorn; pith 5-angled in the young twigs (Oak) — 3. 2a. Bark gray, smooth; buds 3-4 times longer than wide; nut Beech, Fagus grandifolia. 2b. Bark rough; buds relatively thicker; nut rounded Chestnut, Castanea dentata. 3a. Leaves entire, except for a bristle at the tip Shingle Oak, Quercus imbricaria. 3b. Leaves toothed or lobed, the points bristle-tipped — 4. 3c. Leaves toothed or lobed, the points without bristles — 10. 4a. Leaves entire below the middle, with a few shallow lobes beyond Black Jack Oak, Quercus marilandica. 4b. Leaves deeply lobed throughout — 5. 5a. Cup of the acorn saucer-shape, covering less than one-third of the acorn — 6.   5b. Cup of the acorn hemispherical or top-shape, covering one-third or more of the acorn — 8. 6a. Length of the lateral leaf-lobes less than one-third the width of the leaf; acorn cup 2-2.5 cm. wide Red Oak, Quercus rubra. 6b. Length of the lateral leaf-lobes more than one-third the width of the leaf — 7. 7a. Acorn depressed-globose, about 1 cm. in diameter Pin Oak, Quercus palustris. 7b. Acorn ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick Schneck's Oak, Quercus schneckii. 8a. Leaves pubescent beneath Black Oak, Quercus velutina. 8b. Leaves glabrous beneath — 9. 9a. Buds glabrous; inner bark of the trunk yellow Hill's Oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis. 9b. Buds pubescent beyond the middle; inner bark of trunk red Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. 10a. Leaves deeply pinnately lobed — 11. 10b. Leaves crenate, dentate, or sinuate, not lobed — 12. 11a. Leaf divided nearly to the middle by a pair of deep lateral lobes near the middle of the leaf; acorn more than half covered by the cup Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa. 11b. Leaf without a median pair of deeper lobes; acorn about one-fourth covered by the cup White Oak, Quercus alba. 12a. Leaves broadest at or near the middle, with numerous (8-13) sharp coarse teeth on each side Yellow Oak, Quercus muhlenbergii. 12b. Leaves broadest above the middle, with a few shallow, rounded or subacute teeth (7 or less on each side) — 13. 13a. Large tree; leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; acorn on a stalk 3-10 cm. long Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor. 13b. Shrub; leaves thinly white-tomentose beneath; acorn sessile or nearly so Scrub Oak, Quercus prinoides. URTICACEAE, крапивное семейство Травянистые растения или деревья с мелкими незаметными апетальными цветками. 1a. Trees or tall shrubs — 2. 1b. Herbs — 7. 2a. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, serrate — 3. 2b. Leaves broadly ovate to rotund, some of them lobed (Mulberry) — 6. 3a. Leaves thick, coarsely and doubly serrate, broadest near the middle (Elm) — 4.   3b. Leaves thin, simply serrate, broadest distinctly below the middle Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis. 4a. Some of the branches with flat corky wings; leaves smooth above Cork Elm, Ulmus racemosa. 4b. Branches without corky wings; leaves more or less rough above — 5. 5a. Petioles and axillary buds glabrous White Elm, Ulmus americana. 5b. Petioles and axillary buds pubescent with rusty hairs Slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva. 6a. Leaves rough above Red Mulberry, Morus rubra. 6b. Leaves smooth above White Mulberry, Morus alba. 7a. Leaves alternate — 8. 7b. Leaves opposite — 9. 8a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, stems pubescent Pellitory, Parietaria pennsylvanica. 8b. Leaves 8-20 cm. long; stem armed with stinging hairs Wood Nettle, Laportea canadensis. 9a. Twining plant; leaves serrate or cleft Hop, Humulus lupulus. 9b. Erect plant; leaves palmately compound Hemp, Cannabis sativa. 9c. Erect plants; leaves not lobed or compound — 10. 10a. Stems armed with stinging hairs — 11. 10b. Stems glabrous or rough, but not with stinging hairs — 12. 11a. Leaves ovate, with a heart-shape base Stinging Nettle, Urtica dioica. 11b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, not heart-shape at base Slender Nettle, Urtica gracilis. 12a. Stems glabrous, pellucid Clearweed, Pilea pumila. 12b. Stems rough, opaque False Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica. SANTALACEAE, сандаловое семейство Низкорослые травянистые растения с очередными цельными листьями и верхушечными пучками мелких зеленовато-белых колокольчатых цветков без лепестков весной и в начале лета. 1a. Inflorescence of several-flowered clusters terminating the stem and in the upper axils Toad-flax, Comandra umbellata. 1b. Inflorescence of axillary clusters of 1-5 flowers Toad-flax, Comandra livida. LORANTHACEAE, ремнецветные семейство Паразитические растения, прикрепленные к ветвям деревьев. One species in Michigan, a dwarf brown plant 5-20 mm. long, with minute scale-like leaves, growing on the branches of Black Spruce Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium pusillum. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, кирказоновое семейство Цветки зеленовато-коричневые или красновато-коричневые, у земли или близ нее, с нижней 6-гнездной завязью. 1a. Leaves alternate, on the stem; flowers on a basal scaly branch (1-4 dm. high; summer) Virginia Snakeroot, Aristolochia serpentaria. 1b. Leaves a single basal pair, bearing 1 short-stalked flower between them (spring) (Wild Ginger) — 2. 2a. Lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion 5-8 mm. long Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense. 2b. Lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion over 1 cm. long Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense var. acuminatum. 2c. Lobes of the perianth triangular, not tubular at the end Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense var. reflexum. POLYGONACEAE, гречишное семейство Травянистые растения с очередными цельными листьями, раструбами, окружающими стебель выше основания каждого листа, и мелкими зелеными, белыми или розоватыми цветками без лепестков. 1a. Erect or ascending or prostrate or floating plants — 2. 1b. Scrambling or climbing plants, clinging by sharp recurved prickles on the 4-angled stems (flowers greenish or pink, summer) (Tear-thumb) — 32. 1c. Twining vines (flowers white or greenish, summer) — 33. 2a. Sepals 6, the 3 inner ones enlarging in fruit and surrounding the achenes; flowers in panicles — 3. 2b. Sepals 4 or 5 (occasional flowers may be found with 6 sepals, but the flowers are not in panicles) (summer) — 13. 3a. Leaves arrow-shape or halberd-shape, with 2 basal lobes (Sorrel) — 4. 3b. Leaves without basal lobes (Dock) — 5. 4a. Leaves halberd-shape, the basal lobes directed sidewise Red Sorrel, Rumex acetosella. 4b. Leaves arrow-shape, the basal lobes directed backward Green Sorrel, Rumex acetosa. 5a. The projecting wings of the fruiting calyx (known as valves) with sharp slender teeth Bitter Dock, Rumex obtusifolius. 5b. Valves entire or finely dentate, but without sharp slender teeth — 6. 6a. Pedicels straight, thickened toward the end, all regularly deflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx Swamp Dock, Rumex verticillatus. 6b. Pedicels slender, flexuous, spreading — 7. 7a. Leaves flat or nearly so — 8. 7b. Leaves with strongly crisped or wavy-curled margins; plants usually of cultivated grounds or waste places (5-10 dm., summer) — 12. 8a. With grain-like tubercles on all 3 valves of the fruit — 9. 8b. With grain-like tubercles on only one valve, or entirely lacking — 10. 9a. Valves broadly cordate, finely toothed Water Dock, Rumex brittanica. 9b. Valves triangular-ovate, entire or nearly so Dock, Rumex mexicanus. 10a. Valves oblong Bloody Dock, Rumex sanguineus. 10b. Valves broadly heart-shape — 11. 11a. Grain-like tubercle less than half as long as the valve Patience Dock, Rumex patientia. 11b. Grain-like tubercle more than half as long as the valve Tall Dock, Rumex altissimus. 12a. The grain-like tubercle on the valves of the fruit broadly ellipsoid, with rounded apex Sour Dock, Rumex crispus. 12b. Tubercle ovoid with tapering apex Sour Dock, Rumex elongatus. 13a. Flowers inconspicuous, in small axillary clusters; leaves jointed at the base (Knotweed) — 14. 13b. Flowers more or less conspicuous, in obvious spikes or racemes which terminate the stems or branches, or arise from the axils of the upper leaves — 18. 14a. Leaves sharply folded lengthwise (1-4 dm. tall) Knotweed, Polygonum tenue. 14b. Leaves flat or nearly so — 15. 15a. The small sepals pink or white at the margin (stems prostrate or ascending) — 16. 15b. Sepals greenish or yellowish throughout (stems erect or ascending) — 17. 16a. Leaves thin; common weed of dooryards and gardens Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare. 16b. Leaves thick and fleshy; a plant of sandy shores Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare var. littorale. 17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong; rare species Knotweed, Polygonum ramosissimum. 17b. Leaves broadly oblong, oval, or elliptical; common weed of yards and gardens Knotweed, Polygonum erectum. 18a. Leaves broadly triangular (3-7 dm. high; flowers white) Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum. 18b. Leaves from linear to ovate or oblong — 19. 19a. Sepals 4; flowers in very long and slender spike-like racemes (4-10 dm. high) Knotweed, Polygonum virginianum. 19b. Sepals 5; flowers in spikes or racemes — 20. 20a. Flowers on slender pedicels, forming a loose raceme; leaves linear, jointed at the base (1-3 dm. high; flowers pink or white; chiefly near the Great Lakes) Jointweed, Polygonella articulata. 20b. Flowers sessile or nearly so, forming a spike or spike-like raceme — 21. 21a. Stipular sheaths at the base of the leaves ciliate at their upper margin — 22. 21b. Stipular sheaths not ciliate at the upper margin — 28. 22a. Sheaths with spreading borders — 23. 22b. Sheaths without a spreading border, appressed to the stem (Smartweed) — 24. 23a. Leaves ovate, acuminate; stem erect (1-2 m. high; flowers pink) Prince's Feather, Polygonum orientate. 23b. Leaves oblong, obtuse or subacute; spreading or ascending plant of wet soil Water Smartweed, Polygonum amphibium var. hartwrightii. 24a. Peduncles with glandular hairs (5-15 dm. high) Smartweed, Polygonum careyi. 24b. Peduncles not glandular (1-8 dm. high) (Smartweed) — 25. 25a. Sepals beset with minute black dots — 26. 25b. Sepals white, pink, or red, not black-dotted — 27. 26a. Racemes drooping or nodding at the tip; achene dull-colored Smartweed, Polygonum hydropiper. 26b. Racemes erect; achene smooth and shining Smartweed, Polygonum acre. 27a. Sheaths smooth; leaves usually with a dark spot near the base Smartweed, Polygonum persicaria. 27b. Sheaths hairy; leaves not dark-spotted Smartweed, Polygonum hydropiperoides. 28a. Leaves obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex — 29. 28b. Leaves acuminate at the apex (5-15 dm. high; flowers white to pink) (Smartweed) — 30. 29a. Stem unbranched, erect, bearing a single terminal raceme (5-30 cm. high; flowers pink) Bistort, Polygonum viviparum. 29b. Stem branched, submerged in water or creeping on muddy shores (flowers pink) Water Smartweed, Polygonum amphibium. 30a. Raceme single or two; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, about 3 times as long as wide Smartweed, Polygonum muhlenbergii. 30b. Racemes numerous; leaves lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as wide — 31. 31a. Racemes drooping or nodding at the tip Smartweed, Polygonum lapathifolium. 31b. Racemes erect Smartweed, Polygonum pennsylvanicum. 32a. Leaves arrow-shape, the basal lobes pointing backward Tear-thumb, Polygonum sagittatum. 32b. Leaves halberd-shape, the basal lobes pointing sidewise Tear-thumb, Polygonum arifolium. 33a. The three outer sepals becoming conspicuously winged in fruit (False Buckwheat) — 34. 33b. The sepals all unchanged in fruit, except in size (Black Bindweed) — 35. 34a. Wings of the fruit with wavy-curled margins False Buckwheat, Polygonum scandens. 34b. Wings of the fruit flat False Buckwheat, Polygonum dumetorum. 35a. Leaf-sheaths with a ring of bristles at the base Black Bindweed, Polygonum cilinode. 35b. Leaf-sheaths without a ring of bristles Black Bindweed, Polygonum convolvulus. CHENOPODIACEAE, маревое семейство Травянистые растения с незаметными зеленоватыми или розоватыми цветками без лепестков, летом. 1a. Leaves linear or nearly so, entire — 2. 1b. Leaves of a broader shape, usually toothed or lobed — 5. 2a. Leaves rather stiff, narrowly linear or thread-like, with spine-like tips Russian Thistle, Salsola kali var. tenuifolia. 2b. Leaves soft, not spine-like — 3. 3a. Widely branched, rather diffuse, 1-5 dm. tall; plant of the shore of the Great Lakes Bug-seed, Corispermum hyssopifolium. 3b. Erect plants with ascending branches — 4. 4a. Leaves glabrous (3-6 dm. tall) Goosefoot, Chenopodium leptophyllum. 4b. Leaves minutely ciliate on the margin (bushy branched, 5-10 dm. tall) Kochia, Kochia scoparia. 5a. Principal leaves with a broad truncate, rounded, or hastate base — 6.   5b. Principal leaves narrowed to the base — 12. 6a. Leaves broadly ovate, with 1-4 large sharp projecting teeth on each side Goosefoot, Chenopodium hybridum. 6b. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, entire or with many teeth — 7. 7a. Leaves entire or merely undulate — 8. 7b. Leaves sharply or sinuately toothed — 9. 8a. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched Good King Henry, Chenopodium bonus-henricus. 8b. Stem diffuse or ascending, freely branched Orache, Atriplex patula. 9a. Flowers in small heads, in the axils or in terminal spikes; leaves sinuately toothed or nearly entire Strawberry Blite, Chenopodium capitatum. 9b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves sharply toothed (Goosefoot) — 10. 10a. Panicles short, not as long as the subtending leaves Goosefoot, Chenopodium murale. 10b. Panicles long, exceeding the subtending leaves — 11. 11a. Calyx green Goosefoot, Chenopodium urbicum. 11b. Calyx red Goosefoot, Chenopodium rubrum. 12a. Foliage glandular and strongly aromatic — 13. 12b. Foliage not glandular nor aromatic; sometimes ill-scented — 15. 13a. Flowers in large loose open spreading panicles; leaves deeply pinnatifid Jerusalem Oak, Chenopodium botrys. 13b. Flowers clustered in slender axillary or terminal spikes — 14. 14a. Spikes dense, leafy Mexican Tea, Chenopodium ambrosioides. 14b. Spikes open, nearly leafless Wormseed, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum. 15a. Stem erect, 5-20 dm. tall; leaves frequently white-mealy Lamb's Quarters, Chenopodium album. 15b. Stem prostrate or ascending, succulent; leaves glaucous-white beneath Goosefoot, Chenopodium glaucum. 15c. Stem widely and diffusely branched; leaves green, soon deciduous Cycloloma, Cycloloma atriplicifolium. AMARANTHACEAE, амарантовое семейство Травянистые растения с очередными листьями и незаметными зеленоватыми или розоватыми цветками без лепестков, которые пазушные или в плотных пучках, цветущие летом. 1a. Flower-clusters axillary — 2. 1b. Flower-clusters in terminal spikes or panicles, sometimes also axillary — 3. 2a. Plant prostrate or decumbent; seed about 1.5 mm. broad Pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides. 2b. Plant erect or ascending, widely branched; seeds about 1 mm. broad (3-10 dm. high) Tumble Weed, Amaranthus graecizans. 3a. Principal leaves with a pair of spines at their base Thorny Amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus. 3b. Spines none at the base of the leaves — 4. 4a. Weedy plants of cultivated or waste ground; flowers monoecious or polygamous; pistillate flowers with a calyx (Pigweed) — 5. 4b. Plants of swamps or stream-banks; flowers dioecious; pistillate flowers without calyx (Water Hemp) — 7. 5a. Spikes short, 1-8 cm. long, crowded in dense ovoid panicles; the terminal spike not conspicuously elongated beyond the appressed or ascending lower ones Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus. 5b. Spikes slender, 1-12 cm. long; the terminal spike greatly exceeding the short inconspicuous divergent lower ones — 6. 6a. Bracts subulate, sharply awned Pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus. 6b. Bracts merely acuminate Pigweed, Amaranthus paniculatus. 7a. Flowers in leafy spikes, or the lower in separate clusters Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata. 7b. Flowers in separate distinct clusters Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata var. subnuda. PHYTOLACCACEAE, лаконосовое семейство Травянистые растения с очередными цельными листьями, мелкими цветками без лепестков и многогнездной завязью. One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with numerous racemes of whitish flowers, in late summer, followed by dark-purple berries Pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra. NYCTAGINACEAE, ночецветные семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными цельными листьями и цветками в мелких пучках, окруженных широким открытым чашечковидным покрывалом; истинная чашечка окрашена наподобие венчика; лепестки отсутствуют (высотой 4–8 дм; цветки пурпурные, летом). 1a. Leaves lanceolate or narrower, sessile Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus hirsutus. 1b. Leaves ovate, petioled Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus nyctagineus. ILLECEBRACEAE, иллецебровые семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными цельными листьями и миниатюрными цветками без лепестков. (Простертые стелющиеся или сильно ветвистые растения высотой 3 дм или менее; цветки летом.) 1a. Stipules none; leaves slightly connate at base, subulate Knawel, Scleranthus annuus. 1b. Stipules present, but small; leaves elliptical or oval (Forked Chickweed) — 2. 2a. Stems pubescent; internodes seldom more than 1 cm. long Forked Chickweed, Anychia polygonoides. 2b. Stems smooth; internodes about 2 cm. long Forked Chickweed, Anychia canadensis. AIZOACEAE, аизоовые семейство Простертые травянистые растения с мутовчатыми листьями и мелкими беловатыми пазушными цветками без лепестков, летом. One species in Michigan Carpet-weed, Mollugo verticillata. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, гвоздичное семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными или мутовчатыми цельными листьями и стеблями, часто утолщенными в узлах. Чашелистиков 4 или 5; лепестки раздельные, в числе, равном чашелистикам, или редко отсутствуют; тычинок вдвое больше, чем лепестков, у растений с заметными цветками, иногда меньше у растений с мелкими цветками; завязь 1-гнездная, с семязачатками на центральной колонке и с 2–5 столбиками. 1a. Calyx spreading, of separate sepals; flowers 15 mm. wide or less; petals sometimes none — 2. 1b. Calyx tubular, of united sepals; flowers in many species more than 15 mm. wide; petals always present — 22. 2a. Stipules present — 3. 2b. Stipules none — 4. 3a. Leaves opposite; flowers pink (about 1 dm. high; summer) Sand Spurrey, Spergularia rubra. 3b. Leaves whorled; flowers white (1-5 dm. high; leaves linear; summer) Spurrey, Spergula arvensis. 4a. Leaves subulate or thread-like — 5. 4b. Leaves linear to ovate — 7. 5a. Leaves opposite (1 dm. high or less; flowers white, summer) Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens. 5b. Leaves fascicled in the axils — 6. 6a. Styles 4 or 5 (1 dm. high; terminal white flowers 5 mm. wide, in summer) Pearlwort, Sagina nodosa. 6b. Styles 3 (1-4 dm. high; flowers white, nearly 1 cm. wide, summer) Stitchwort, Arenaria stricta. 7a. Petals entire (3 dm. high or less; flowers white, in summer) (Stitchwort) — 8. 7b. Petals notched or 2-cleft at the end, or none — 11. 8a. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less — 9. 8b. Principal leaves 1.5 cm. long or more — 10. 9a. Petals half as long as the sepals Stitchwort, Arenaria leptoclados. 9b. Petals almost as long as the sepals Stitchwort, Arenaria serpyllifolia. 10a. Leaves oblong-oval, obtuse. Stitchwort, Arenaria lateriflora. 10b. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Stitchwort, Arenaria macrophylla. 11a. Capsule splitting by valves at maturity; styles usually 3 (Chickweed) — 12. 11b. Capsule opening by terminal teeth at maturity; styles usually 5 (tufted or matted plants, 1-5 dm. high; flowers white, in spring and summer) (Mouse-ear Chickweed) — 18. 12a. Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals, or none — 13. 12b. Petals as long as the sepals, or longer — 15. 13a. Leaves ovate (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, all summer) Chickweed, Stellaria media. 13b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong (in water or wet places, 1-4 dm. high; flowers white, in summer) — 14. 14a. Flowers in a leafy terminal branching cluster Chickweed, Stellaria borealis. 14b. Flowers in a lateral cluster with minute bracts Chickweed, Stellaria uliginosa. 15a. Flowers in clusters with leaf-like bracts, or axillary and solitary (in water or wet places; 1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer) Chickweed, Stellaria crassifolia. 15b. Flowers in clusters with scale-like bracts — 16. 16a. Leaves distinctly linear; cymes lateral; a common species in marshes (2-5 dm. high; flowers white, early summer) Chickweed, Stellaria longifolia. 16b. Leaves distinctly broadest near the base; flower-cluster terminal — 17. 17a. Pedicels erect; clusters usually few-flowered; in extreme northern part of the state only (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer) Chickweed, Stellaria longipes. 17b. Pedicels spreading; clusters open, many-flowered (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, in summer) Chickweed, Stellaria graminea. 18a. Petals distinctly longer than the sepals — 19. 18b. Petals as long as the sepals, or shorter than them — 21. 19a. Flowers much less than 1 cm. wide Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium nutans. 19b. Flowers more than 1 cm. wide — 20. 20a. Stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense. 20b. Stem-leaves oblong Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense var. oblongifolium. 21a. Bracts green; pedicels short and inflorescence crowded Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum. 21b. Bracts with transparent white margins; pedicels longer than the calyx and inflorescence open Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum. 22a. Styles 5 — 23. 22b. Styles 3 (3-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 25. 22c. Styles 2 — 29. 23a. Calyx-teeth much longer than the calyx-tube (erect, 4-10 dm. high; flowers large, red, late summer) Corn Cockle, Agrostemma githago. 23b. Calyx-teeth shorter than the calyx-tube (4-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 24. 24a. Flowers crimson Mullein Pink, Lychnis coronaria. 24b. Flowers white or pink White Campion, Lychnis alba. 25a. Flowers night-blooming, always wilted during the day Catchfly, Silene noctiflora. 25b. Flowers open during the day — 26. 26a. Flowers 6 mm. wide or less, white or pink Catchfly, Silene antirrhina. 26b. Flowers 1-2 cm. wide, white to pink or purple — 27. 26c. Flowers 2 cm. wide or more, crimson Fire Pink, Silene virginica. 27a. Principal leaves in whorls of 4 Starry Campion, Silene stellata. 27b. Leaves opposite — 28. 28a. Calyx globular, much inflated or bladder-like Bladder Campion, Silene latifolia. 28b. Calyx club-shape, not inflated Sweet William Catchfly, Silene armeria. 29a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5 mm. wide or less (flowers pink or white, in summer) — 30. 29b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate (flowers pink, white, or red, in summer) — 32. 30a. Flowers in terminal clusters; leaves hairy (2-4 dm. high) Deptford Pink, Dianthus armeria. 30b. Flowers solitary at the ends of long pedicels — 31. 31a. Flowers 3-4 mm. wide (1-2 dm. high) Gypsophyll, Gypsophila muralis. 31b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or more (1-5 dm. high) Meadow Pink, Dianthus deltoides. 32a. Flowers less than 1 cm. broad — 33. 32b. Flowers more than 1 cm. broad — 34. 33a. Flowers white, in large panicles (4-7 dm. high) Baby's Breath, Gypsophila paniculata. 33b. Flowers pale red, in loose clusters (4-10 dm. high) Cowherb, Saponaria vaccaria. 34a. Leaves with 3-5 prominent veins (4-7 dm. high) Soapwort, Saponaria officinalis. 34b. Leaves with one mid-vein (3-6 dm. high) Sweet William, Dianthus barbatus. PORTULACACEAE, портулаковые семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными или очередными листьями и правильными цветками с 2 чашелистиками, 5 лепестками и 1-гнездной завязью с 2 или 3 столбиками. 1a. Leaves a single pair on each stem (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink, in racemes in early spring) (Spring Beauty) — 2. 1b. Leaves numerous (prostrate or spreading; flowers in summer) — 3. 2a. Leaves lance-ovate to oblong, not more than six times as long as wide Spring Beauty, Claytonia caroliniana. 2b. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, more than six times as long as wide Spring Beauty, Claytonia virginica. 3a. Flowers yellow, about 5 mm. wide Purslane, Portulaca oleracea. 3b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide Portulaca, Portulaca grandiflora. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, роголистниковые семейство Погруженные водные растения с мутовчатыми мелкорассеченными листьями и незаметными цветками без чашечки и венчика. One species in Michigan Hornwort, Ceratophyllum demersum. NYMPHAEACEAE, кувшинковые семейство Водные растения с обычно крупными и плавающими листьями, которые круглые или эллиптические и пальчато-нервные. 1a. Floating and emersed leaves centrally peltate — 2. 1b. Leaves rounded but not peltate, with a deep sinus — 3. 2a. Leaves round, 3 dm. in diameter or more; flowers very large, pale yellow Lotus, Nelumbo lutea. 2b. Leaves oval, 5-15 cm. long; flowers small, purple Water Shield, Brasenia schreberi. 3a. Flowers yellow (Pond Lily) — 4. 3b. Flowers white or tinged with pink (Water Lily) — 5. 4a. Leaves more than 1 dm. long Pond Lily, Nymphaea advena. 4b. Leaves less than 1 dm. long Pond Lily, Nymphaea microphylla. 5a. Flowers very fragrant; leaves purplish beneath Water Lily, Castalia odorata. 5b. Flowers not fragrant; leaves green beneath Water Lily, Castalia tuberosa. RANUNCULACEAE, лютиковые семейство Травянистые растения с очередными (редко супротивными) листьями, едким водянистым соком, раздельными чашелистиками и лепестками, многочисленными тычинками и несколькими или многими (редко только 1) простыми пестиками. Лепестки присутствуют или отсутствуют, в последнем случае чашелистики обычно имеют вид лепестков. 1a. Climbing plants with opposite leaves (flowers in late summer) (Virgin's Bower) — 2. 1b. Aquatic plants with dissected submerged leaves (flowers in late spring and summer) (Water Crowfoot) — 3. 1c. Terrestrial or mud plants, not agreeing with 1a or 1b — 6. 2a. Flowers white, 2-3 cm. wide Virgin's Bower, Clematis virginiana. 2b. Flowers pink-purple, 5-8 cm. wide Virgin's Bower, Clematis verticillaris. 3a. Flowers white — 4. 3b. Flowers yellow — 5. 4a. Leaves rigid, not collapsing when removed from the water Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus circinatus. 4b. Leaves soft, collapsing when removed from the water Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus. 5a. Submerged leaves divided into hair-like segments Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius. 5b. Submerged leaves palmately divided into linear lobes Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii. 6a. Flowers blue, irregular, with one spur (4-8 dm. high, summer) Larkspur, Delphinium ajacis. 6b. The five petals each prolonged into a spur; flowers showy (4-8 dm. tall) (Columbine) — 7. 6c. Flowers regular, without spurs — 8. 7a. Spurs nearly straight; flowers scarlet and yellow (spring) Wild Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis. 7b. Spurs strongly incurved; flowers blue or white (spring, early summer) Columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris. 8a. Flowers yellow — 9. 8b. Flowers of various colors, but never yellow — 28. 9a. Petals none; sepals petal-like; leaves crenate or dentate (2-4 dm. high, flowers in early spring) Cowslip, Caltha palustris. 9b. Petals small; sepals petal-like; leaves deeply palmately lobed (4-6 dm. tall; flowers in late spring) Globe-flower, Trollius laxus. 9c. Petals yellow; sepals green or yellowish — 10. 10a. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, entire or with minute teeth (flowers 10-15 mm. wide, in summer) — 11. 10b. Leaves broader, some or all of them lobed or divided, or cordate-ovate and not lobed — 12. 11a. Stems ascending (4-8 dm. high), rooting at the lower joints; fruits pointed with a long slender beak Spearwort, Ranunculus laxicaulis. 11b. Stems prostrate and trailing, rooting at the joints; fruits tipped with a minute short beak Spearwort, Ranunculus flammula var. reptans. 12a. Basal leaves, or most of them, merely serrate or crenate, and not obviously lobed — 13. 12b. All the leaves lobed or divided — 16. 13a. Stem-leaves resembling the basal ones, and not lobed (1-2 dm. high; summer) Sea-side Crowfoot, Ranunculus cymbalaria. 13b. Stem-leaves deeply divided into oblong or linear segments — 14. 14a. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide or more (1-3 dm. high; spring) Buttercup, Ranunculus rhomboideus. 14b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or less (2-5 dm. high; spring) — 15. 15a. Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent; basal leaves cordate Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus abortivus. 15b. Foliage villous; basal leaves barely cordate or not at all Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus micranthus. 16a. Stem erect or essentially so — 17. 16b. Stem prostrate, creeping, or ascending. Early in spring stems may be found which appear almost erect. Common spring-flowering buttercups are all classified here — 22. 17a. Flowers 2 cm. broad or larger (Buttercup) — 18.   17b. Flowers 1 cm. broad or smaller — 19. 18a. Terminal lobe of leaf stalked (2-5 dm. high, early summer) Buttercup, Ranunculus bulbosus. 18b. Terminal lobe of leaf sessile (5-10 dm. high; all summer) Buttercup, Ranunculus acris. 19a. Plant glabrous, succulent; stem hollow (1-5 dm. high; spring and summer) Cursed Crowfoot, Ranunculus sceleratus. 19b. Plant pubescent (Buttercup) — 20. 20a. Fruits tipped with a prominent recurved beak; plant of shady woods (2-6 dm. high; flowers in late spring) Buttercup, Ranunculus recurvatus. 20b. Fruits tipped with a straight or slightly curved beak; plants of marshes or wet soil (3-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 21. 21a. Fruits in a short-cylindric head on a conical receptacle Buttercup, Ranunculus pennsylvanicus. 21b. Fruits in a globose or short-ovoid head, on an obovoid receptacle Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii. 22a. Leaves dissected into numerous linear or narrowly wedge-shape divisions; plants growing in water or very wet places (late spring and summer) Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius. 22b. Leaves palmately lobed, the terminal division not definitely stalked — 23. 22c. Leaves compound, some or all of the divisions on definite stalks (Buttercup) — 24. 23a. Stem-leaves numerous (1-2 dm. tall; late spring and summer) Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii. 23b. Stem-leaves one or none, the principal leaves all basal (about 1 dm. high; flowers in summer) Buttercup, Ranunculus lapponicus. 24a. Style short, obviously curved — 25. 24b. Style long and slender, straight or nearly so (common spring-flowering buttercups, 2-5 dm. high) — 26. 25a. Stems creeping; flowers 2 cm. wide or more (spring) Buttercup, Ranunculus repens. 25b. Stems ascending; flowers 1.5 cm. wide or less (3-6 dm. high; summer) Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii. 26a. The two lateral divisions of the leaf sessile or nearly so Buttercup, Ranunculus fascicularis. 26b. The two lateral divisions of the leaf on long stalks — 27. 27a. Roots fibrous; plants of wet soil Buttercup, Ranunculus septentrionalis. 27b. Roots thickened; plants of dry woods or thickets Buttercup, Ranunculus hispidus. 28a. Leaves dissected into numerous narrowly linear acute divisions (4-7 dm. high; flowers large, bluish, in summer) Love-in-a-mist, Nigella damascena. 28b. Leaves lobed or divided, but the divisions not separated by definite stalks — 29. 28c. Leaves truly compound, all their divisions separated by distinct stalks — 39. 29a. Leaves all basal, their lobes (usually 3) entire (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in earliest spring) (Hepatica) — 30. 29b. Lobes of the leaf serrate or incised — 31. 30a. Lobes of the leaf obtuse or rounded Hepatica, Hepatica triloba. 30b. Lobes of the leaf acute Hepatica, Hepatica acutiloba. 31a. Petals none; sepals 3, usually falling away as soon as the flower opens (2-4 dm. high; flowers greenish-white, in spring) Golden Seal, Hydrastis canadensis. 31b. Petals none; sepals petal-like, 4 or more (Anemone) — 32. 31c. Petals present, but much smaller than the 5 petal-like sepals — 38. 32a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so — 33. 32b. Stem-leaves on definite petioles — 35. 33a. Ovary tipped with a long slender hairy style; flowers bluish-purple (1-4 dm. high; early spring) Pasque Flower, Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana. 33b. Ovary with a short style, densely woolly; flowers red, greenish, or white (1-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) — 34. 33c. Ovary tipped with a short style, glabrous or nearly so; flowers white (4-7 dm. high; late spring and early summer) Anemone, Anemone canadensis. 34a. Stem 1-flowered, sepals white Anemone, Anemone parviflora. 34b. Stem 3-flowered; sepals usually red Anemone, Anemone multifida. 35a. Achenes densely woolly; flowers appearing in summer — 36. 35b. Achenes merely pubescent; stems 1-flowered; woodland species blooming in early spring (1-2 dm. high; flowers white) Wood Anemone, Anemone quinquefolia. 36a. Segments of the leaf broadly wedge-shape or ovate; flowers white (4-8 dm. high) — 37.   36b. Segments of the leaf linear-oblong; flower red, greenish, or white; plants growing on the shores of the Great Lakes Anemone, Anemone multifida. 37a. Segments of the basal leaves wedge-lanceolate; head of fruit cylindric Anemone, Anemone cylindrica. 37b. Segments of the basal leaves ovate-lanceolate; head of fruit ovoid or oblong Anemone, Anemone virginiana. 38a. Stem-leaves present — 9b. 38b. Leaves all basal (1-2 dm. high; leaves 3-divided; flowers white, in early summer) Gold-thread, Coptis trifolia. 39a. Flowers numerous, in branching panicles (Meadow Rue) — 40. 39b. Flowers numerous, in racemes — 43. 39c. Flowers solitary or few, in loose clusters; woodland plants blooming in early spring (1-3 dm. high; flowers white to purple) — 45. 40a. Blooming in spring; stem-leaves with obvious petioles (3-7 dm. high; flowers white or greenish) Meadow Rue, Thalictrum dioicum. 40b. Blooming in late spring or summer, stem-leaves sessile or nearly so (8-15 dm. high; flowers white) — 41. 41a. Filaments club-shape, approximately as wide as the anther Meadow Rue, Thalictrum polygamum. 41b. Filaments slender or thread-like — 42. 42a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath, but not glandular Meadow Rue, Thalictrum dasycarpum. 42b. Leaves minutely glandular beneath Meadow Rue, Thalictrum revolutum. 43a. Racemes slender, 10-90 cm. long (8-15 dm. high; flowers white, in summer) Bugbane, Cimicifuga racemosa. 43b. Racemes short and stout, 3-8 cm. long (4-8 dm. high; flowers white, in late spring) (Baneberry) — 44. 44a. Berries white; pedicels strongly thickened at maturity Baneberry, Actaea alba. 44b. Berries red; pedicels slender Baneberry, Actaea rubra. 45a. Flowers white; stem-leaves alternate Isopyrum, Isopyrum biternatum. 45b. Flowers white to pink or purplish; stem-leaves whorled Rue Anemone, Anemonella thalictroides. MAGNOLIACEAE, магнолиевые семейство Деревья или кустарники с очередными листьями и крупными, часто броскими цветками. One species in Michigan, with broad 4-lobed leaves and greenish-yellow flowers in late spring Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. ANONACEAE, аноновые семейство Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple entire leaves, 3 sepals, and 6 petals. One species in Michigan; tall shrub or small tree, with obovate leaves and large dull-purple flowers in spring Papaw, Asimina triloba. MENISPERMACEAE, луносемянниковые семейство Древесные лианы с очередными листьями, 6–8 лепестками и многочисленными тычинками. One species in Michigan, with 5-7-angled leaves which are peltate near the edge, and small white flowers in early summer Moonseed, Menispermum canadense. BERBERIDACEAE, барбарисовые семейство Кустарники или травянистые растения; лепестков 6 или более; тычинок 6–18, часто открывающихся двумя верхушечными створками; пестик 1. 1a. Leaves simple — 2. 1b. Leaves compound — 3. 2a. Stem shrubby (flowers yellow, in racemes, in spring) Barberry, Berberis vulgaris. 2b. Stem herbaceous, with a single pair of palmately lobed leaves (4-6 dm. tall; flower white, solitary, terminal, in spring) May Apple, Podophyllum peltatum. 3a. Leaves all basal; leaflets 2 (2-4 dm. high; the flower-stalks bearing solitary white flowers in spring) Twin-leaf, Jeffersonia diphylla. 3b. The stem-leaf ternately compound, with numerous leaflets (4-8 dm. high; with yellowish-green clustered flowers in spring) Blue Cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroides. LAURACEAE, лавровые семейство Деревья или кустарники с ароматным вкусом или запахом и очередными простыми листьями; цветки мелкие, однополые, пыльники открываются створками. 1a. Freely branched shrub; leaves obovate-oblong, entire (flowers yellow, in early spring, before the leaves) Spice Bush, Benzoin aestivale. 1b. Tree or tall shrub; some or all of the leaves 2-3-lobed (flowers greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves) Sassafras, Sassafras variifolium. PAPAVERACEAE, маковые семейство Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers, 2 sepals, 4, 6, or 8 petals, numerous stamens, and a 1-celled ovary. 1a. Leaves palmately lobed; flower 2.5-5 cm. wide, with 8 petals or more (leaf basal; flower white, in early spring) Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis. 1b. Leaves pinnately toothed or lobed; flower 7-10 cm. wide, with 4-6 petals (4-8 cm. high; leaves clasping; summer) Poppy, Papaver somniferum. 1c. Leaves divided pinnately to the mid-rib into several toothed or lobed segments; flower 2.5 cm. broad or less (3-5 cm. high; flowers yellow) — 2. 2a. Flowers in clusters of 2-4, about 3 cm. wide (spring) Celandine Poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum. 2b. Flowers in umbels of 3-8, about 1.5 cm. wide Celandine, Chelidonium majus. FUMARIACEAE, дымянковые семейство Травянистые растения с водянистым соком, сложными или рассеченными листьями и неправильными цветками; чашелистиков 2, мелких; лепестков 4, в двух парах, и одна или обе пары наружных имеют шпорец у основания; тычинок 6. 1a. Both outer petals spurred or sack-like at the base — 2. 1b. One outer petal spurred or sack-like at the base — 4. 2a. A climbing vine with flowers in panicles (white or pinkish flowers in summer) Climbing Fumitory, Adlumia fungosa. 2b. Low herbs (2-4 cm.) with basal leaves and white or pinkish flowers in racemes (early spring) — 3. 3a. Spurs of the corolla triangular, divergent Dutchman's Breeches, Dicentra cucullaria. 3b. Spurs of the corolla short and rounded Squirrel Corn, Dicentra canadensis. 4a. Flowers about 5 mm. long, pink-purple tipped with red (3-8 dm. high; summer) Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis. 4b. Flowers 10 mm. long or more, yellow, at least at the tip (2-6 dm. high) (Corydalis) — 5. 5a. Flowers yellow throughout (spring) Corydalis, Corydalis aurea. 5b. Flowers pink, tipped with yellow (summer). Corydalis, Corydalis sempervirens. CRUCIFERAE, крестоцветные семейство Травянистые растения с очередными, часто лопастными или рассеченными листьями и правильными цветками, обычно в кистях; чашелистиков и лепестков по 4, тычинок 6, из них 4 длинных и 2 коротких (или редко только 2), завязь 1. 1a. Petals yellow or yellowish — 2. 1b. Petals white, pink, or purple, never yellow — 29. 2a. Leaves simple, entire or dentate, never lobed — 3. 2b. Leaves deeply lobed or compound (the bracteal leaves, at or near the flower-clusters, may be simple and unlobed) — 10. 3a. Leaves clasping the stem — 4. 3b. Leaves not clasping at base — 6. 4a. Clasping base and apex of leaf obtuse or rounded; pod very long and slender (3-8 dm. high; summer) Hare's Ear, Conringia orientalis. 4b. Clasping base and apex of leaf acute; pod obovoid (3-7 dm. high; early summer) (False Flax) — 5. 5a. Stem and leaves glabrous False Flax, Camelina sativa. 5b. Leaves and usually the stem pubescent False Flax, Camelina microcarpa. 6a. Flowers about 2 mm. wide (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 7. 6b. Flowers 5 mm. wide or more (2-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 8. 7a. Leaves about twice as long as broad, widest near or below the middle Whitlow Grass, Draba nemorosa. 7b. Leaves 3-5 times as long as broad, widest above the middle Yellow Alyssum, Alyssum alyssoides. 8a. Leaves lanceolate, gradually tapering to the base; flowers about 15 mm. wide Sand Rocket, Diplotaxis muralis. 8b. Leaves ovate, acute at base; flowers about 15 mm. wide — 22a. 8c. Leaves entire or minutely toothed; flowers 5-10 mm. wide — 9. 9a. Pods 25 mm. long or less, on slender pedicels about 8 mm. long Worm-seed Mustard, Erysimum cheiranthoides. 9b. Pods 20 mm. long or more, on stout pedicels about 4 mm. long Worm-seed Mustard, Erysimum parviflorum. 10a. Leaves bipinnate or dissected into very numerous divisions (3-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 11. 10b. Leaves simply pinnate — 13. 11a. Flowers about 5 mm. broad; pods about 20 mm. long by 1 mm. broad Herb Sophia, Sisymbrium sophia. 11b. Flowers about 3 mm. broad; pods about 8 mm. long by 2 mm. wide (Tansy Mustard) — 12. 12a. Stems gray with a close fine pubescence Tansy Mustard, Sisymbrium canescens. 12b. Stems green Tansy Mustard, Sisymbrium canescens var. brachycarpon. 13a. Pod short, not more than 3 times as long as wide (coarse plants, preferring wet or sandy ground; flowers in summer) (Yellow Cress) — 14. 13b. Pod elongated, more than 4 times as long as wide — 17. 14a. Stems creeping, with erect or ascending branches; flowers about 8 mm. wide Yellow Cress, Radicula sylvestris. 14b. Stems erect or ascending (3-10 dm. high); flowers about 4 mm. wide — 15. 15a. Pods about twice as long as the pedicels Yellow Cress, Radicula obtusa. 15b. Pods about as long as the pedicels, or shorter than them — 16. 16a. Plant glabrous or minutely pubescent Yellow Cress, Radicula palustris. 16b. Plant hirsute Yellow Cress, Radicula palustris var. hispida. 17a. Petals 7 mm. long or more; pod terminating in a conspicuous beak (coarse, weedy plants, 3-12 dm. high, blooming in summer) — 18. 17b. Petals of smaller size; pod not terminating in a conspicuous beak — 24. 18a. Upper stem-leaves clasping at the base Rutabaga, Brassica campestris. 18b. Upper stem-leaves not clasping — 19. 19a. Pod tipped with a slender cylindrical beak whose base is much narrower than the pod — 20. 19b. Pod gradually narrowed at its tip into a stout, flattened or angled beak — 22. 20a. Leaves oblanceolate, rather regularly pinnatifid, the terminal segment about the same size as the lateral ones Sand Rocket, Diplotaxis muralis. 20b. Leaves broad, irregularly pinnatifid especially below the middle, with a large terminal segment — 21. 21a. Beak of pod 3-4 mm. long Black Mustard, Brassica nigra. 21b. Beak of pod 5 mm. long or more Indian Mustard, Brassica juncea. 22a. Leaves dentate or lobed Charlock, Brassica arvensis. 22b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid — 23. 23a. Pod dehiscent when ripe by two valves, tipped with a flat or angled beak White Mustard, Brassica alba. 23b. Pod indehiscent, with spongy cross-partitions between the seeds, tipped with a conical beak Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum. 24a. Terminal segment of the principal leaves much larger than the lateral segments; flowers in spring and summer — 25. 24b. Terminal segment of the principal leaves equaling or smaller than the lateral ones (5-10 dm. high; pods very long and slender; flowers in summer) Sisymbrium, Sisymbrium altissimum. 25a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide; pods erect and closely appressed to the stem (3-9 dm. high; weed blooming in summer) (Hedge Mustard) — 26. 25b. Flowers about 7 mm. wide; pods spreading or ascending (3-6 dm. high; flowers in spring) (Winter Cress) — 27. 26a. Pods pubescent Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale. 26b. Pods glabrous Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum. 27a. Lateral leaf-segments 5-8 pairs on the principal leaves Winter Cress, Barbarea verna. 27b. Lateral leaf-segments 1-4 pairs on the principal leaves — 28. 28a. Flowers bright yellow, in racemes; pods spreading or ascending Winter Cress, Barbarea vulgaris. 28b. Flowers pale yellow, in corymb-like clusters; pods erect and somewhat appressed Winter Cress, Barbarea stricta. 29a. Principal stem-leaves compound or deeply lobed (the uppermost or bracteal leaves may be simple) — 30. 29b. Principal stem-leaves entire, dentate, serrate, or sometimes shallowly lobed or none (the basal leaves, at the surface of the ground, may be deeply lobed or compound) — 42. 30a. Leaves ternately divided or compound (2-5 dm. high; flowers in spring) (Toothwort) — 31. 30b. Leaves pinnately divided or compound — 33. 31a. Leaf-segments lanceolate or narrowly oblong Toothwort, Dentaria laciniata. 31b. Leaf-segments ovate or ovate-oblong — 32. 32a. Stem-leaves 2, opposite or nearly opposite Toothwort, Dentaria diphylla. 32b. Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate Toothwort, Dentaria maxima. 33a. Plants growing in water, or in mud near water (spring and summer) — 34.   33b. Plants of dry or moist soil — 35. 34a. Aerial leaves distinctly compound, with 3-11 leaflets Water Cress, Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum. 34b. Aerial leaves merely serrate to pinnatifid; the submerged leaves, if present, dissected Lake Cress, Radicula aquatica. 35a. Flowers 5 mm. broad, or less — 36. 35b. Flowers 6 mm. broad, or more — 39. 36a. Stem-leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed; pod about as broad as long (2-4 dm. high; flowers in summer) Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum. 36b. Stem-leaves distinctly pinnatifid, with 3-6 pairs of lateral segments (spring) (Bitter Cress) — 37. 37a. Leaves chiefly basal, pubescent on the upper side (1-3 dm. tall) Bitter Cress, Cardamine hirsuta. 37b. Stem-leaves conspicuous, glabrous on the upper side — 38. 38a. Plant of dry soil; flowers about 3 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high) Bitter Cress, Cardamine parviflora. 38b. Plant of moist or wet soil; flowers about 5 mm. wide (2-8 dm. high) Bitter Cress, Cardamine pennsylvanica. 39a. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed, not segmented into definitely paired divisions (coarse plants 4-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 40. 39b. Leaves deeply segmented into 3-10 pairs of divisions — 41. 40a. Flowers pink or white from the first Radish, Raphanus sativus. 40b. Flowers yellow at first, turning white with age Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum. 41a. Flowers pink or white, appearing in spring (2-5 dm. high) Cuckoo Flower, Cardamine pratensis. 41b. Flowers yellowish or cream-color; a weed blooming in summer (5-10 dm. high) Sisymbrium, Sisymbrium altissimum. 42a. A fleshy, much-branched plant of the shores of the Great Lakes, with a pod transversely divided into two joints (2-3 dm. high; summer) Sea Rocket, Cakile edentula. 42b. Pod not transversely divided into two joints — 43. 43a. Pod short, its length not more than 3 times its diameter — 44. 43b. Pod long and slender, its length more than 3 times its diameter — 55. 44a. Pods not conspicuously flattened, thick and plump, about circular in cross-section (flowers in summer) — 45. 44b. Pods distinctly flat — 46. 45a. A plant escaped from cultivation in dry or moist soil, with very large basal leaves (5-10 dm. high) Horse Radish, Radicula armoracia. 45b. A plant of water or very wet soil, the largest leaves seldom more than 15 cm. long (1-5 dm. tall) Lake Cress, Radicula aquatica. 46a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by an auricled base — 47. 46b. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, not clasping, or none — 49. 47a. Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent; pod very flat and circular, about 10 mm. wide (1-5 dm. tall; early summer) Penny Cress, Thlaspi arvense. 47b. Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent; pod not more than 5 mm. wide (1-6 dm. high; spring and early summer) — 48. 48a. Pods broadly ovate Field Cress, Lepidium campestre. 48b. Pods triangular, or slightly indented at the apex Shepherd's Purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris. 49a. Pods about circular, or a very little longer than broad — 50. 49b. Pods ovoid or oblong, broadest near the middle, and distinctly longer than wide (Whitlow Grass) — 53. 50a. Leaves entire (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer) Yellow Alyssum, Alyssum alyssoides. 50b. Leaves serrate (2-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 51. 51a. Stamens 6 Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum. 51b. Stamens 2 (Pepper Grass) — 52. 52a. Petals present Pepper Grass, Lepidium virginicum. 52b. Petals none Pepper Grass, Lepidium apetalum. 53a. Petals deeply 2-cleft (about 1 dm. high; early spring) Whitlow Grass, Draba verna. 53b. Petals entire or barely notched at the tip — 54. 54a. Leaves all or chiefly at or near the base (about 1 dm. high; spring) Whitlow Grass, Draba caroliniana. 54b. Stems leafy up to the flowers (1-5 dm. high; summer) Whitlow Grass, Draba arabisans. 55a. Stem-leaves cordate or sagittate at the base and sessile, forming a more or less clasping leaf (3-10 dm. high) (Rock Cress) — 56. 55b. Stem-leaves sessile or somewhat petioled, but not clasping — 63. 56a. Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod (early summer) — 57. 56b. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity of the pod — 59. 57a. Calyx pubescent; the pods reflexed Rock Cress, Arabis holboellii. 57b. Calyx glabrous; the pods spreading or ascending — 58. 58a. Basal leaves densely pubescent Rock Cress, Arabis brachycarpa. 58b. Basal leaves smooth or nearly so Rock Cress, Arabis drummondii. 59a. Petals conspicuous, about twice as long as the calyx, or longer; straight, erect, mostly unbranched plants — 60.   59b. Petals inconspicuous, equaling or but little longer than the calyx — 61. 60a. Pods 3-4 cm. long, ascending (summer) Rock Cress, Arabis patens. 60b. Pods 8-10 cm. long, recurved (late spring) Rock Cress, Arabis laevigata. 61a. Pods widely spreading; stem usually sparingly branched near the base (spring) Rock Cress, Arabis dentata. 61b. Pods erect or appressed; stem usually unbranched (summer) — 62. 62a. Stem-leaves and stem smooth and glaucous Rock Cress, Arabis glabra. 62b. Stem-leaves and stem almost always pubescent, and never glaucous Rock Cress, Arabis hirsuta. 63a. Principal stem-leaves 7-10 cm. long, or more — 64. 63b. Principal stem-leaves 2-5 cm. long — 65. 64a. Leaves lanceolate or oblong; flowers 10 mm. wide or less (3-7 dm. high; summer) Rock Cress, Arabis canadensis. 64b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers 15-20 mm. wide (5-8 dm. high; late spring and summer) Dame's Rocket, Hesperis matronalis. 65a. Basal leaves ovate to orbicular or cordate, not more than twice as long as broad (1-3 dm. high; spring) (Bitter Cress) — 66. 65b. Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, at least 3 times as long as broad (1-3 dm. high) — 67. 66a. Flowers purple or rose color Bitter Cress, Cardamine douglassii. 66b. Flowers white Bitter Cress, Cardamine bulbosa. 67a. Basal leaves pinnatifid (spring and summer) Rock Cress, Arabis lyrata. 67b. Basal leaves entire or toothed — 68. 68a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate; rare plant occurring from Mackinac northward (summer) Rock Cress, Braya humilis. 68b. Leaves obovate or oblong; an introduced weed (spring) Mouse-ear Cress, Sisymbrium thalianum. CAPPARIDACEAE, каперсовые семейство Травянистые растения с очередными сложными листьями, 4 лепестками и 6 или более тычинками, которые примерно равны по длине; плод — 1-гнездный стручок. One species in Michigan, stamens about 11; leaflets 3 (2-4 dm. high; flowers yellowish, in summer) Clammy-weed, Polanisia graveolens. RESEDACEAE, резедовые семейство Травянистые растения с очередными листьями и верхушечными кистями мелких желтоватых цветков; чашелистиков 6, лепестков 6, тычинок многочисленные. One species in Michigan, with divided leaves and irregularly cleft petals, blooming in summer Yellow Mignonette, Reseda lutea. SARRACENIACEAE, саррацениевые семейство Насекомоядные растения с полыми кувшинчатыми листьями и крупными пурпурными цветками на концах безлистных стеблей. One species in Michigan, growing in bogs and blooming in late spring Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia purpurea. DROSERACEAE, росянковые семейство Насекомоядные травянистые растения с розеткой прикорневых листьев, несущих на верхней поверхности железисто-окончатые щетинки, и с тонкими кистями мелких белых цветков летом; обитатели сфагновых и торфяных болот (высотой 2 дм или менее). 1a. Leaf-blade about as long as wide Sundew, Drosera rotundifolia. 1b. Leaf-blade about 2-3 times as long as wide Sundew, Drosera longifolia. 1c. Leaf-blade about 5-8 times as long as wide Sundew, Drosera anglica. 1d. Leaf-blade narrowly linear, about 10 times as long as wide Sundew, Drosera linearis. PODOSTEMACEAE, подостемовые семейство Мелкие погруженные водные растения, растущие прикрепленными к камням в текучей воде, с рассеченными листьями и миниатюрными цветками. One species in Michigan River Weed, Podostemum ceratophyllum. CRASSULACEAE, толстянковые семейство Травянистые растения с обычно очередными листьями; чашелистиков, лепестков и пестиков по 4 или 5, или у одного вида лепестки отсутствуют, а тычинок столько же или вдвое больше, чем чашелистиков. 1a. Leaves entire (Stonecrop) — 2. 1b. Leaves toothed — 3. 2a. Leaves 3-5 mm. long, very thick and fleshy (tufted plants about 1 dm. high, with yellow flowers in summer) Stonecrop, Sedum acre. 2b. Leaves 10-30 mm. long, flat (tufted plants 1-2 dm. high; flowers white, in spring) Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. 3a. Petals present, purple (2-5 dm. high; summer) Live-for-ever, Sedum purpureum. 3b. Petals none (3-6 dm. high; summer) Ditch Stonecrop, Penthorum sedoides. SAXIFRAGACEAE, камнеломковые семейство Травянистые растения или кустарники с очередными или супротивными листьями; лепестков и чашелистиков по 5, или лепестки отсутствуют; тычинок 5 или 10; столбиков или рылец 2–4. 1a. Shrubs with lobed leaves (3-15 dm. high; flowers in late spring) — 2. 1b. Herbs — 12. 2a. Stems thorny — 3. 2b. Stems not thorny (Currant) — 8. 3a. Flowers and fruits in racemes Swamp Currant, Ribes lacustre. 3b. Flowers and fruit in short clusters (Gooseberry) — 4. 4a. Ovary and fruit prickly and bristly Gooseberry, Ribes cynosbati. 4b. Ovary and fruit smooth, or sometimes a little glandular — 5. 5a. Stamens equaling the ovate calyx-lobes in length, or a very little longer — 6. 5b. Stamens distinctly longer than the linear calyx-lobes — 7. 6a. Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacanthoides. 6b. Leaves softly pubescent beneath Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacanthoides var. calcicola. 7a. Flowers, including the stamens, about 15 mm. long Gooseberry, Ribes gracile. 7b. Flowers, including the stamens, about 8 mm. long Gooseberry, Ribes rotundifolium. 8a. Calyx prolonged above the ovary into a tube which is longer than the sepals — 9. 8b. Calyx-tube shorter than the ovary or none — 10. 9a. Flowers greenish-yellow, inconspicuous; calyx-tube narrowly bell-shape Black Currant, Ribes floridum. 9b. Flowers bright yellow, conspicuous; calyx-tube narrow, with spreading lobes Golden Currant, Ribes aureum. 10a. Ovary and berry bristly with glandular hairs Skunk Currant, Ribes prostratum. 10b. Ovary and fruit smooth, or with sessile glands — 11. 11a. Leaves dotted beneath with resinous glands Black Currant, Ribes hudsonianum. 11b. Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath, without resinous glands Red Currant, Ribes triste. 12a. Flowers minute, yellowish, without petals, in the axils of the leaves (1-2 dm. high; flowers in spring) Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium americanum. 12b. Flowers large, solitary, terminating erect stalks (leaves mostly basal; flowers white, in late summer; flower-stalks 1-5 dm. high) (Grass-of-Parnassus) — 13. 12c. Flowers in terminal racemes, panicles, or clusters — 15. 13a. Flowers less than 2 cm. wide; leaves narrowed to the base Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia parviflora. 13b. Flowers 2-3.5 cm. wide; leaves rounded or cordate at the base — 14. 14a. A 3-cleft scale at the base of each petal Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia caroliniana. 14b. A many-cleft (9-15) scale at the base of each petal Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia palustris. 15a. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 3 times as long as broad, or more, and pinnately veined (Saxifrage) — 16. 15b. Leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular, frequently cordate at the base, and always palmately veined or lobed — 20. 16a. Leaves basal; the flower-stalk bearing no leaves except small ones at the base of its branches — 17. 16b. Flower-stalk leafy below (1-3 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 18. 17a. Petals white; sepals erect; leaves conspicuously toothed, 3-10 cm. long (1-3 dm. high; spring) Saxifrage, Saxifraga virginiensis. 17b. Petals greenish; sepals reflexed; leaves minutely toothed or entire, 10-30 cm. long (5-10 dm. high; spring) Saxifrage, Saxifraga pennsylvanica. 18a. Leaves with 3 sharp teeth at the apex Saxifrage, Saxifraga tricuspidata. 18b. Leaves with numerous teeth or entire — 19. 19a. Leaves linear, chiefly on the stem Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoides. 19b. Leaves spatulate, chiefly in a basal rosette Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoon. 20a. Stamens 5 (leaves mostly basal; flowers greenish or purplish in late spring, on stalks 5-10 dm. high) (Alum Root) — 21. 20b. Stamens 10 (flowers white, in spring) — 23. 21a. Flowers regular Alum Root, Heuchera americana. 21b. Flowers irregular, the calyx oblique, longer on the upper side than on the lower — 22. 22a. Stamens projecting beyond the calyx Alum Root, Heuchera hirsuticaulis. 22b. Stamens not projecting beyond the calyx Alum Root, Heuchera hispida. 23a. Stem-leaves alternate or none — 24. 23b. Stem with a pair of opposite leaves (2-4 dm. high) Bishop's Cap, Mitella diphylla. 24a. Petals deeply fringed (1-2 dm. high) Bishop's Cap, Mitella nuda. 24b. Petals entire (1-3 dm. high) False Mitrewort, Tiarella cordifolia. HAMAMELIDACEAE, гамамелисовые семейство Кустарники с очередными простыми листьями; чашелистиков, лепестков и тычинок по 4; завязь 2-лопастная. One species in Michigan; tall shrub with obovate leaves and yellow flowers appearing late in autumn Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virginiana. PLATANACEAE, платановые семейство Деревья с широкими пальчато-нервными и лопастными листьями и миниатюрными цветками в плотных шаровидных головках. One species in Michigan Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis. ROSACEAE, розоцветные семейство Деревья, травянистые растения или кустарники с очередными, часто сложными листьями; лепестков и чашелистиков обычно 5, тычинок многочисленные, пестиков от 1 до многих; цветоложе расширено в блюдцевидный или чашевидный орган, несущий чашелистики, лепестки и тычинки по своему краю, а пестики в центре, и напоминающее чашечку-трубку или уплощенную чашечку. 1a. Shrubs or trees — 2. 1b. Herbaceous plants — 48. 2a. Leaves compound — 3. 2b. Leaves simple — 24. 3a. Flowers in large panicles or corymbs, each flower 5-10 mm. across; leaflets 7 or more — 4. 3b. Flowers solitary or in small clusters, each flower usually 20-80 mm. wide; leaflets frequently only 3 or 5 — 7. 4a. Flowers in a pyramidal or oblong panicle, the ovaries superior (1-2 m. high; flowers white, in summer) — 70b. 4b. Flowers in rounded or hemispheric clusters, the ovary inferior — 5. 5a. Leaves pubescent on the lower surface Rowan Tree, Pyrus aucuparia. 5b. Leaves glabrous beneath when mature (small trees; flowers white, in early summer or late spring) (Mountain Ash) — 6. 6a. Leaves acuminate at the apex Mountain Ash, Pyrus americana. 6b. Leaves obtuse or acute at the apex Mountain Ash, Pyrus sitchensis. 7a. Flowers yellow (5-10 dm. high; summer) Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa. 7b. Flowers pink or red, rarely white, 4-10 cm. across (shrubs, 5-15 dm. high, or climbing; stems usually thorny; flowers in early summer) (Rose) — 8. 7c. Flowers white, 1-3 cm. across (4-20 dm. high; flowers in late spring) — 16. 8a. Leaflets on most of the leaves 3; styles cohering in a column which protrudes from among the stamens Climbing Rose, Rosa setigera. 8b. Leaflets 5-11; styles not cohering in a protruding column — 9. 9a. Sepals persistent on the fruit after flowering — 10. 9b. Sepals soon deciduous from the young fruit after flowering — 14. 10a. A pair of spines below each leaf larger than the other spines — 11. 10b. Spines all alike in size or nearly so, or absent completely — 12. 11a. Sepals entire Wild Rose, Rosa woodsii. 11b. Sepals pinnatifid Dog Rose, Rosa canina. 12a. Stems with few thorns or none at all Wild Rose, Rosa blanda. 12b. Stems prickly — 13. 13a. Fruit somewhat pear-shape, narrowed toward the base. Wild Rose, Rosa acicularis. 13b. Fruit globose, rounded at the base Wild Rose, Rosa acicularis var. bourgeauiana. 14a. The pair of spines at the base of each leaf straight or nearly so Wild Rose, Rosa humilis. 14b. The pair of spines at the base of each leaf distinctly recurved or hooked — 15. 15a. Leaves densely glandular-pubescent beneath Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa. 15b. Leaves glabrous or minutely pubescent Swamp Rose, Rosa carolina. 16a. Stems trailing or creeping — 17. 16b. Stems erect, ascending, or arched — 19. 17a. Stems distinctly shrubby and thorny (Dewberry) — 18. 17b. Stems almost herbaceous, without thorns Dwarf Raspberry, Rubus triflorus. 18a. Leaves thin, dull above; fruit black, large and juicy Dewberry, Rubus villosus. 18b. Leaves firm or thick, shining above; fruit reddish, small, consisting of a few sour drupelets Swamp Dewberry, Rubus hispidus. 19a. Ripe fruit dropping away from the white receptacle or core; terminal leaflet of each leaf with a long stalk, while the lateral leaflets are sessile or nearly so (Raspberry) — 20. 19b. Ripe fruit and receptacle or core dropping together; all the leaflets on stalks which are approximately equal in length (Blackberry) — 22. 20a. Stem very glaucous with a whitish or bluish waxy deposit; fruit black Black Raspberry, Rubus occidentalis. 20b. Stem not glaucous; fruit red — 21. 21a. Calyx velvety-pubescent Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus. 21b. Calyx bristly-hispid Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus. 22a. Pedicels with gland-tipped hairs, but no prickles Blackberry, Rubus allegheniensis. 22b. Pedicels with prickles Blackberry, Rubus nigricans. 22c. Pedicels with neither prickles nor gland-tipped hairs — 23. 23a. Leaves downy beneath Blackberry, Rubus frondosus. 23b. Leaves smooth beneath Blackberry, Rubus canadensis. 24a. Ovaries 1 or more, superior (attached to the surface of the receptacle, but not concealed within it or united to it) — 25. 24b. Ovary 1, inferior (permanently enclosed within the receptacle, with only the styles protruding) — 38. 25a. Ovaries more than 1 — 26. 25b. Ovary 1 — 30. 26a. Leaves serrate — 27. 26b. Leaves lobed — 28. 27a. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, summer) Meadow-sweet, Spiraea salicifolia. 27b. Leaves closely pubescent beneath (5-15 dm. high; flowers pink, summer) Hardhack, Spiraea tomentosa. 28a. Flowers showy, purple or white, 3-4 cm. broad — 29. 28b. Flowers white, about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. high; flowers in early summer) Ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius. 29a. Flowers purple Flowering Raspberry, Rubus odoratus. 29b. Flowers white Salmonberry, Rubus parviflorus. 30a. Flowers in racemes (trees or tall shrubs; flowers white, in late spring) — 31. 30b. Flowers in small umbels or corymbs (flowers white, in spring) — 32. 31a. Leaves oblong, the points of their teeth incurved Black Cherry, Prunus serotina. 31b. Leaves obovate, the points of their teeth spreading Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana. 32a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide — 33. 32b. Flowers about 1.5-2.5 cm. wide — 36. 33a. Low shrubs, with the spatulate or oblong leaves widest above the middle — 34. 33b. Erect tall shrubs or small trees, with the leaves widest below the middle — 35. 34a. An erect shrub (5-10 dm. high) Appalachian Cherry, Prunus cuneata. 34b. A prostrate or ascending shrub (3-15 dm. high) Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila. 35a. Leaves very broadly ovate, almost as wide as long (small tree) Perfumed Cherry, Prunus mahaleb. 35b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, about 3 times as long as broad (shrub or small tree, 2-10 m. high) Pin Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica. 36a. Sepals glandular-serrate (tall shrub or small tree) Wild Plum, Prunus nigra. 36b. Sepals entire — 37. 37a. Leaves with sharp teeth, frequently bristle-tipped; a native species (tall shrub or small tree, frequently growing in thickets) Wild Plum, Prunus americana. 37b. Leaves with obtuse teeth; a species escaped from cultivation (widely branched tree) Cherry, Prunus cerasus. 38a. Trees, in cultivation or escaped from cultivation near roads or dwellings, with showy flowers 2.5-5 cm. across, edible fruits, and no thorns (spring) — 39. 38b. Native species, trees or shrubs, growing in woods, fields, or thickets; frequently with thorns (spring) — 40. 39a. Leaves finely serrulate or entire Pear, Pyrus communis. 39b. Leaves coarsely serrate or somewhat lobed Apple, Pyrus malus. 40a. Shrubs or small trees, without thorns — 42. 40b. Bushy trees or shrubs, with thorns or stiff thorn-like branches, and with flowers generally 1.5-2.5 cm. across — 41. 41a. Flowers pink, very fragrant Wild Crab, Pyrus coronaria. 41b. Flowers white (Hawthorn, the genus Crataegus). Several species of this genus occur in the state, for the identification of which the Manual must be used. 42a. Mid-vein glandular above (shrubs 1-3 m. tall; flowers white or pink) (Chokeberry) — 43.   42b. Mid-vein not glandular (shrubs or trees, 1-10 m. tall; flowers white) (Juneberry) — 44. 43a. Leaves glabrous beneath Chokeberry, Pyrus melanocarpa. 43b. Leaves tomentose beneath Chokeberry, Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea. 44a. Petals 15-25 mm. long — 45. 44b. Petals 5-12 mm. long — 46. 45a. Mature leaves glabrous Juneberry, Amelanchier canadensis. 45b. Mature leaves pubescent beneath Juneberry, Amelanchier canadensis var. botryapium. 46a. Flowers in racemes — 47. 46b. Flowers solitary, or in small clusters of 2-4 Juneberry, Amelanchier oligocarpa. 47a. Leaves coarsely dentate, with about 1 tooth for each lateral vein Juneberry, Amelanchier spicata. 47b. Leaves finely serrate, with about 2-3 teeth for each lateral vein Juneberry, Amelanchier oblongifolia. 48a. Flowers yellow — 49. 48b. Flowers white, pink, purple, or rose, never yellow — 63. 49a. Plant with basal trifoliate leaves, resembling strawberry (1-3 dm. high; late spring) Barren Strawberry, Waldsteinia fragarioides. 49b. Plants with leafy stems — 50. 50a. Flowers solitary in the axils of foliage leaves, on long peduncles (trailing or creeping plants; flowers in late spring and summer) — 51. 50b. Flowers in narrow terminal spike-like racemes (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Agrimony) — 52. 50c. Flowers in irregular or spreading clusters — 55. 51a. Leaflets 5 Five-finger, Potentilla canadensis. 51b. Leaflets 7-25 Silver Weed, Potentilla anserina. 52a. Principal leaflets more than 3 times (about 3-1/2) as long as wide Agrimony, Agrimonia parviflora. 52b. Principal leaflets less than 3 times (about 2-1/2) as long as wide — 53. 53a. Leaves nearly glabrous beneath, or with scattered spreading hairs Agrimony, Agrimonia gryposepala. 53b. Leaves softly pubescent beneath — 54. 54a. Leaves distinctly glandular beneath Agrimony, Agrimonia striata. 54b. Leaves not glandular beneath Agrimony, Agrimonia mollis. 55a. Principal leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets (Cinquefoil) — 56.   55b. Principal stem-leaves with 3 leaflets, or pinnately compound with several leaflets — 58. 56a. Leaves silvery-white beneath, laciniately toothed (1-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) Silvery Cinquefoil, Potentilla argentea. 56b. Leaves not silvery-white beneath (3-10 dm. high; summer) — 57. 57a. Terminal leaflet more than 3 times as long as wide Cinquefoil, Potentilla recta. 57b. Terminal leaflet less than 3 times as long as wide Cinquefoil, Potentilla intermedia 58a. Flowers about 4 mm. wide (2-6 dm. high; spring) Spring Avens, Geum vernum. 58b. Flowers 6 mm. wide, or wider — 59. 59a. Principal leaves with lobed leaflets, of which the terminal is the largest; leaf-axis bearing also some small leaflets between those of usual size (4-12 dm. high; late spring and summer) (Avens) — 60. 59b. Principal leaves with toothed or pinnately cleft leaflets, the lateral ones about equaling the terminal one in size, and without any small scattered leaflets (3-8 dm. tall; summer) (Cinquefoil) — 61. 60a. Terminal leaflet cordate at base Avens, Geum macrophyllum. 60b. Terminal leaflet wedge-shape or acute at base Avens, Geum strictum. 61a. Leaflets 3 Cinquefoil, Potentilla monspeliensis. 61b. Leaflets 5-15 — 62. 62a. Leaflets crenate Cinquefoil, Potentilla paradoxa. 62b. Leaflets deeply incised Cinquefoil, Potentilla pennsylvanica. 63a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on leafless stalks — 64. 63b. Stem-leaves present — 66. 64a. Leaves simple (1-2 dm. high; summer) Dalibarda, Dalibarda repens. 64b. Leaves trifoliate (1-2 dm. high; spring) (Strawberry) — 65. 65a. Leaflets thick and firm, the petioles and pedicels pubescent with spreading or ascending hairs; fruit subglobose, the achenes embedded in pits on its surface Strawberry, Fragaria virginiana. 65b. Leaflets thin, the petioles and pedicels nearly glabrous or with appressed hairs; fruit conic, the achenes on its surface Wood Strawberry, Fragaria americana. 66a. Leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets — 67. 66b. Stem-leaves with 3-5 leaflets — 72. 67a. Leaflets laciniate or deeply lobed (flowers pink or purple, early summer) — 68.   67b. Leaflets merely toothed — 69. 68a. Stem-leaves few, small and opposite (2-4 dm. tall) Purple Avens, Geum triflorum. 68b. Stem-leaves large and alternate (5-20 dm. tall) Queen of the Prairie, Filipendula rubra. 69a. Individual flowers small, not exceeding 6 mm. across, in large clusters or spikes — 70. 69b. Individual flowers more than 10 mm. wide, in few-flowered clusters (Cinquefoil) — 71. 70a. Flowers in dense spikes (5-15 dm. high; late summer) Burnet, Sanguisorba canadensis. 70b. Flowers in panicles Sorbaria, Sorbaria sorbifolia. 71a. Flowers red or purple (3-6 dm. high; summer) Marsh Cinquefoil, Potentilla palustris. 71b. Flowers white (5-10 dm. high; early summer) Cinquefoil, Potentilla arguta. 72a. Pistils 5 (5-10 dm. high; flowers white or pink, early summer) — 73. 72b. Pistils 10, in a ring (flowers pink or purple) — 68b. 72c. Pistils numerous, in a head or close group — 74. 73a. Stipules linear or subulate, 5-8 mm. long Bowman's Root, Gillenia trifoliata. 73b. Stipules leaf-like, 10-25 mm. long, serrate American Ipecac, Gillenia stipulata. 74a. Flowers red or purple — 75. 74b. Flowers white — 76. 75a. Leaflets sharply and irregularly toothed or lobed; petals erect, narrowed at the base (3-9 dm. high; early summer) Purple Avens, Geum rivale. 75b. Leaflets finely and regularly toothed, oblong; petals spreading — 71a. 76a. Leaflets entire below, 3-toothed at the apex (1-3 dm. high; summer) Cinquefoil, Potentilla tridentata. 76b. Leaflets toothed all around the margin — 77. 77a. Leaves all trifoliate (2-5 dm. high; late spring) — 17b. 77b. Some of the upper leaves merely lobed or dentate (5-8 dm. high) (Avens) — 78. 78a. Stem bristly-hairy (early summer) Avens, Geum virginianum. 78b. Stem softly and finely pubescent (summer) Avens, Geum canadense. LEGUMINOSAE, бобовые семейство Деревья, кустарники или травянистые растения с очередными сложными (за исключением 3 видов с простыми) листьями и прилистниками; цветки обычно неправильные (за исключением нескольких видов), с крупным верхним лепестком и 4 более мелкими, причем 2 нижних заключают в себе тычинки и пестик; тычинок почти всегда 10, и они обычно соединены своими нитями; пестик 1, простой, созревающий в боб. 1a. Shrubs or trees — 2. 1b. Herbs, twining, but without tendrils — 9. 1c. Herbs; the leaves, or some of them, tipped with tendrils — 12. 1d. Herbs, not climbing or twining; tendrils none — 21. 2a. Leaves simple — 3. 2b. Leaves compound — 4. 3a. Leaves broadly cordate (tall shrub or small tree; flowers pink, early spring) Redbud, Cercis canadensis. 3b. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) Dyer's Greenweed, Genista tinctoria. 4a. Twigs or branches thorny — 5. 4b. Thorns none — 7. 5a. Thorns branched, scattered on the stem (tall tree; flowers greenish, early summer) Honey Locust, Gleditsia triacanthos. 5b. Thorns unbranched, a pair of them at the base of each leaf (late spring) — 6. 6a. Branches glabrous or nearly so (tree; flowers white) Black Locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia. 6b. Branches glandular-pubescent (tall shrub; flowers pinkish) Clammy Locust, Robinia viscosa. 6c. Branches bristly (shrub. 1-3 m. high; flowers pink) Bristly Locust, Robinia hispida. 7a. Trees; leaves 2-3-pinnate (flowers greenish-white, spring) Kentucky Coffee-tree, Gymnocladus dioica. 7b. Low shrubs; leaves once-pinnate (3-6 dm. high; summer) — 8. 8a. Flowers bright-blue, each with a single petal Lead Plant, Amorpha canescens. 8b. Flowers yellowish and pink-purple, petals 5 — 26a. 9a. Leaflets 5-7; flowers in racemes (purplish, late summer) Wild Bean, Apios tuberosa. 9b. Leaflets 3 (flowers greenish, purple, or white, late summer) — 10. 10a. Flowers in small capitate clusters; lower 2 petals strongly incurved Wild Bean, Strophostyles helvola. 10b. Flowers in racemes (Hog Peanut) — 11. 11a. Stem pubescent or glabrate; leaflets seldom more than 5 cm. long Hog Peanut, Amphicarpa monoica. 11b. Stem villous with retrorse hairs; leaflets usually longer than 5 cm. Hog Peanut, Amphicarpa pitcheri. 12a. Style with a tuft of hairs at the apex; lateral petals of the corolla adherent to the lower ones as far as the middle; stipules less than 10 mm. long, and usually less than one-fourth the length of the lower leaflets (spring and summer) (Vetch) — 13. 12b. Style hairy along the inner side; lateral petals of the corolla free from the lower ones or adherent only at the very base; stipules more than 8 mm. long and usually one-third or more the length of the lower leaflets (late spring and summer) — 17. 13a. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so (flowers purple) — 14. 13b. Flowers in peduncled racemes — 15. 14a. Upper leaves oblong-obovate, truncate or notched, and mucronate at the apex Spring Vetch, Vicia sativa. 14b. Upper leaves lance-linear, sharply acute Common Vetch, Vicia angustifolia. 15a. Flowers 15-20 mm. long, 4-8 in a cluster (flowers purple) Vetch, Vicia americana. 15b. Flowers 8-12 mm. long — 16. 16a. Racemes one-sided; flowers blue Vetch, Vicia cracca. 16b. Racemes loosely flowered, not one-sided; flowers whitish, the lower petals tipped with blue Vetch, Vicia caroliniana. 17a. Flowers yellowish-white Vetchling, Lathyrus ochroleucus. 17b. Flowers purple — 18. 18a. Stipules nearly regularly halberd-shape, almost as large as the leaflets Beach Pea, Lathyrus maritimus. 18b. Stipules half-sagittate, apparently attached laterally near the middle — 19. 19a. Leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate; racemes with 10 or more flowers Wild Pea, Lathyrus venosus. 19b. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear to oblong or elliptical; racemes with 2-9 flowers (Marsh Pea) — 20. 20a. Stems with a membranous wing on the margins Marsh Pea, Lathyrus palustris. 20b. Stems angled, but not winged Marsh Pea, Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius. 21a. Leaves simple (2-3 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) Rattlebox, Crotalaria sagittalis. 21b. Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 7-11 (3-6 dm. high; flowers blue, late spring) Lupine, Lupinus perennis. 21c. Leaves pinnately compound; leaflets 5 to many — 22. 21d. Leaves compound; leaflets 3 — 28. 22a. Leaflets 5; flowers rose-purple in a spike-like head (5-8 dm. high, late summer) Prairie Clover, Petalostemum purpureum. 22b. Leaflets more than 5 — 23. 23a. Flowers bright-blue, in a dense spike (3-6 dm. high; summer) — 8a. 23b. Flowers bright-yellow; stamens not united (summer) — 24. 23c. Flowers white, cream-color, or yellowish, or marked with purple — 26. 24a. Leaflets linear-oblong, 2 cm. long or less; stamens 5 or 10 (3-6 dm. high) (Partridge Pea) — 25. 24b. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 cm. long; 7 stamens with normal anthers and 3 with imperfect anthers (8-15 dm. high) Wild Senna, Cassia marilandica. 25a. Anthers 10; flowers 2-4 cm. wide Partridge Pea, Cassia chamaecrista. 25b. Anthers 5; flowers 5-10 mm. wide Partridge Pea, Cassia nictitans. 26a. Silky-hairy with whitish hairs; flowers marked with purple (3-5 dm. high; summer) Goat's Rue, Tephrosia virginiana. 26b. Glabrous or nearly so (summer) (Milk Vetch) — 27. 27a. Flowers greenish cream-color (4-10 dm. high) Milk Vetch, Astragalus canadensis. 27b. Flowers white (3-5 dm. high) Milk Vetch, Astragalus neglectus. 28a. Flowers in heads, umbels, or short dense spikes — 29. 28b. Flowers in loose racemes or panicles — 42. 29a. Flowers bright-yellow; decumbent or ascending plants (spring and summer) — 30. 29b. Flowers white, cream, purple, or red; never yellow — 34. 30a. Whole flower only about 2 mm. long; pod coiled — 31. 30b. Flowers larger, each one 3-6 mm. long; pod straight (1-4 dm. high) (Hop Clover) — 32. 31a. Flowers numerous in each head Black Medick, Medicago lupulina. 31b. Flowers in clusters of 2 — 20 Bur Clover, Medicago hispida. 32a. Stipules linear Hop Clover, Trifolium agrarium. 32b. Stipules ovate — 33. 33a. Heads densely flowered; flowers 20 or more; upper petal striate when dry Hop Clover, Trifolium procumbens. 33b. Heads loosely flowered; flowers usually 10 or fewer; upper petal scarcely striate or not at all Hop Clover, Trifolium dubium. 34a. Leaves palmately compound, the 3 leaflets all from the same point (late spring and summer) (Clover) — 35. 34b. Leaves pinnately compound, the terminal leaflet on a distinct stalk — 39. 35a. Individual flowers sessile, or on very short pedicels — 36.   35b. Individual flowers distinctly pedicelled — 37. 36a. Heads oblong, on distinct peduncles; calyx longer than the corolla (flowers nearly white; 1-4 dm. tall) Stone Clover, Trifolium arvense. 36b. Heads nearly globose, almost sessile, closely subtended by the leaves; corolla longer than the calyx (2-8 dm. high; flowers red-purple) Red Clover, Trifolium pratense. 37a. Stems prostrate or creeping; heads long-peduncled, arising from the creeping branches (flower-stalks 1-2 dm. high; flowers white) White Clover, Trifolium repens. 37b. Some or all of the stems erect; heads arising from the leafy stems (flowers white or pink) — 38. 38a. Plants with long basal runners; flowers 10-13 mm. long (2-3 dm. high) Buffalo Clover, Trifolium stoloniferum. 38b. Basal runners none; flowers 6-8 mm. long (3-8 dm. high) Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum. 39a. Prostrate; leaflets broadly ovate; flowers 3-10 in a cluster — 10a. 39b. Erect; leaflets broadest near the middle; flowers numerous (5-12 dm. high; flowers yellowish-white, late summer) (Bush Clover) — 40. 40a. Leaflets less than twice as long as broad Bush Clover, Lespedeza hirta. 40b. Leaflets more than twice as long as broad — 41. 41a. Leaflets linear, 5 mm. wide or less; heads with obvious peduncles Bush Clover, Lespedeza angustifolia. 41b. Leaflets narrowly elliptical, the principal ones more than 5 mm. wide; heads sessile or nearly so Bush Clover, Lespedeza capitata. 42a. Leaflets finely toothed — 43. 42b. Leaflets entire — 44. 43a. Flowers violet or blue (3-6 dm. high; summer) Alfalfa, Medicago sativa. 43b. Flowers yellow (1-2 m. high; summer) Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilotus officinalis. 43c. Flowers white (1-3 m. high; summer) White Sweet Clover, Melilotus alba. 44a. Flowers yellow (5-10 dm. high; summer) Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria. 44b. Flowers white, the leaflets all from the same point (5-10 dm. high; summer) Wild Indigo, Baptisia leucantha. 44c. Flowers blue, purple, or pink (rarely white, and then the terminal leaflet stalked) — 45. 45a. Racemes arising from the base of the plant, leafless (4-8 dm. high; summer) Tick Trefoil, Desmodium nudiflorum. 45b. Racemes terminal or a few of them axillary; leaflets generally more than 3 cm. long; pod (usually to be seen at the base of the raceme) transversely segmented into 2 or more joints (summer) (Tick Trefoil; the genus Desmodium. Pods are usually necessary for satisfactory identification) — 46. 45c. Racemes short, loose, chiefly axillary; leaflets generally less than 3 cm. long; the short ovate or ovoid pod not transversely jointed (5-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Bush Clover; the genus Lespedeza. Reference to the Manual is recommended) — 58. 46a. Leaves clustered near the summit of the stem (4-12 dm. high) Tick Trefoil, Desmodium grandiflorum. 46b. Leaves scattered on the stem — 47. 47a. Plants prostrate; racemes panicled; leaflets nearly circular Tick Trefoil, Desmodium rotundifolium. 47b. Plants decumbent or ascending; racemes short, simple, few-flowered; stipules ovate (stems 4-8 dm. long) Tick Trefoil, Desmodium pauciflorum. 47c. Plants erect or ascending; racemes panicled — 48. 48a. Leaflets of an oblong type, broadest at or near the middle, and about 4 times as long as broad (5-10 dm. tall) — 49. 48b. Leaflets of an ovate or lanceolate type, broadest below the middle, and not more than 3 times as long as wide — 50. 49a. Stem pubescent; leaves sessile or nearly so Tick Trefoil, Desmodium sessilifolium. 49b. Stem glabrous or nearly so; leaves obviously petioled Tick Trefoil, Desmodium paniculatum. 50a. Stipules lanceolate to ovate, 1 cm. long or more (6-15 dm. high) — 51. 50b. Stipules narrowly lanceolate or subulate, less than 1 cm. long — 54. 51a. Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent; leaves acuminate — 52. 51b. Stems hispid or densely pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute — 53. 52a. Leaves glabrous on both sides Tick Trefoil, Desmodium bracteosum. 52b. Leaves rough above, hairy beneath Tick Trefoil, Desmodium bracteosum var. longifolium. 53a. Leaflets broadly ovate Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canescens. 53b. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate Tick Trefoil, Desmodium illinoense. 54a. Flowers 10-12 mm. long (1-2 m. high) Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canadense. 54b. Flowers 5-8 mm. long (5-8 dm. tall) — 55. 54c. Flowers 3-4 mm. long (4-8 dm. tall) — 56. 55a. Leaflets broadly ovate Tick Trefoil, Desmodium viridiflorum. 55b. Leaflets oblong-ovate Tick Trefoil, Desmodium dillenii. 56a. Leaflets 3-5 cm. long, oblong-ovate, scabrous above Tick Trefoil, Desmodium rigidum. 56b. Leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long, broadly ovate or oval, not scabrous above — 57. 57a. Stem and leaves glabrous or very nearly so Tick Trefoil, Desmodium marilandicum. 57b. Stem and leaves conspicuously pubescent Tick Trefoil, Desmodium obtusum. 58a. Flower-clusters sessile, or on peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves — 59. 58b. Flower-clusters, or many of them, on peduncles longer than the leaves — 61. 59a. Leaves linear-oblong Bush Clover, Lespedeza virginica. 59b. Leaves ovate or oval — 60. 60a. Leaves and stem velvety or downy Bush Clover, Lespedeza stuvei. 60b. Leaves and stem glabrous, or with close appressed pubescence Bush Clover, Lespedeza frutescens. 61a. Leaves ovate or broadly elliptical; corolla conspicuously exceeding the calyx — 62. 61b. Leaves linear-oblong; calyx about as long as the corolla Bush Clover, Lespedeza manniana. 62a. Stem erect or ascending — 63. 62b. Stem trailing; peduncles much exceeding the leaves Bush Clover, Lespedeza procumbens. 63a. Villous-pubescent; inflorescence dense; some peduncles shorter than the leaves Bush Clover, Lespedeza nuttallii. 63b. Slightly pubescent or glabrous; inflorescence loose, on peduncles much longer than the leaves Bush Clover, Lespedeza violacea. LINACEAE, льновые семейство Herbs with simple leaves, and regular flowers, having 5 sepals, 5 yellow or blue petals, 5 stamens, and 5 styles. 1a. Flowers blue (3-6 dm. high; summer) Flax, Linum usitatissimum. 1b. Flowers yellow (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Wild Flax) — 2. 2a. Middle stem-leaves below the branches opposite Wild Flax, Linum striatum. 2b. Middle stem-leaves below the branches alternate — 3. 3a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1-4 mm. wide — 4. 3b. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, 4-6 mm. wide Wild Flax, Linum virginianum. 4a. Leaves entire Wild Flax, Linum medium. 4b. Upper leaves glandular-ciliate Wild Flax, Linum sulcatum. OXALIDACEAE, кисличные семейство Травянистые растения с очередными или прикорневыми сложными листьями с 3 обратносердцевидными листочками; чашелистиков, лепестков и столбиков по 5; тычинок 10. (Кислица) 1a. Leaves all basal; flowers white to pink-purple (1-2 dm. high; late spring) — 2. 1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers yellow (1-5 dm. high; spring and summer) — 3. 2a. Flower-stalks bearing a single flower Wood Sorrel, Oxalis acetosella. 2b. Flower-stalks bearing an umbel of several flowers Wood Sorrel, Oxalis violacea. 3a. Stem prostrate and creeping Wood Sorrel, Oxalis repens. 3b. Stem erect or ascending — 4. 4a. Pedicels with spreading pubescence Wood Sorrel, Oxalis corniculata. 4b. Pedicels with appressed pubescence Wood Sorrel, Oxalis stricta. GERANIACEAE, гераниевые семейство Травянистые растения с глубокопальчатыми [так в тексте] или рассеченными листьями; цветки правильные, с 5 чашелистиками, 5 лепестками, 5 или 10 тычинками и 5-гнездной завязью. 1a. Anthers 5 (spreading or ascending plants, 2-4 dm. high; flowers pink or purple, spring and summer) — 2. 1b. Anthers 10 — 3. 2a. Leaves pinnately dissected Stork's-bill, Erodium cicutarium. 2b. Leaves palmately divided into cuneate lobes Crane's-bill, Geranium pusillum. 3a. Leaves ternately divided, the lobes pinnatifid (2-4 dm. high; flowers purple, late spring and summer) Herb Robert, Geranium robertianum. 3b. Leaves palmately 3-11-lobed — 4. 4a. Petals 12 mm. long or more (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale purple, spring) Wild Geranium, Geranium maculatum. 4b. Petals less than 10 mm. long (Crane's-bill) — 5. 5a. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil smooth, glabrous or nearly so (low spreading plant; flowers purple, late spring and summer) Crane's-bill, Geranium columbinum. 5b. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil transversely wrinkled (widely branching. 1-3 dm. tall; flowers purple, summer) Crane's-bill, Geranium molle. 5c. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil pubescent (widely branching. 1-5 dm. tall) — 6. 6a. Leaves divided almost to the base (flowers pinkish or white, spring and summer) — 7. 6b. Leaves divided one-half to two-thirds the way to the base (flowers purple, summer) Crane's-bill, Geranium rotundifolium. 7a. Petals white or pale pink; flowers in compact clusters Crane's-bill, Geranium carolinianum. 7b. Petals pink-purple; flowers in loose clusters Crane's-bill, Geranium bicknellii. RUTACEAE, рутовые семейство Кустарники или низкорослые деревья со сложными листьями, часто испещренными полупрозрачными железками; цветки мелкие, зеленовато-белые, с 3–5 чашелистиками, лепестками и тычинками. 1a. Leaflets 5-9; stems thorny Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum americanum. 1b. Leaflets 3; stems not thorny Hop Tree, Ptelea trifoliata. SIMARUBACEAE, симарубовые семейство Деревья с перисто-сложными листьями и мелкими зеленовато-желтыми цветками в крупных метелках в начале лета, созревающими в крылатые плоды. One species in Michigan, escaped from cultivation chiefly in towns Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus glandulosa. POLYGALACEAE, истодовые семейство Мелкие травянистые растения с очередными или мутовчатыми простыми листьями и мелкими неправильными цветками; чашелистиков 5, лепестков 3, тычинок 6 или 8, более или менее сросшихся друг с другом и с лепестками. 1a. All of the leaves alternate — 2. 1b. Some or all of the leaves in whorls (1-4 dm. high; flowers greenish, purple, or white; summer) (Milkwort) — 6. 2a. Flowers few, loosely clustered, 15-20 mm. long (1-3 dm. high; flowers purple; early summer) Flowering Wintergreen, Polygala paucifolia. 2b. Flowers numerous, in a spike or raceme — 3. 3a. Stem-leaves minute, linear-subulate; stem slender, erect, 3-7 dm. high (flowers pink; summer) Milkwort, Polygala incarnata. 3b. Stem-leaves narrowly oblong or broader; stem generally 1-4 dm. high — 4. 4a. Flowers in a short thick obtuse very dense spike (flowers greenish or purple; summer) Milkwort, Polygala sanguinea. 4b. Flowers in a slender tapering spike — 5. 4c. Flowers in a raceme; plants with subterranean flowers also (flowers purple; early summer) Milkwort, Polygala polygama. 5a. Leaves linear or nearly so (flowers purple; summer) — 7b. 5b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long (flowers white; late spring) Seneca Snakeroot, Polygala senega. 5c. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate (flowers white; late spring) Seneca Snakeroot, Polygala senega var. latifolia. 6a. Spike oval, thick, obtuse Milkwort, Polygala cruciata. 6b. Spike acute — 7. 7a. Spike densely flowered, 1-2 cm. long Milkwort, Polygala verticillata. 7b. Spike loosely flowered, 2-5 cm. long Milkwort, Polygala verticillata var. ambigua. EUPHORBIACEAE, молочайные семейство Травянистые растения с очередными, супротивными или мутовчатыми листьями и обычно млечным соком. Цветки мелкие или миниатюрные и незаметные, без лепестков и часто без чашечки. У наших более распространенных видов несколько тычиночных цветков, каждый из которых состоит лишь из одной тычинки, и один пестичный цветок, состоящий лишь из одной снабженной ножкой 3-лопастной завязи, заключены внутри 4–5-лопастного обертки [так в тексте], которая иногда окрашена и напоминает чашечку или венчик. 1a. Stem-leaves alternate; inflorescence axillary; flowers with calyx and several stamens (3-8 dm. tall; flowers greenish or purplish; summer) (Three-seeded Mercury) — 2. 1b. Stem-leaves opposite, usually inequilateral at base; flowers as described for the family; apparent flowers in axillary clusters (summer and autumn) (Spurge) — 3. 1c. Stem-leaves alternate; inflorescence a terminal umbel-like cluster, with its branches subtended by opposite or whorled leaves; flowers as described for the family (Spurge) — 9. 2a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flower-clusters shorter than the subtending bract Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha virginica. 2b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong; flower-clusters equaling or exceeding the subtending bract Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha gracilens. 3a. Stem and foliage glabrous — 4.   3b. Stem and foliage more or less pubescent (stems prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long) — 7. 4a. Erect or ascending, usually without basal branches (2-4 dm. tall) Spurge, Euphorbia preslii. 4b. Prostrate or spreading, branched from the base (stems 1-4 dm. long) — 5. 5a. Leaves entire; plants of the shores of the Great Lakes Spurge, Euphorbia polygonifolia. 5b. Leaves serrulate — 6. 6a. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate; seeds obscurely wrinkled Spurge, Euphorbia serpyllifolia. 6b. Leaves narrowly oblong; seeds with prominent transverse ridges Spurge, Euphorbia glyptosperma. 7a. Seeds black Spurge, Euphorbia hirsuta. 7b. Seeds red — 8. 8a. Leaves oblong Spurge, Euphorbia maculata. 8b. Leaves elliptical to obovate; involucre split down one side Spurge, Euphorbia humistrata. 9a. Flowers subtended by conspicuous petal-like white appendages (part of the involucre) (4-10 dm. tall; summer) Spurge, Euphorbia corollata. 9b. Flowers not subtended by petal-like appendages — 10. 10a. Stem-leaves below the inflorescence serrulate (2-5 dm. high; summer) — 11. 10b. Stem-leaves below the inflorescence entire — 13. 11a. Upper leaves acute Spurge, Euphorbia platyphylla. 11b. Upper leaves obtuse, rounded, or notched at the apex — 12. 12a. Leaves of the involucre broadly triangular-ovate, widest near the base Spurge, Euphorbia obtusata. 12b. Leaves of the involucre broadly obovate to nearly circular, widest near or above the middle Spurge, Euphorbia helioscopia. 13a. Stem-leaves narrowly linear, less than 3 mm. wide (2-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) Cypress Spurge, Euphorbia cyparissias. 13b. Stem-leaves narrowly oblong-spatulate, more than 5 mm. wide, and more than 3 times as long as wide (2-6 dm. high; summer) — 14. 13c. Stem-leaves obovate to nearly circular, not more than twice as long as wide (1-4 dm. high) — 15. 14a. Leaves at base of umbel narrow, resembling those on the stem Spurge, Euphorbia esula. 14b. Leaves at base of umbel broad, resembling those of the inflorescence Spurge, Euphorbia lucida. 15a. Upper stem-leaves distinctly narrowed at the base; introduced species of waste places (summer) Spurge, Euphorbia peplus. 15b. Upper stem-leaves rounded at the sessile base; native species of woodlands (spring and early summer) Spurge, Euphorbia commutata. CALLITRICHACEAE, болотниковые семейство Мелкие травянистые растения, растущие в воде или в грязи, с супротивными цельными листьями и мелкими незаметными пазушными цветками без чашечки и венчика. (Цветки летом.) 1a. Completely submerged; leaves all linear Water Starwort, Callitriche autumnalis. 1b. Submerged leaves linear, emersed and floating leaves obovate Water Starwort, Callitriche palustris. EMPETRACEAE, водяниковые семейство Низкорослые вечнозеленые кустарники с линейными листьями, полностью свернутыми в трубку, и незаметными цветками без лепестков в пазухах листьев. One species in Michigan, 1-3 dm. high; leaves less than 1 cm. long; flowers in summer Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum. LIMNANTHACEAE, лимантовые семейство Низкорослые травянистые растения с очередными сложными листьями и миниатюрными пазушными цветками; чашелистиков 3, лепестков 3, тычинок 6. One species in Michigan, with stems 1-3 dm. long, and flowers in late spring False Mermaid, Floerkea proserpinacoides. ANACARDIACEAE, анакардиевые семейство Кустарники или небольшие деревья с млечным или смолистым соком, очередными сложными листьями, иногда ядовитыми при прикосновении, и мелкими скученными зеленоватыми или желтоватыми цветками. 1a. Leaflets 7 to many (1-5 m. high) (Sumach) — 2. 1b. Leaflets 3-5. 2a. Axis of the leaves wing-margined between the leaflets Sumach, Rhus copallina. 2b. Axis of the leaves not margined — 3. 3a. Leaflets entire Poison Sumach, Rhus vernix. 3b. Leaflets serrate — 4. 4a. Bark of the older stems glabrous Sumach, Rhus glabra. 4b. Bark of the older stems densely velvety-hairy Sumach, Rhus typhina. 5a. Terminal leaflet narrowed to a sessile base (5-20 dm. high) Sumach, Rhus canadensis. 5b. Terminal leaflet on a definite stalk, round or acute at base (3-8 dm. high, or climbing by hold-fast roots) Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron. AQUIFOLIACEAE, падубовые семейство Кустарники с очередными простыми листьями и мелкими белыми или зеленоватыми пазушными цветками в конце весны и начале лета; чашелистиков, лепестков и тычинок по 4–6; плод — ягода. 1a. Leaves entire or nearly so, 1-3 cm. long (1-2 m. tall) Mountain Holly, Nemopanthus mucronata. 1b. Leaves sharply serrate, 5-8 cm. long (2-5 m. high) (Black Alder) — 2. 2a. Leaves downy on the veins beneath; fruit red Black Alder, Ilex verticillata. 2b. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous; fruit orange Black Alder, Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia. CELASTRACEAE, бересклетоватые семейство Кустарники с простыми листьями и незаметными цветками; чашелистиков и лепестков по 4 или 5, тычинки того же числа и прикреплены к диску, который заполняет центр цветка; плод броский, оранжевый и красный. 1a. Leaves alternate (climbing vine; flowers in racemes; late spring) Bitter-sweet, Celastrus scandens. 1b. Leaves opposite (flowers in axillary clusters) — 2. 2a. Prostrate, with short erect branches; leaves broadest above the middle (spring) Creeping Wahoo, Evonymus obovatus. 2b. Tall shrub, with leaves broadest below or near the middle (early summer) Wahoo, Evonymus atropurpureus. STAPHYLEACEAE, клекировые семейство Кустарники с супротивными тройчатыми листьями и мелкими пазушными пучками белых цветков весной; чашелистиков, лепестков и тычинок по 5; завязь 3-гнездная, созревающая в крупный вздутый 3-гнездный боб. One species in Michigan (2-5 m. high) Bladder Nut, Staphylea trifolia. ACERACEAE, кленовые семейство Деревья или кустарники с супротивными, лопастными или сложными листьями и незаметными цветками; чашелистиков около 5; лепестков столько же или нет; тычинок 4–12; завязь 2-лопастная, созревающая в пару крылатых плодов. 1a. Leaves compound (tree; flowers appearing before the leaves) Box Elder, Acer negundo. 1b. Leaves simple (Maple) — 2. 2a. Shrubs or small trees; leaves 3-5-lobed; the lobes with regularly serrate margins (flowers greenish-yellow, appearing later than the leaves) — 3. 2b. Trees; leaves 3-7-lobed; margins of the lobes entire or incised, but never regularly serrate — 4. 3a. Leaves finely and sharply serrate; twigs smooth; bark conspicuously striped with white lines Striped Maple, Acer pennsylvanicum. 3b. Leaves coarsely and bluntly serrate; young twigs pubescent; bark not striped Mountain Maple, Acer spicatum. 4a. Angles between the leaf-lobes rounded (flowers greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves) — 5. 4b. Angles between the leaf-lobes acute or obtuse, but not rounded (flowers purple, red, or yellowish, appearing before the leaves) — 6. 5a. Leaves glabrous beneath, or minutely pubescent on the veins Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum. 5b. Leaves downy beneath Black Maple, Acer saccharum var. nigrum. 6a. Middle leaf-lobe usually more than half the length of the leaf, narrowed at its base; broken twigs with a strong odor Silver Maple, Acer saccharinum. 6b. Middle leaf-lobe usually less than half the length of the leaf, its sides parallel or broadened at the base; broken twigs without strong odor Red Maple, Acer rubrum. SAPINDACEAE, сапиндовые семейство Деревья с супротивными пальчато-сложными листьями и броскими белыми или желтоватыми цветками в метелках весной; чашелистиков 5; лепестков 4 или 5; тычинок около 7; плод — гладкий коричневый орех. 1a. Leaflets 7; buds viscid; corolla of 5 petals Horse Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum. 1b. Leaflets 5; buds smooth; corolla of 4 petals Buckeye, Aesculus glabra. BALSAMINACEAE, недотроговые семейство Гладкие травянистые растения с очередными простыми листьями и броскими цветками; один чашелистик наподобие лепестка удлинен в шпорец; плод взрывается при созревании (высотой 5–10 дм; лето). 1a. Flowers pale-yellow, with a few red-brown spots Touch-me-not, Impatiens pallida. 1b. Flowers orange, thickly spotted with red-brown Touch-me-not, Impatiens biflora. RHAMNACEAE, крушиновые семейство Кустарники с простыми листьями и мелкими цветками в пазушных или верхушечных пучках в начале лета; чашелистиков, лепестков и тычинок от 4 до 5, или лепестки отсутствуют. 1a. Leaves with a single mid-vein; flowers in axillary clusters, greenish (Buckthorn) — 2. 1b. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins; flowers in dense terminal clusters, white (Red-root) — 3. 2a. Lateral veins 3-4 pairs (stout shrub, frequently thorny, escaped from cultivation) Buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica. 2b. Lateral veins 6-9 pairs (1 m. high or less; in swamps and bogs) Buckthorn, Rhamnus alnifolia. 3a. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 2-5 cm. wide or more (4-8 dm. high) Red-root, Ceanothus americanus. 3b. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or less (3-8 dm. high) Red-root, Ceanothus ovatus. VITACEAE, виноградные семейство Кустарники, вьющиеся с помощью усиков или удерживающих корней, с пальчато-лопастными или пальчато-сложными листьями и мелкими зеленоватыми цветками в метелках или уплощенных пучках; лепестков и чашелистиков по 4 или 5; плод — ягода. 1a. Leaves compound (summer) (Virginia Creeper) — 2. 1b. Leaves simple (late spring) (Grape) — 4. 2a. Branches of the tendrils chiefly ending in adhesive disks — 3. 2b. Branches of the tendrils twining, or rarely with a few disks Virginia Creeper, Psedera vitacea. 3a. Stem and foliage glabrous Virginia Creeper, Psedera quinquefolia. 3b. Stem and foliage pubescent, at least when young Virginia Creeper, Psedera quinquefolia var. hirsuta. 4a. Leaves conspicuously pubescent beneath — 5. 4b. Leaves glabrous beneath when mature, or pubescent on the veins only — 6. 5a. A tendril or flower-cluster opposite each leaf Fox Grape, Vitis labrusca. 5b. No tendril opposite each third leaf Summer Grape, Vitis aestivalis. 6a. Pith continuous through the joints of the stem Fox Grape, Vitis rotundifolia. 6b. Pith interrupted by the solid joints — 7. 7a. Leaf-lobes with rounded angles between them Summer Grape, Vitis bicolor. 7b. Leaf-lobes with sharp angles between them — 8. 8a. Leaves coarsely toothed, unlobed or slightly 3-lobed Frost Grape, Vitis cordifolia. 8b. Leaves sharply toothed, prominently lobed Frost Grape, Vitis vulpina. TILIACEAE, липовые семейство Деревья с очередными простыми пальчато-нервными листьями и пучками ароматных белых цветков в конце весны, отходящими из середины листовидного прицветника; чашелистиков и лепестков по 5; тычинок многочисленные, но соединенные в 5 пучков. One species in Michigan Basswood, Tilia americana. MALVACEAE, мальвовые семейство Травянистые растения с очередными листьями; чашелистиков и лепестков по 5; тычинок многочисленные, соединенные своими нитями с образованием трубки, окружающей столбики; завязь многогнездная. 1a. Flowers yellow (summer and autumn) — 2. 1b. Flowers pale-yellow, with a dark center (2-4 dm. high; late summer) Flower-of-an-hour, Hibiscus trionum. 1c. Flowers white to red or blue, never yellow — 3. 2a. Leaves broadly heart-shape (10-15 dm. tall) Velvet Leaf, Abutilon theophrasti. 2b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate (2-5 dm. tall) Sida, Sida spinosa. 3a. Calyx subtended by 6 to many bractlets which are sometimes united at base (summer) — 4. 3b. Calyx subtended by 3 bractlets, or by none — 6. 4a. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high; flowers pink) Marsh Mallow, Althaea officinalis. 4b. Flowers 7-15 cm. wide (8-15 dm. high; flowers pink to nearly white) (Rose Mallow) — 5. 5a. Leaves densely pubescent below Rose Mallow, Hibiscus moscheutos. 5b. Leaves glabrous Rose Mallow, Hibiscus militaris. 6a. Petals prominently notched at the end or reverse heart-shape (Mallow) — 7.   6b. Petals obtuse or truncate (summer) — 11. 7a. Flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide — 8. 7b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) — 9. 8a. Stems procumbent, prostrate, or spreading (spring, summer, and autumn) Mallow, Malva rotundifolia. 8b. Stems erect (10-15 dm. high; summer) Mallow, Malva verticillata. 9a. Leaves with prominent but shallow lobes; flowers axillary Mallow, Malva sylvestris. 9b. Leaves deeply lobed or cleft; flowers in the upper axils, producing a raceme-like cluster — 10. 10a. Lobes of the leaf dentate or incised Mallow, Malva alcea. 10b. Lobes of the leaf pinnately cleft into linear or narrowly oblong divisions Mallow, Malva moschata. 11a. Flowers white (1-2 m. high) Virginia Mallow, Sida hermaphrodita. 11b. Flowers purple or pink (3-5 dm. high, spreading) Poppy Mallow, Callirhoe triangulata. HYPERICACEAE, зверобойные семейство Травянистые растения или кустарники с супротивными цельными листьями, испещренными полупрозрачными железками; цветки обычно желтые (или розовые); чашелистиков и лепестков по 5; тычинок от 5 до многих; завязь с 3–5 столбиками. (Зверобой) 1a. Shrubs (4-8 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 2. 1b. Herbs (flowers in summer) — 3. 2a. Styles 5 St. John's-wort, Hypericum kalmianum. 2b. Styles 3 St. John's-wort, Hypericum prolificum. 3a. Flowers pinkish, 15 mm. broad (3-5 dm. high, in swamps) Marsh St. John's-wort, Hypericum virginicum. 3b. Flowers yellow — 4. 4a. Flowers about 4 cm. wide; principal leaves 5-10 cm. long (7-15 dm. tall) St. John's-wort, Hypericum ascyron. 4b. Flowers 8-25 mm. wide; stamens 15 or more — 5. 4c. Flowers 1-10 mm. wide; stamens 12 or fewer (1-6 dm. high) — 7. 5a. Petals dotted with black (4-8 dm. high) — 6. 5b. Petals without black dots (2-5 dm. high) St. John's-wort, Hypericum ellipticum. 6a. Flowers 20-25 mm. wide; leaves of an oblong type, broadest near the middle St. John's-wort, Hypericum perforatum. 6b. Flowers 10-15 mm. wide; leaves of an ovate type, broadest below the middle St. John's-wort, Hypericum punctatum. 7a. Leaves minute, subulate, 1-3 mm. long Pineweed, Hypericum gentianoides. 7b. Leaves linear, with 1-3 principal veins, broadest near or above the middle St. John's-wort, Hypericum canadense. 7c. Leaves lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as broad, with 5-7 principal veins St. John's-wort, Hypericum majus. 7d. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 1.5-3 times as long as broad — 8. 8a. Uppermost bracts linear St. John's-wort, Hypericum mutilum. 8b. Uppermost bracts resembling the leaves in shape, but smaller St. John's-wort, Hypericum boreale. ELATINACEAE, водяночниковые семейство Мелкие болотные травянистые растения с супротивными листьями без полупрозрачных точечек и незаметными пазушными цветками. (Стебли длиной 2–5 см; цветки летом.) One species in Michigan Waterwort, Elatine americana. CISTACEAE, ладанниковые семейство Мелкие травянистые растения или кустарники с супротивными или очередными цельными листьями; цветки правильные, с 5 чашелистиками, 3 или 5 лепестками и от 3 до многочисленных тычинок. 1a. Flowers yellow (early summer) — 2. 1b. Flowers greenish or purplish, minute, in panicles (late summer) (Pinweed) — 4. 2a. Leaves crowded, closely appressed to the branches; flowers 7 mm. wide (2-4 dm. high) False Heather, Hudsonia tomentosa. 2b. Leaves spreading; flowers 15-30 mm. wide (3-6 dm. high) (Frostweed) — 3. 3a. Petal-bearing flowers solitary Frostweed, Helianthemum canadense. 3b. Petal-bearing flowers few, racemose Frostweed, Helianthemum majus. 4a. Stem-leaves linear, 4 or more times as long as wide — 5. 4b. Stem-leaves oblong or elliptical, about 3 times as long as wide (2-6 dm. tall) — 8. 5a. Plant pale with dense appressed pubescence (2-4 dm. high) Pinweed, Lechea stricta. 5b. Plant green, pubescence sparse or none — 6. 6a. Leaves thread-like, seldom exceeding 1 mm. in width (1-3 dm. tall) Pinweed, Lechea tenuifolia. 6b. Leaves 1-5 mm. wide (2-6 dm. high) — 7. 7a. Leaves on the basal shoots narrowly lanceolate Pinweed, Lechea intermedia. 7b. Leaves on the basal shoots oblong-elliptic, about twice as long as wide Pinweed, Lechea racemulosa. 8a. Pubescence of spreading hairs Pinweed, Lechea villosa. 8b. Pubescence of appressed hairs Pinweed, Lechea minor. VIOLACEAE, фиалковые семейство Травянистые растения с простыми, очередными или прикорневыми листьями и броскими неправильными цветками со шпорцем (за исключением первого вида); чашелистиков, лепестков и тычинок по 5; завязь 1-гнездная. 1a. Flowers regular or nearly so, greenish-white, axillary; erect plant with leafy stem (3-5 dm. high; spring) Green Violet, Hybanthus concolor. 1b. Flowers irregular, blue, yellow, or white, conspicuous (Violet) — 2. 2a. Plant stemless, the flowers all on leafless stalks and the leaves all basal (spring or early summer) — 3. 2b. Stems leafy (spring and summer) — 17. 3a. Petals yellow Round-leaved Violet, Viola rotundifolia. 3b. Petals blue, violet, or white — 4. 4a. Principal leaves at time of flowering deeply lobed — 5. 4b. Leaves oblong, ovate, or triangular, not narrowed to the petiole, and frequently sharply toothed or incised near the base — 7. 4c. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base Violet, Viola lanceolata. 4d. Leaves heart-shape or kidney-shape, not lobed — 8. 5a. Lateral petals bearded — 6. 5b. Lateral petals not bearded Bird-foot Violet, Viola pedata. 6a. Leaves divided to the base into linear segments Bird-foot Violet, Viola pedatifida. 6b. Leaves irregularly divided into broader segments Hand-leaf Violet, Viola palmata. 7a. Leaves ovate-oblong, pubescent Violet, Viola fimbriatula. 7b. Leaves triangular-lanceolate, usually somewhat dilated at base, nearly or quite glabrous Violet, Viola sagittata. 8a. Flowers violet or blue (rarely white-flowered plants are found with the typical blue-flowered ones) (Blue Violets) — 9. 8b. Flowers white, the 3 lower petals marked with purple (White Violets) — 14. 9a. Lateral petals bearded — 10. 9b. Lateral petals beardless Great-spurred Violet, Viola selkirkii. 10a. Foliage glabrous — 11. 10b. Petioles and lower surface of leaves pubescent — 13. 11a. Beard of the lateral petals with a knob at the tip of each hair Blue Violet, Viola cucullata. 11b. Beard of the lateral petals not knobbed — 12. 12a. Spurred petal hairy Wood Violet, Viola affinis. 12b. Spurred petal glabrous Blue Violet, Viola papilionacea. 13a. Spurred petal villous Blue Violet, Viola septentrionalis. 13b. Spurred petal glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs Common Blue Violet, Viola sororia. 14a. Leaf-blade obviously pubescent — 15. 14b. Leaf-blade glabrous or very nearly so — 16. 15a. Lateral petals bearded Sweet White Violet, Viola incognita. 15b. Lateral petals not bearded White Violet, Viola renifolia. 16a. Leaf-blades strictly glabrous Sweet White Violet; Viola pallens. 16b. Leaf-blades with some minute white hairs on the upper surface near the base Sweet White Violet, Viola blanda. 17a. Stipules large and leaf-like, deeply pinnatifid and nearly or quite as long as the petioles — 18. 17b. Stipules small, inconspicuous, entire or toothed, and much shorter than the petiole — 19. 18a. Leaves serrate; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (1-3 dm. high; flowers of various colors) Pansy, Viola tricolor. 18b. Upper leaves entire or nearly so; flowers about 1 cm. wide (1-2 dm. high; flowers bluish-white) Wild Pansy, Viola rafinesquii. 19a. Petals yellow (1-4 dm. high) (Yellow Violet) — 20. 19b. Petals violet, blue, or white — 21. 20a. Foliage villous-pubescent Yellow Violet, Viola pubescens. 20b. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous Yellow Violet, Viola scabriuscula. 21a. Stipules entire (2-4 dm. high) Canada Violet, Viola canadensis. 21b. Stipules toothed — 22. 22a. Lateral petals not bearded (1-2 dm. high) Long-spurred Violet, Viola rostrata. 22b. Lateral petals bearded — 23. 23a. Flowers white or nearly white (1-3 dm. high) Pale Violet, Viola striata. 23b. Flowers blue (about 1 dm. high) — 24. 24a. Leaves smooth Dog Violet, Viola conspersa. 24b. Leaves pubescent Sand Violet, Viola arenaria. CACTACEAE, кактусовые семейство Мясистые членистые безлистные растения, вооруженные многочисленными колючками; цветки крупные (шириной 5–10 см), желтые, с примерно 10 лепестками и многочисленными тычинками. One species in Michigan, on the shores of Lake Michigan; flowers in summer Prickly Pear, Opuntia rafinesquii. THYMELAEACEAE, волчниковые семейство Кустарники с простыми очередными цельными листьями и мелкими желтоватыми цветками в пучках, распускающимися до появления листьев; лепестки отсутствуют, чашелистики несколько напоминают лепестки. One species in Michigan, 5-15 dm. tall, with very tough bark Leatherwood, Dirca palustris. ELAEAGNACEAE, лоховые семейство Кустарники с супротивными серебристо-опушенными простыми цельными листьями и мелкими пучками незаметных желтых цветков весной. One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high Buffalo Berry, Shepherdia canadensis. LYTHRACEAE, дербенниковые семейство Травянистые растения или кустарники с супротивными или очередными цельными листьями; цветоложе чашевидное или трубчатое, несущее 5–7 лепестков и чашелистиков по своему краю и 6–12 тычинок на своей внутренней поверхности; завязь верхняя. 1a. Stem shrubby (aquatic, stems 1-3 m. long; flowers pink, summer) Water Loosestrife, Decodon verticillatus. 1b. Stem herbaceous (4-10 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) — 2. 2a. Flowers solitary in the axils; leaves mostly alternate Loosestrife, Lythrum alatum. 2b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves opposite or whorled Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria. MELASTOMACEAE, меластомовые семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными листьями с 3–5 главными жилками; цветоложе кувшинчатое, несущее 4 чашелистика и 4 лепестка по своему краю; тычинок 8; завязь 4-гнездная, верхняя. One species in Michigan, 3-4 dm. high, with purple flowers in late summer Meadow Beauty, Rhexia virginica. ONAGRACEAE, кипрейные семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными или очередными простыми листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистиков и лепестков по 4 (или 2 у одного рода), тычинок 8 (или 2 у одного рода), прикрепленных к верхушке или внутренней части трубчатого цветоложа; завязь 2–4-гнездная, нижняя. 1a. Aquatic plant of shallow water or muddy ground, with prostrate stem (flowers minute, axillary; petals small or none, summer) Water Purslane, Ludvigia palustris. 1b. Land plants with erect or ascending stems — 2. 2a. Petals minute, greenish (3-8 dm. high; late summer) False Loosestrife, Ludvigia polycarpa. 2b. Petals yellow — 3. 2c. Petals white, pink, purple, or red — 9. 3a. Sepals borne at the summit of the ovary (5-10 dm. high; summer) False Loosestrife, Ludvigia alternifolia. 3b. Sepals borne at the summit of the slender tubular receptacle, which is prolonged beyond the ovary — 4. 4a. Stamens all equal in length (Evening Primrose) — 5. 4b. The alternate stamens longer (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Sundrops) — 8. 5a. Leaves deeply dentate or pinnatifid (2-5 dm. high; early summer) Evening Primrose, Oenothera laciniata. 5b. Leaves entire or undulate or finely toothed (5-12 dm. high; summer) — 6. 6a. Hairs on the stem with broad reddish bases Evening Primrose, Oenothera muricata. 6b. Hairs on the stem none, or without swollen bases — 7. 7a. Stem and foliage glabrous, or with sparse spreading hairs Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis. 7b. Stem and foliage densely but closely appressed-pubescent Evening Primrose, Oenothera rhombipetala. 8a. Petals 5-10 mm. long Sundrops, Oenothera pumila. 8b. Petals 14 mm. long or more Sundrops, Oenothera fruticosa. 9a. Petals 2, reverse heart-shape, stamens 2 (flowers small, white, summer) (Enchanter's Nightshade) — 10. 9b. Petals 4; stamens 4 or 8 — 12. 10a. Leaves rounded at the base, denticulate (3-8 dm. high; fruit prickly) Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea lutetiana. 10b. Leaves cordate at the base — 11. 11a. Fruit 2-celled, bristly (2-4 dm. high) Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea intermedia. 11b. Fruit 1-celled, with soft hairs (delicate plant 2 dm. high, or less) Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea alpina. 12a. Petals entire (summer) — 13. 12b. Petals notched at the end (flowers white or pinkish, less than 1 cm. broad, in summer) (Willow Herb) — 15. 13a. Flowers 2-3 cm. wide, purple (7-20 dm. high) Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium. 13b. Flowers about 1 cm. wide — 14. 14a. Flowers red (2-5 dm. high) Gaura, Gaura coccinea. 14b. Flowers white, turning pink when old Gaura, Gaura biennis. 15a. Leaves entire, the margins usually somewhat revolute — 16. 15b. Leaves toothed, flat (4-9 dm. high) — 18. 16a. Plant densely pubescent with spreading hairs (3-8 dm. high) Willow Herb, Epilobium molle. 16b. Plant pubescent with appressed or incurved hairs — 17. 17a. Leaves linear, the margin revolute (3-5 dm. high) Willow Herb, Epilobium densum. 17b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, not revolute (2-4 dm. high) Willow Herb, Epilobium palustre. 18a. Seeds tipped with a tuft of reddish-brown hairs Willow Herb, Epilobium coloratum. 18b. Seeds tipped with a tuft of white hairs Willow Herb, Epilobium adenocaulon. HALORAGIDACEAE, урутевые семейство Водные или болотные травянистые растения с очередными, супротивными или мутовчатыми листьями и мелкими незаметными верхушечными или пазушными цветками, часто без лепестков (лето). 1a. Leaves none, or else very small and inconspicuous Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum tenellum. 1b. Leaves alternate (1-4 dm. high) Mermaid Weed, Proserpinaca palustris. 1c. Leaves opposite or whorled — 2. 2a. Leaves entire (2-4 dm. high) Mare's-tail, Hippuris vulgaris. 2b. Leaves toothed or dissected (Water Milfoil) — 3. 3a. Flowers in the axils of foliage leaves — 4. 3b. Flowers in terminal spikes, subtended by bracts — 5. 4a. Flowers above water, subtended by toothed or entire leaves Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum heterophyllum. 4b. Flowers submerged, subtended by dissected leaves Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum farwellii. 5a. Flowers solitary or in pairs at each joint of the spike Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum alternifolium. 5b. Flowers several at each joint of the spike — 6. 6a. Bracts deeply pinnatifid Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum verticillatum var. pectinatum. 6b. Bracts entire or toothed Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum. ARALIACEAE, аралиевые семейство Травянистые растения или колючие кустарники с очередными или мутовчатыми листьями и мелкими цветками в зонтиках; чашелистиков 5, миниатюрных; лепестков и тычинок по 5; завязь нижняя, с 2–5 столбиками, созревающая в ягоду. 1a. Leaves simple, palmately lobed (thorny shrub; flowers greenish-white, in panicles, in June) Devil's Club, Fatsia horrida. 1b. Leaves once compounded, whorled (umbel one, terminal) — 2. 1c. Leaves twice or thrice compounded (umbels several) — 3. 2a. Leaflets sessile; flowers white, in spring (1-2 dm. high) Dwarf Ginseng, Panax trifolium. 2b. Leaflets stalked; flowers greenish, in summer (2-5 dm. high) Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium. 3a. Stem and petioles spiny or bristly (flowers white, summer) — 4. 3b. Stem and petioles smooth or a little pubescent (flowers greenish-white) — 5. 4a. Shrubby, with stout thorns (1-3 m. high) Hercules' Club, Aralia spinosa. 4b. Herbaceous, with slender bristles (4-10 dm. high) Bristly Sarsaparilla, Aralia hispida. 5a. Stem-leaves present; leaflets cordate at the base (8-15 dm. high; summer) Spikenard, Aralia racemosa. 5b. Leaf and flower-stalk arising from the ground; leaflets acute at the base (2-4 dm. high; spring) Wild Sarsaparilla, Aralia nudicaulis. UMBELLIFERAE, зонтичные семейство Травянистые растения с очередными, обычно сложными листьями, черешки которых расширены у основания; цветки мелкие, в зонтиках или головках; чашелистиков 5, миниатюрных или даже отсутствующих; лепестков и тычинок по 5; завязь нижняя, с 2 столбиками, созревающая в сухой плод. 1a. Leaves simple (flowers in summer) — 2. 1b. Leaves compound, or at least deeply cleft — 4. 2a. Leaves linear, sword-shape (4-10 dm. tall; flowers greenish-white) Rattlesnake Master, Eryngium yuccifolium. 2b. Leaves kidney-shape or almost circular (stems creeping, about 1 dm. high; flowers white) (Water Pennywort) — 3. 3a. Leaves peltate, attached by the center Water Pennywort, Hydrocotyle umbellata. 3b. Leaves not peltate, attached by the margin Water Pennywort, Hydrocotyle americana. 4a. Flowers yellow or purple — 5. 4b. Flowers white or greenish — 13. 5a. Leaf-segments entire (4-8 dm. high) — 6. 5b. Leaf-segments toothed or incised — 7. 6a. Leaf-segments filiform (summer) Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare. 6b. Leaf-segments ovate to lanceolate Golden Alexander, Taenidia integerrima. 7a. Leaves pinnately compound; some of the leaflets incised or pinnatifid — 8. 7b. Leaves ternately compound; the segments crenate or serrate — 9. 7c. Leaves deeply palmately cleft or divided; flowers in head-like umbels — 18a. 8a. Leaf-segments obtuse, rounded, or cordate at the base (6-15 dm. high; summer) Wild Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa. 8b. Leaf-segments narrowed to the base (4-8 dm. high; spring) Prairie Parsley, Polytaenia nuttallii. 9a. Terminal leaflets conspicuously stalked, their total length, including stalk, at least 50% greater than the length of the lateral leaflets (Meadow Parsnip) — 10. 9b. Terminal leaflets not conspicuously stalked, their total length, including stalk, about equaling the lateral leaflets (4-8 dm. high; late spring) (Golden Alexander) — 12. 10a. Flowers purple (4-8 dm. high; early summer) Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum var. atropurpureum. 10b. Flowers yellow — 11. 11a. Stem-leaves once-ternate; leaflets finely serrate (4-8 dm. high; early summer) Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum. 11b. Many stem-leaves 2-3-ternate; leaflets coarsely serrate or incised (6-12 dm. high; early summer) Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium barbinode. 12a. Basal and lower stem-leaves 2-3-ternate Golden Alexander, Zizia aurea. 12b. Basal leaves simple; stem-leaves once-ternate Golden Alexander, Zizia cordata. 13a. Leaves once-pinnate (or the submerged leaves decompound, if present) (summer) — 14. 13b. Leaves ternately, palmately, or 2-3-pinnately compound — 16. 14a. Leaflets mostly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, some of them coarsely incised (3-9 dm. high) Water Parsnip, Berula erecta. 14b. Leaflets linear to oblong, serrate to nearly entire, not incised (6-15 dm. high) — 15. 15a. Leaflets entire, or with a few low remote teeth Cowbane, Oxypolis rigidior. 15b. Leaflets finely but sharply serrate Water Parsnip, Sium cicutaefolium. 16a. Leaves principally basal, decompound; flowers in early spring (1-2 dm. high) Harbinger of Spring, Erigenia bulbosa. 16b. Leaves principally on the stem — 17. 17a. Leaves palmately or ternately once-compound — 18.   17b. Leaves 2-3 times compound or decompound — 24. 18a. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in head-like umbels, greenish; ovary bristly (4-9 dm. high; early summer) (Black Snakeroot) — 19. 18b. Flowers in open umbels, white — 22. 19a. Styles short, not projecting beyond the bristles of the mature fruit — 20. 19b. Styles long, projecting beyond the bristles of the fruit, and recurved — 21. 20a. Staminate flowers on pedicels 3-4 mm. long, equaling or barely exceeding the fruit Black Snakeroot, Sanicula trifoliata. 20b. Staminate flowers short-pedicelled, concealed among the fruits Black Snakeroot, Sanicula canadensis. 21a. Fruit short-stalked, 4 mm. long or less Black Snakeroot, Sanicula gregaria. 21b. Fruit sessile, 6-7 mm. long Black Snakeroot, Sanicula marilandica. 22a. Umbel unsymmetrical, its branches irregular in length; plant slender (3-8 dm. tall; early summer) Honewort, Cryptotaenia canadensis. 22b. Umbel symmetrical with regular branches; plants tall and stout — 23. 23a. Stem and leaves very pubescent (10-25 dm. high; summer) Cow Parsnip, Heracleum lanatum. 23b. Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so (5-15 dm. high; early summer) Masterwort, Imperatoria ostruthium. 24a. Ovary and fruit bristly (4-10 dm. high) — 25. 24b. Ovary and fruit smooth or winged, never bristly — 27. 25a. Umbels loose, open, few-flowered; woodland plants blooming in spring (Sweet Cicely) — 26. 25b. Umbels densely flowered; weedy plants blooming from summer to fall Wild Carrot, Daucus carota. 26a. Stem villous-pubescent Sweet Cicely, Osmorhiza claytoni. 26b. Stem glabrous except at the joints Sweet Cicely, Osmorhiza longistylis. 27a. Leaflets merely serrate (flowers in summer) — 28. 27b. Leaflets coarsely incised, so that the leaf appears dissected — 30. 28a. Umbel densely pubescent (8-15 dm. high) Angelica, Angelica villosa. 28b. Umbel smooth — 29. 29a. Leaf-segments broadly ovate (8-15 dm. high) Angelica, Angelica atropurpurea. 29b. Leaf-segments lanceolate (8-15 dm. high) Water Hemlock, Cicuta maculata. 29c. Leaf-segments linear (4-10 dm. high) Water Hemlock, Cicuta bulbifera. 30a. Principal branches of the umbel 2-5; fruit linear-oblong; woodland plants blooming in spring (2-4 dm. high) Chervil, Chaerophyllum procumbens. 30b. Principal branches of the umbel 7 or more; fruit ovate to broadly elliptical (summer) — 31. 31a. Native plants, growing in swamps (5-15 dm. high) Hemlock Parsley, Conioselinum chinense. 31b. Introduced plants, in waste places and along roads — 32. 32a. Stems conspicuously spotted with purple (5-15 dm. high) Poison Hemlock, Conium maculatum. 32b. Stems not spotted with purple (2-5 dm. high) Caraway, Carum carvi. CORNACEAE, кизиловые семейство Деревья, кустарники или травянистые растения с очередными листьями и мелкими цветками в довольно скученных округлых или уплощенных пучках; чашелистиков 4, миниатюрных; лепестков и тычинок по 4; завязь нижняя, созревающая в ягоду. У одного рода цветки миниатюрные и зеленоватые, с 5 чашелистиками и лепестками миниатюрными или отсутствующими. 1a. Leaves alternate — 2. 1b. Leaves opposite — 3. 2a. Flowers white, conspicuous, in flattened clusters (shrubs 2-4 m. high; flowers in late spring) Dogwood, Cornus alternifolia. 2b. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous, in small axillary clusters (tree; flowers in spring) Sour Gum, Nyssa sylvatica. 3a. Flower clusters small and dense, surrounded by a showy involucre of 4 bracts, resembling a corolla of 4 petals — 4. 3b. Flowers in open flattened clusters, without petal-like involucre (shrubs 1-4 m. high; late spring) — 5. 4a. Herbaceous, 3 dm. high or less (flowers in late spring) Dwarf Dogwood, Cornus canadensis. 4b. Tall shrub or tree (flowers in late spring) Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida. 5a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath with woolly or spreading hairs — 6. 5b. Leaves smooth beneath, or pubescent with short appressed hairs — 9. 6a. Leaves rough above; fruit white Dogwood, Cornus asperifolia. 6b. Leaves smooth or finely soft-hairy above — 7. 7a. Leaves at least twice as long as wide; branches brownish or purplish — 8.   7b. Leaves less than twice as long as wide; branches greenish; fruit blue Dogwood, Cornus circinata. 8a. Branches purplish; fruit blue Dogwood, Cornus amomum. 8b. Branches brownish; fruit white Dogwood, Cornus baileyi. 9a. Branches bright red or reddish-purple Dogwood, Cornus stolonifera. 9b. Branches grayish Dogwood, Cornus paniculata. ERICACEAE, вересковые семейство Травянистые растения или кустарники, часто с вечнозелеными листьями; чашелистиков 4–5; венчик правильный, с 4–5 лепестками; тычинок столько же или вдвое больше; завязь 3–10-гнездная, с 1 столбиком. 1a. Plants without green color; leafless or with scale leaves only — 2. 1b. Plants with green leaves — 4. 2a. Flowers solitary (1-2 dm. high; summer) Indian Pipe, Monotropa uniflora. 2b. Flowers in clusters — 3. 3a. Petals united into a bell-shape corolla (3-9 dm. high; summer) Pine Drops, Pterospora andromedea. 3b. Petals all separate (1-3 dm. high; summer) Beech Drops, Monotropa hypopitys. 4a. Leaves all basal; herbaceous plants with terminal racemes (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Shin-leaf) — 5. 4b. Stem-leaves present — 12. 5a. Style straight — 6. 5b. Style bent near the apex — 8. 6a. Racemes one-sided, the flowers all turned in one direction (flowers white or greenish-white) — 7. 6b. Raceme regular, the flowers not all pointing in the same direction (flowers white or pink) Shin-leaf, Pyrola minor. 7a. Flowers numerous in each raceme Shin-leaf, Pyrola secunda. 7b. Flowers only 3-7 in each raceme Shin-leaf, Pyrola seconda var. obtusata. 8a. Flowers pink or purple — 9. 8b. Flowers white or greenish — 10. 9a. Leaves cordate at base Shin-leaf, Pyrola asarifolia. 9b. Leaves rounded at base, not cordate Shin-leaf, Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata. 10a. Leaves shining on the upper side; sepals one-third as long as the petals Shin-leaf, Pyrola americana. 10b. Leaves dull on the upper side; sepals one-fourth as long as the petals, or a little shorter — 11. 11a. Leaf-blades mostly shorter than their petioles, thick and firm Shin-leaf, Pyrola chlorantha. 11b. Leaf-blades thin, usually longer than their petioles Shin-leaf, Pyrola elliptica. 12a. Petals nearly or quite separate from each other — 13. 12b. Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla, the tube of which is as long as or longer than the lobes — 18. 13a. Leaves opposite or whorled; stems herbaceous or nearly so (summer) — 14. 13b. Leaves alternate; stems shrubby (early summer) — 16. 14a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular (1 dm. high; flower white) One-flowered Wintergreen, Moneses uniflora. 14b. Flowers in clusters; leaves narrow (stems trailing, 1-3 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish) — 15. 15a. Leaves broadest above the middle, green Prince's Pine, Chimaphila umbellata. 15b. Leaves broadest below the middle, spotted with white Spotted Wintergreen, Chimaphila maculata. 16a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, densely woolly beneath (5-10 dm. high; flowers white) Labrador Tea, Ledum groenlandicum. 16b. Leaves 1-2 cm. long, pale beneath but not wholly (creeping; flowers pink) (Cranberry) — 17. 17a. Leaves acute Cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos. 17b. Leaves obtuse Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon. 18a. Leaves opposite or whorled; corolla saucer-shape (shrubs 3-8 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) — 19. 18b. Leaves alternate; corolla bell-shape or salver-form — 20. 19a. Branches and twigs cylindrical, not angled Sheep Laurel, Kalmia angustifolia. 19b. Branches and twigs with 2 sharp angles Swamp Laurel, Kalmia polifolia. 20a. Plants prostrate, or with a few ascending branches only (flowers white or pink) — 21. 20b. Plants erect or ascending — 23. 21a. Flowers 10-20 mm. long, very fragrant (early spring) Trailing Arbutus, Epigaea repens. 21b. Flowers 4-5 mm. long (late spring) — 22. 22a. Leaves spatulate, broadest beyond the middle Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. 22b. Leaves oval, broadest at the middle Snowberry, Chiogenes hispidula. 23a. Leaves linear, white beneath, their margins strongly revolute (shrub 3-8 dm. high; flowers white, late spring) Bog Rosemary, Andromeda glaucophylla. 23b. Leaves oblong, scurfy beneath with rusty scales (bog shrub 4-10 dm. high; flowers white, in spring) Leatherleaf, Chamaedaphne calyculata. 23c. Leaves smooth, pubescent, or resinous beneath, but not scurfy nor white — 24. 24a. Low shrubs 10-15 cm. high, erect from a creeping rootstock; leaves with the taste of wintergreen (flowers white or pink, summer) Wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens. 24b. Bushy shrubs 3-8 dm. high; leaves dotted beneath with yellowish resinous dots; ovary 10-celled (flowers greenish-pink, spring) Huckleberry, Gaylussacia baccata. 24c. Shrubs 1 dm. to 3 m. high; leaves not resinous-dotted beneath; ovary 5-celled (flowers white or greenish-pink, spring or early summer) — 25. 25a. Corolla bell-shape, the stamens projecting beyond it (5-15 dm. high) Deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum. 25b. Corolla cylindrical or urn-shape, the stamens not projecting — 26. 26a. Filaments hairy (Blueberry) — 27. 26b. Filaments glabrous (Bilberry) — 32. 27a. Low bushy shrubs, usually less than 5 dm. and never more than 1 m. high — 28. 27b. Tall erect shrubs, 1-4 m. high — 31. 28a. Foliage pubescent Blueberry, Vaccinium canadense. 28b. Foliage glabrous — 29. 29a. Leaves pale-green and glaucous, entire or nearly so Blueberry, Vaccinium vacillans. 29b. Leaves bright-green, distinctly serrulate — 30. 30a. Fruit blue Blueberry, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. 30b. Fruit black Blueberry, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum var. nigrum. 31a. Leaves downy beneath; fruit black Blueberry, Vaccinium atrococcum. 31b. Leaves smooth or minutely pubescent beneath; fruit blue Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum. 32a. Full-grown leaves less than 2.5 cm. long; low much-branched shrubs, mostly less than 5 dm. high — 33. 32b. Full-grown leaves more than 2.5 cm. long; shrubs usually a meter high or more — 34. 33a. Leaves entire; petals usually 4. Bilberry, Vaccinium uliginosum. 33b. Leaves finely serrulate; petals 5 Bilberry, Vaccinium caespitosum. 34a. Leaves serrulate, green beneath, acute; corolla globular Bilberry, Vaccinium membranaceum. 34b. Leaves entire, pale beneath, obtuse; corolla ovoid Bilberry, Vaccinium ovalifolium. PRIMULACEAE, первоцветные семейство Травянистые растения с очередными или супротивными простыми листьями и правильными цветками; лепестки более или менее сросшиеся; тычинки прикреплены по одной перед каждым лепестком; завязь 1-гнездная с 1 столбиком. 1a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks — 2. 1b. Stem-leaves present — 5. 2a. Flowers nodding, the petals reflexed (3-6 dm. high; flowers showy, white or pink, in spring) Shooting Star, Dodecatheon meadia. 2b. Flowers erect or spreading; petals not reflexed — 3. 3a. Corolla not longer than the calyx; flowers small and inconspicuous (1 dm. high; flowers white or pink, spring) Androsace, Androsace occidentalis. 3b. Corolla conspicuous, much longer than the calyx (flowers pink or purple, summer) (Primrose) — 4. 4a. Leaves white-mealy beneath (1-4 dm. high) Primrose, Primula farinosa. 4b. Leaves green beneath (2 dm. high or less) Primrose, Primula mistassinica. 5a. All the stem-leaves in one whorl just below the flower-cluster — 6. 5b. Stem-leaves several or many, scattered over the stem — 7. 6a. Stem-leaves about 1 cm. long — 3a. 6b. Stem-leaves 5-10 cm. long Star Flower, Trientalis americana. 7a. Flowers red, blue, or white (summer) — 8. 7b. Flowers yellow (summer) — 9. 8a. Leaves opposite; flowers axillary (stems spreading, 1-4 dm. long; flowers blue or red) Pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis. 8b. Leaves alternate; flowers racemose (1-4 dm. high; flowers minute, white) Water Pimpernel, Samolus floribundus. 9a. Stem creeping Moneywort, Lysimachia nummularia. 9b. Stem erect (Loosestrife) — 10. 10a. Flowers in dense spike-like racemes (3-8 dm. high) Loosestrife, Lysimachia thyrsiflora. 10b. Flowers axillary or racemose (3-9 dm. high) — 11. 11a. Corolla dotted or streaked with purple or brown; leaves punctate with dark spots — 12. 11b. Corolla plain yellow; leaves not dark-dotted — 14. 12a. Flowers in racemes — 13. 12b. Flowers all axillary Loosestrife, Lysimachia quadrifolia. 13a. Flowers all in racemes; leaves opposite or some of them alternate Loosestrife, Lysimachia terrestris. 13b. The lowest flowers axillary; leaves opposite or whorled Loosestrife, Lysimachia producta. 14a. Leaves ovate, on slender ciliate petioles Loosestrife, Steironema ciliatum. 14b. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, pinnately veined Loosestrife, Steironema lanceolatum. 14c. Leaves linear, with one mid-vein Loosestrife, Steironema quadriflorum. OLEACEAE, масличные семейство Деревья или кустарники с супротивными листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистиков 4 или чашечка отсутствует; лепестков 4, сросшихся, или нет; тычинок обычно 2; завязь 2-гнездная, верхняя. 1a. Leaves simple (shrub 2-5 m. high; flowers blue or white, in showy clusters in spring) Lilac, Syringa vulgaris. 1b. Leaves compound (trees; flowers greenish, inconspicuous, in spring) (Ash) — 2. 2a. Lateral leaflets sessile Black Ash, Fraxinus nigra. 2b. Lateral leaflets stalked — 3. 3a. Twigs sharply 4-angled Blue Ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata. 3b. Twigs not distinctly angled — 4. 4a. Leaves pubescent beneath Red Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica. 4b. Leaves glabrous beneath — 5. 5a. Leaves pale-green beneath, obscurely serrulate White Ash, Fraxinus americana. 5b. Leaves bright-green beneath, sharply serrulate Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata. GENTIANACEAE, горечавковые семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными или прикорневыми, цельными, обычно простыми листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистики, лепестки и тычинки равны по числу, 4–12; завязь верхняя, 1-гнездная. 1a. Leaves reduced to small scales (1-4 dm. high; flowers small, greenish-yellow, in summer) Bartonia, Bartonia virginica. 1b. Leaves rounded, floating (flowers white, summer) Floating Heart, Nymphoides lacunosum. 1c. Leaves compound (2-4 dm. high; flowers white or bluish, early summer) Buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata. 1d. Leaves simple, whorled (1-2 m. high; flowers yellowish-white, summer) American Columbo, Frasera caroliniensis. 1e. Leaves simple, opposite — 2. 2a. Corolla rotate, with spreading lobes, 2-4 cm. broad, pink (5-8 dm. high; summer) Rose Pink, Sabbatia angularis. 2b. Corolla bell-shape, each petal with a spur at the base, purplish or white, and not over 1 cm. long (1-4 dm. high; summer) Spurred Gentian, Halenia deflexa. 2c. Corolla bell-shape, tubular, funnel-form, or salver-form, not spurred — 3. 3a. Corolla-lobes fringed (flowers bright-blue) (Fringed Gentian) — 4. 3b. Corolla-lobes entire — 5. 4a. Leaves lanceolate (2-8 dm. high; autumn) Fringed Gentian, Gentiana crinita. 4b. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; late summer) Fringed Gentian, Gentiana procera. 5a. Corolla 2 cm. long or a little less — 6. 5b. Corolla 2.5-5 cm. long (late summer and autumn) (Gentian) — 7. 6a. Upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-4 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, late summer) Centaury, Centaurium umbellatum. 6b. Upper leaves ovate, with several principal veins (1-5 dm. high; flowers blue, late summer and autumn) Gentian, Gentiana quinquefolia. 7a. Calyx-lobes rough or ciliate at the margin (flowers blue, or rarely white) — 8. 7b. Calyx-lobes smooth (2-8 dm. high) — 10. 8a. Corolla-lobes spreading; leaves narrowly lanceolate, indistinctly veined (2-5 dm. high) Gentian, Gentiana puberula. 8b. Corolla-lobes erect or incurved; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with 3-7 principal veins (3-6 dm. high) — 9. 9a. Calyx-lobes equaling or exceeding the calyx-tube Gentian, Gentiana saponaria. 9b. Calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tube Gentian, Gentiana andrewsii. 10a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at base (flowers greenish-white or yellowish-white) Gentian, Gentiana flavida. 10b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or nearly linear, not cordate (flowers blue) Gentian, Gentiana linearis. APOCYNACEAE, кутровые семейство Травянистые растения с супротивными простыми цельными листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистиков, лепестков и тычинок по 5; лепестки сросшиеся; тычинки прикреплены к венчику; завязей 2, с единственным столбиком или рыльцем. 1a. Plant creeping or trailing; flowers blue, axillary, 2-3 cm. broad (spring) Periwinkle, Vinca minor. 1b. Plant erect or essentially so; flowers 1 cm. broad or less (4-12 dm. high) — 2. 2a. Corolla pinkish, about 8 mm. long by 6-8 mm. broad (early summer) Dogbane, Apocynum androsaemifolium. 2b. Corolla white or greenish, about 6 mm. long by 4 mm. broad (summer) — 3. 3a. Leaves petioled, acute at the base Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum. 3b. Leaves sessile, rounded or truncate at the base Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium. ASCLEPIADACEAE, ваточниковые семейство Травянистые растения с простыми цельными листьями и правильными цветками; сок обычно млечный; за исключением первого вида, представляющего собой вьющуюся лиану. Цветки имеют необычное строение: чашечка из 5 чашелистиков; лепестки 5, сросшиеся друг с другом и распростертые или отогнутые так, что они скрывают чашечку; тычинки 5, сросшиеся друг с другом и с рыльцем с образованием сложного органа в центре цветка; завязей 2; на спинке каждой тычинки имеется цветной выступающий капюшон, который часто является наиболее заметной частью цветка и может быть принят за венчик. 1a. Twining vine, with dark purple flowers (summer) Black Swallow-wort, Cynanchum nigrum. 1b. Stems not twining — 2. 2a. Leaves whorled (3-6 dm. high; summer) (Milkweed) — 3. 2b. Leaves opposite or alternate — 4. 3a. Leaves in whorls of 4, lanceolate (flowers pink) Milkweed, Asclepias quadrifolia. 3b. Leaves in whorls of 4-7, linear (flowers greenish-white) Milkweed, Asclepias verticillata. 4a. Umbel sessile (4-8 dm. high; flowers green, summer) Green Milkweed, Acerates viridiflora. 4b. Umbel peduncled — 5. 5a. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate (4-8 dm. high; flowers greenish-white, summer) Green Milkweed, Acerates floridana. 5b. Leaves lanceolate or broader (flowers in summer) — 6. 6a. Leaves pubescent beneath — 7. 6b. Leaves glabrous or nearly so — 10. 7a. Flowers brilliant orange (3-6 dm. high) Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa. 7b. Flowers red or purple — 8. 8a. Reflexed lobes of corolla merely purple-tinged (1-2 m. high) Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. 8b. Reflexed lobes of corolla bright-red or purple — 9. 9a. The erect hoods of each flower about 5 mm. long (7-12 dm. high) Milkweed, Asclepias purpurascens. 9b. The erect hoods of each flower about 3 mm. long (6-10 dm. high) Swamp Milkweed, Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra. 10a. Leaves broadly rounded and almost sessile at base (flowers purplish) — 11. 10b. Leaves narrowed at the base, distinctly petioled (8-15 dm. high) — 12. 11a. Umbel solitary, terminal and erect on a long peduncle (4-8 dm. high) Milkweed, Asclepias amplexicaulis. 11b. Umbels terminal or lateral, bent toward one side (7-12 dm. high) Milkweed, Asclepias sullivantii. 12a. Corolla (not hoods) red (1-2 m. high) Swamp Milkweed, Asclepias incarnata. 12b. Corolla (not hoods) greenish (8-15 dm. high) Milkweed, Asclepias exaltata. CONVOLVULACEAE, вьюнковые семейство Вьющиеся или стелющиеся травянистые растения (за исключением одного вида) с правильными цветками; чашелистиков 5; венчик 5-угольный или 5-лопастный; тычинок 5, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь верхняя, 2–3-гнездная. 1a. Plants with green foliage and conspicuous flowers (summer) — 2. 1b. Leafless brown or yellow plants, with very small flowers (Dodder) — 7. 2a. Style divided at the top into linear or oblong stigmas (flowers white or pink) (Bindweed) — 3. 2b. Style not divided at the top; stigmas sessile, capitate (Morning Glory) — 6. 3a. Stem erect; leaves rounded or somewhat cordate at base, not hastate or sagittate (1-3 dm. high) Bindweed, Convolvulus spithamaeus. 3b. Stem trailing or twining; leaves sagittate or hastate — 4. 4a. Calyx almost concealed by two large heart-shape bracts — 5. 4b. Bracts at base of calyx none Bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis. 5a. Leaves triangular-hastate, with sharp basal lobes Bindweed, Convolvulus sepium. 5b. Leaves oblong-ovate, the basal lobes obtuse Bindweed, Convolvulus sepium var. pubescens. 6a. Stem smooth or nearly so; ovary 2-celled (flowers white) Wild Potato Vine, Ipomoea pandurata. 6b. Stem with reflexed hairs; ovary 3-celled (flowers of various colors) Morning Glory, Ipomoea purpurea. 7a. Introduced weed, growing as a parasite on clover Dodder, Cuscuta epithymum. 7b. Native species, on various shrubs and herbs — 8. 8a. Flowers sessile — 9. 8b. Flowers distinctly pedicelled — 12. 9a. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx — 10. 9b. Sepals separate from each other — 11. 10a. Calyx-lobes obtuse Dodder, Cuscuta arvensis. 10b. Calyx-lobes acute Dodder, Cuscuta obtusiflora. 11a. Flowers in dense rope-like twists on various species of herbs Dodder, Cuscuta paradoxa. 11b. Flowers in dense clusters on various species of shrubs Dodder, Cuscuta compacta. 12a. Tips of the petals inflexed Dodder, Cuscuta coryli. 12b. Tips of the petals erect or spreading — 13. 13a. Capsule depressed at the summit Dodder, Cuscuta cephalanthi. 13b. Capsule pointed at the summit Dodder, Cuscuta gronovii. POLEMONIACEAE, синюховые семейство Травянистые растения с очередными или супротивными листьями и броскими правильными цветками; чашелистиков 5, сросшихся; лепестков 5, сросшихся и несущих 5 тычинок в трубке венчика; завязь верхняя, 3-гнездная. 1a. Leaves pinnately compound and alternate (2-4 dm. high; flowers blue, in spring) Greek Valerian, Polemonium reptans. 1b. Leaves fascicled, narrowly linear (about 1 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in spring) Moss Pink, Phlox subulata. 1c. Leaves simple, strictly opposite — 2. 2a. Corolla-lobes deeply 2-cleft to the middle (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink, in spring) Cleft Phlox, Phlox bifida. 2b. Corolla-lobes entire and rounded, or somewhat notched at the apex — 3. 3a. Flowers in summer (8-15 dm. high; flowers purple) Garden Phlox, Phlox paniculata. 3b. Flowers in spring (3-6 dm. high) — 4. 4a. Corolla blue-purple; stems ascending Sweet William, Phlox divaricata. 4b. Corolla pink or red-purple; stems erect Sweet William, Phlox pilosa. HYDROPHYLLACEAE, водолистниковые семейство Травянистые растения с очередными лопастными или рассеченными листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистиков 5; лепестков 5, сросшихся; тычинок 5, прикрепленных к трубке венчика и выступающих за ее пределы; завязь 1-гнездная. 1a. Leaves palmately veined and lobed (4-8 dm. high; flowers purple, early summer) Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum canadense. 1b. Leaves pinnately veined and lobed (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue or purple, varying to white) — 2. 2a. Corolla-lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube (summer) Phacelia, Phacelia franklinii. 2b. Corolla-lobes much longer than the corolla-tube (late spring and summer) (Water-leaf) — 3. 3a. Calyx with a small reflexed appendage between each pair of sepals Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. 3b. Calyx without appendages Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum virginicum. БУРАЧНИКОВЫЕ (BORAGINACEAE) Травянистые растения с очередными цельными листьями; чашелистиков 5; лепестков 5, сросшихся, венчик как правило правильный; тычинок 5, прикрепленных к трубке венчика; завязь глубоко 4-лопастная с единственным столбиком. 1a. Corolla reddish-purple, about 8 mm. wide (4-10 dm. high; spring) Hound's Tongue, Cynoglossum officinale. 1b. Corolla blue with a yellow center, 4-8 mm. wide (1-5 dm. high; spring and early summer) (Forget-me-not) — 13. 1c. Corolla deep orange, salver-form (2-6 dm. high; spring) (Puccoon) — 15. 1d. Corolla white or blue, or lightly tinged with yellow or red — 2. 2a. Corolla rotate, with a very short tube, bright-blue, about 20 mm. broad (3-8 dm. high; summer) Borage, Borago officinalis. 2b. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-form — 3. 3a. Corolla 10 mm. long or more; its tube distinctly longer than the calyx — 4. 3b. Corolla less than 10 mm. long; its tube equaling or shorter than the calyx — 8. 4a. Flowers yellowish-white, or somewhat tinged with pink or greenish — 5. 4b. Flowers blue or purple — 6. 5a. Corolla-lobes erect; leaves sessile (3-8 dm. high; early summer) False Gromwell; Onosmodium occidentale. 5b. Corolla-lobes spreading; leaves decurrent (6-10 dm. high; summer) Comfrey, Symphytum officinale. 6a. Stem and leaves glabrous (3-6 dm. high; spring) Bluebell, Mertensia virginica. 6b. Stem and leaves pubescent (4-8 dm. high) — 7. 7a. Corolla regular; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate (summer) Bluebell, Mertensia paniculata. 7b. Corolla irregular; leaves linear-oblong (summer) Blueweed, Echium vulgare. 8a. Ovary and fruit covered with hooked prickles — 9. 8b. Ovary and fruit not prickly — 12. 9a. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. wide or more — 10. 9b. Principal leaves 2 cm. wide or less (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue or white, summer) (Stickseed) — 11. 10a. Leaves chiefly basal, the racemes on long leafless peduncles (4-8 dm. high; flowers pale blue, early summer) Wild Comfrey, Cynoglossum boreale. 10b. Stems leafy (8-12 dm. high; flowers white, summer) Beggar Lice, Lappula virginiana. 11a. A bract at the base of each flower Stickseed, Lappula echinata. 11b. Racemes without bracts at the base of each flower Stickseed, Lappula deflexa var. americana. 12a. Racemes bractless, or bracted only at the base (1-4 dm. high) — 14. 12b. Raceme with a bract at the base of each flower (flowers white or yellowish) — 17. 13a. Corolla 4 mm. wide Forget-me-not, Myosotis laxa. 13b. Corolla 6-8 mm. wide Forget-me-not, Myosotis scorpioides. 14a. Calyx-lobes all of equal length (summer) Scorpion Grass, Myosotis arvensis. 14b. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal in length (spring) Scorpion Grass, Myosotis virginica. 15a. Corolla-lobes denticulate Puccoon, Lithospermum angustifolium. 15b. Corolla-lobes entire — 16. 16a. Flowers sessile; stem softly pubescent Puccoon, Lithospermum canescens. 16b. Flowers on pedicels 2-5 mm. long; stem hispid or bristly Puccoon, Lithospermum gmelini. 17a. Corolla white; fruit brown and wrinkled (weed 2-4 dm. high; spring and summer) Corn Gromwell, Lithospermum arvense. 17b. Corolla yellowish-white; fruit white and smooth (5-10 dm. high) — 18. 18a. Corolla distinctly surpassing the calyx in length (spring and summer) Corn Gromwell, Lithospermum officinale. 18b. Corolla equaling or shorter than the calyx (spring) Wild Gromwell, Lithospermum latifolium. ЯСНОТКОВЫЕ (LABIATAE), семейство Мятликовые Травянистые растения с супротивными листьями, четырехгранными стеблями и обычно ароматным запахом; цветки неправильные, со сросшимися лепестками, или почти правильные; тычинок 2 или 4, прикрепленных к трубке венчика; завязь глубоко 4-лопастная, с единственным столбиком. 1a. Stamens 2 — 2. 1b. Stamens 4 — 15. 2a. Corolla regular or nearly so; flowers white, in dense axillary clusters; plants usually of wet grounds (2-8 dm. high; summer and autumn) — 3. 2b. Corolla distinctly irregular and more or less 2-lipped — 7. 3a. Calyx-teeth short, triangular, acute or obtuse (Bugle Weed) — 4. 3b. Calyx-teeth narrow, acuminate or cuspidate (Water Hoarhound) — 5. 4a. Stems and stolons bearing tubers Bugle Weed, Lycopus uniflorus. 4b. Stems and stolons not bearing tubers Bugle Weed, Lycopus virginicus. 5a. Leaves serrate; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed — 6. 5b. Leaves coarsely incised; calyx-teeth awn-tipped Water Hoarhound, Lycopus americanus. 6a. Corolla twice as long as the calyx; leaves narrowed at the base Water Hoarhound, Lycopus rubellus. 6b. Corolla barely longer than the calyx; leaves sessile or nearly so Water Hoarhound, Lycopus lucidus var. americanus. 7a. Corolla blue, 3-4 mm. long; flowers in loose axillary clusters (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Pennyroyal) — 8. 7b. Corolla 8-40 mm. long — 9. 8a. Leaves serrate Pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides. 8b. Leaves linear, entire Pennyroyal, Hedeoma hispida. 9a. Lower lobe of the corolla fringed, very much longer than the upper (5-15 dm. high; corolla pale-yellow; late summer) Horse Balm, Collinsonia canadensis. 9b. Lower lobe of the corolla nearly or quite as long as the upper and not fringed — 10. 10a. Calyx narrowly tubular; its teeth about equal in size (5-10 dm. high; flowers in dense terminal heads, in summer) — 11. 10b. Calyx campanulate, 2 of its teeth different in size from the other 3 (4-8 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in terminal clusters in summer) — 14. 11a. Corolla scarlet Oswego Tea, Monarda didyma. 11b. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa var. rubra. 11c. Corolla white, pink, pale-purple, or yellowish — 12. 12a. Flower-clusters all terminal — 13. 12b. Flower-clusters both terminal and axillary Horse Mint, Monarda punctata. 13a. Leaves and stem with soft spreading pubescence Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa. 13b. Leaves and stem grayish with fine appressed pubescence Wild Bergamot, Monarda mollis. 14a. Upper calyx-teeth about 3 times as long as the lower Blephilia, Blephilia hirsuta. 14b. Upper calyx-teeth but little longer than the lower Blephilia, Blephilia ciliata. 15a. Calyx with a distinct protuberance on the back of the upper side (Skullcap) — 16. 15b. Calyx without a distinct protuberance — 20. 16a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long; flowers in axillary racemes (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) Mad-dog Skullcap, Scutellaria lateriflora. 16b. Corolla 6-10 mm. long; flowers axillary, solitary (1-3 dm. high; flowers violet, early summer) Skullcap, Scutellaria parvula. 16c. Corolla 12-30 mm. long; flowers axillary or in terminal racemes (4-8 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) — 17. 17a. Stem-leaves cordate Skullcap, Scutellaria versicolor. 17b. Stem-leaves not distinctly cordate — 18. 18a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; plant of swamps and river-banks Skullcap, Scutellaria galericulata. 18b. Stem-leaves with petioles 1 cm. or more long; plants of dry or moist woods — 19. 19a. Stem glandular-pubescent toward the summit; corolla 16 mm. long or less Skullcap, Scutellaria pilosa. 19b. Stem not glandular; corolla 20 mm. long Skullcap, Scutellaria incana. 20a. Calyx-teeth 5, all equal or nearly so at the time of flowering — 28. 20b. Calyx-teeth 5, one of them different in size and shape from the other four (2-6 dm. high; flowers light blue, summer) Dragon Head, Dracocephalum parviflorum. 20c. Calyx-teeth 5, two of them different in size and shape from the other three — 21. 20d. Calyx-teeth 10, subulate (woolly plant 4-10 dm. high, with whitish flowers in axillary clusters in summer) Hoarhound, Marrubium vulgare. 21a. Corolla deeply split on the upper side and the stamens protruding; upper lip of the calyx much shorter than the lower (5-10 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in terminal spikes, summer) (Wood Sage) — 22.   21b. Corolla not deeply split on the upper side — 23. 22a. Calyx canescent Wood Sage, Teucrium canadense. 22b. Calyx villous Wood Sage, Teucrium occidentale. 23a. Flowers in dense terminal head-like spikes, none axillary (1-5 dm. high; flowers pink-purple or blue, in summer) Self-heal, Prunella vulgaris. 23b. Some or all of the flowers in axillary clusters — 24. 24a. Leaves linear, entire (1-4 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) — 25. 24b. Leaves oblong to ovate (summer) — 26. 25a. Pedicels shorter than the calyx Summer Savory, Satureja hortensis. 25b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx Calamint, Satureja glabra. 26a. Leaves 1 cm. long or less, entire (stems growing in mats, 1-3 dm. long; flowers purple, in summer) Wild Thyme, Thymus serpyllum. 26b. Leaves dentate (flowers purple, summer) — 27. 27a. Flowers subtended by bracts as long as the calyx (2-5 dm. high) Basil, Satureja vulgaris. 27b. Flowers with minute bracts or none (1-3 dm. high) Basil-thyme, Satureja acinos. 28a. Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular, the upper lip flattened, not conspicuously arched over the stamens — 29. 28b. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped, the stamens ascending under the concave upper lip — 42. 29a. Flowers in dense terminal spikes; corolla 2-lipped (8-15 dm. high; summer) — 30. 29b. Flowers peduncled, 1-4 in the axils of linear leaves — 25b. 29c. Flowers in many-flowered whorls, which are axillary or terminal, or aggregated into terminal spikes or racemes — 31. 30a. Corolla yellowish Giant Hyssop, Agastache nepetoides. 30b. Corolla purplish Giant Hyssop, Agastache scrophulariaefolius. 31a. Corolla distinctly irregular, the lower lip longer than the upper — 32. 31b. Corolla almost regular, the lobes nearly uniform in size — 35. 32a. Stem-leaves sessile or very nearly so (flowers blue) — 33. 32b. Stem-leaves long-petioled — 34. 33a. Leaves linear-oblong, acute at both ends (3-8 dm. high; summer) Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis. 33b. Leaves oblong to ovate, rounded at the ends (2-4 dm. high; late spring) Bugle, Ajuga reptans. 34a. Leaves ovate to oblong, acute; flowers pink, white, or pale purple (6-15 dm. high; summer) Catnip, Nepeta cataria. 34b. Leaves nearly circular or kidney-shape; flowers blue (creeping; flowers in spring and summer) Ground Ivy, Nepeta hederacea. 35a. Flowers in terminal spikes, or the lower axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) — 36. 35b. Flowers all in axillary whorls (flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) — 38. 35c. Flowers in terminal capitate corymbed clusters (4-8 dm. high; flowers white or dotted with purple, summer) (Mountain Mint) — 41. 36a. Leaves sessile or with very short petiole Spearmint, Mentha spicata. 36b. Leaves with manifest petioles — 37. 37a. Principal leaves less than half as broad as long Peppermint, Mentha piperita. 37b. Principal leaves more than half as broad as long Bergamot Mint, Mentha citrata. 38a. Stem glabrous; leaves ovate to obovate (4-8 dm. high) Downy Mint, Mentha gentilis. 38b. Stem pubescent, at least on the angles (1-6 dm. high) — 39. 39a. Principal leaves distinctly petioled and somewhat rounded at base Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis. 39b. Leaves tapering to the base — 40. 40a. Leaves and stem pubescent Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. canadensis. 40b. Leaves glabrous; stem pubescent on the angles only Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. glabrata. 41a. Leaves linear; calyx-teeth awl-shape Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum flexuosum. 41b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; calyx-teeth triangular-ovate Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum virginianum. 42a. Stems decumbent to diffuse; leaves cordate to nearly circular (stems 2-5 dm. long or high; flowers in spring and summer) (Dead Nettle) — 43. 42b. Stem erect; leaves palmately cleft; calyx-teeth spiny (6-15 dm. tall; flowers pink, in summer) Motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca. 42c. Stems erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear (summer) — 45. 43a. Upper leaves closely sessile (flowers red-purple) Dead Nettle, Lamium amplexicaule. 43b. Leaves all petioled — 44. 44a. Flowers red or purple Dead Nettle, Lamium maculatum. 44b. Flowers white Dead Nettle, Lamium album. 45a. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, in loose terminal spikes (5-10 dm. tall; flowers rose-color) False Dragon Head, Physostegia virginiana. 45b. Flowers 1-2 cm. long, in axillary and terminal spiked whorls — 46. 46a. Calyx-teeth spiny pointed (flowers pink or pale-purple) (Hemp Nettle) — 47. 46b. Calyx-teeth acute to awl-shape, but not spiny (3-10 dm. high; flowers pale-purple) (Hedge Nettle) — 48. 47a. Leaves ovate (3-8 dm. high) Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit. 47b. Leaves linear to lanceolate (1-4 dm. high) Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis ladanum. 48a. Leaves glabrous — 49. 48b. Leaves distinctly pubescent — 50. 49a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia. 49b. Leaves linear-oblong, entire or nearly so Hedge Nettle, Stachys hyssopifolia. 50a. Stem pubescent on the angles alone; leaves petioled Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera. 50b. Stem pubescent on both sides and angles; leaves nearly sessile — 51. 51a. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more than 1 cm. wide Hedge Nettle, Stachys palustris. 51b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 cm. wide or less Hedge Nettle, Stachys arenicola. ВЕРБЕНОВЫЕ (VERBENACEAE) Травянистые растения с простыми супротивными листьями и слегка неправильными цветками в колосьях или головках; лепестков 5, сросшихся, несущих 4 тычинки в трубке венчика; завязь 1, 2-гнездная или 4-гнездная, с 1 столбиком. 1a. Plants prostrate or spreading — 2. 1b. Plants erect (flowers in summer) (Vervain) — 3. 2a. Leaves serrate; flowers in short dense spikes (flowers pale-blue, summer) Fog Fruit, Lippia lanceolata. 2b. Leaves pinnatifid; flowers in loose bracted spikes (flowers light-purple, summer) Vervain, Verbena bracteosa. 3a. Spikes dense, continuous (flowers purple or blue, varying to white) — 4.   3b. Spikes slender, interrupted, the flowers scattered (corolla white or pale-blue) — 6. 4a. Leaves lanceolate, manifestly petioled (1-2 m. high) Vervain, Verbena hastata. 4b. Leaves sessile, not lanceolate (5-8 dm. high) — 5. 5a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, tapering at the entire base Vervain, Verbena angustifolia. 5b. Leaves oblong to obovate, not tapering at the base Vervain, Verbena stricta. 6a. Leaves incised, tapering to a sessile base (5-10 dm. high) Vervain, Verbena, officinalis. 6b. Leaves serrate, petioled (1-2 m. high) Vervain, Verbena urticaefolia. ПАСЛЕНОВЫЕ (SOLANACEAE) Травянистые растения или кустарники с очередными листьями и правильными или слегка неправильными цветками; чашелистиков 5, сросшихся; венчик из 5 сросшихся лепестков, с прикрепленными 5 тычинками; завязь 1, 2–5-гнездная (обычно 2-гнездная), с тонким столбиком. 1a. Corolla rotate; anthers close together (flowers in summer) — 2. 1b. Corolla not rotate; anthers separate — 5. 2a. Stem and leaves prickly (3-8 dm. high) — 3. 2b. Stem and leaves not prickly — 4. 3a. Flowers white or bluish Horse Nettle, Solanum carolinense. 3b. Flowers yellow Buffalo Bur, Solanum rostratum. 4a. Climbing vine; leaves frequently lobed (flowers blue) Bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara. 4b. Not climbing; leaves toothed (flowers white) Nightshade, Solanum nigrum. 5a. Climbing or trailing shrub, with purplish, white, or greenish flowers about 1 cm. wide (frequently thorny; flowers in summer) Matrimony Vine, Lycium halimifolium. 5b. Herbaceous plants, not climbing — 6. 6a. Flowers white, red, or blue, 2.5 cm. or more wide (summer) — 7. 6b. Flowers yellow, yellowish-white, or greenish-yellow (summer) — 12. 7a. Corolla-tube 10 cm. long or more (5-12 dm. high) — 8. 7b. Corolla-tube 5 cm. long or less — 10. 8a. Stem finely pubescent; leaves entire or nearly so Thorn-apple, Datura metel. 8b. Stem glabrous; leaves coarsely toothed (Jimson Weed) — 9. 9a. Stem green; corolla white Jimson Weed, Datura stramonium. 9b. Stem purple; corolla light-blue or purple Jimson Weed, Datura tatula. 10a. Corolla pale-blue (5-10 dm. high) Apple of Peru, Nicandra physalodes. 10b. Corolla, red or violet (2-4 dm. high) Petunia, Petunia violacea. 10c. Corolla white — 11. 11a. Corolla all white (2-4 dm. high) Petunia, Petunia axillaris. 11b. Corolla with yellow center White Ground Cherry, Physalis grandiflora. 12a. Corolla 30 mm. wide or more, somewhat irregular; stamens declined to one side (3-6 dm. high) Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger. 12b. Corolla smaller, strictly regular — 13. 13a. Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla tubular, with slightly spreading lobes (5-10 dm. high) Wild Tobacco, Nicotiana rustica. 13b. Flowers solitary in the axils; corolla short, widely spreading (3-8 dm. high) (Ground Cherry) — 14. 14a. Annuals with branching slender roots — 15. 14b. Perennials with thickened roots and rootstocks — 16. 15a. Plants pubescent Ground Cherry, Physalis pubescens. 15b. Plants smooth, or with a few scattered hairs Ground Cherry, Physalis ixocarpa. 16a. Stem viscid-pubescent Ground Cherry, Physalis heterophylla. 16b. Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent, not viscid — 17. 17a. Leaves and stem distinctly pubescent Ground Cherry, Physalis virginiana. 17b. Leaves and stem almost glabrous Ground Cherry, Physalis subglabrata. НОРИЧКОВЫЕ (SCROPHULARIACEAE) Травянистые растения с супротивными или очередными листьями и обычно неправильными цветками; венчик из сросшихся лепестков, несущий прикрепленные 2 или 4 (или редко 5) тычинки; лепестков фактически 5, но иногда по видимости только 2 или 4; иногда присутствует стерильная пятая тычинка; завязь верхняя, 2-гнездная. 1a. Anther-bearing stamens 5 (6-15 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Mullein) — 2. 1b. Anther-bearing stamens 4; a sterile fifth stamen may or may not be present — 3. 1c. Anther-bearing stamens 2 — 37. 2a. Leaves densely white-woolly; flowers yellow, in dense spikes Mullein, Verbascum thapsus. 2b. Leaves smooth or nearly so; flowers yellow or white, in loose racemes Moth Mullein, Verbascum blattaria. 3a. Flowers (not the bracts) greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange — 4.   3b. Flowers blue, purple, brown, red, pink, or white, never yellow — 16. 4a. Flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes — 5. 4b. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary — 9. 5a. Corolla 7 mm. long or less, or none — 6. 5b. Corolla 12 mm. long or more — 7. 6a. Leaves alternate (3-6 dm. high; early summer) Synthyris, Synthyris bullii. 6b. Leaves opposite (1-2 dm. high; summer) Eyebright, Euphrasia arctica. 7a. Stem-leaves entire (2-6 dm. high; summer) Painted Cup, Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis. 7b. Stem-leaves palmately lobed, bracteal leaves scarlet (3-6 dm. high; early summer) Painted Cup, Castilleja coccinea. 7c. Stem-leaves pinnately lobed or incised (Lousewort) — 8. 8a. Flowers in spring (2-4 dm. high) Lousewort, Pedicularis canadensis. 8b. Flowers in late summer (3-8 dm. high) Lousewort, Pedicularis lanceolata. 9a. Upper lip of the corolla very different in size and shape from the lower lip — 10. 9b. Upper lip of the corolla resembling the lower lip in shape, and not very different in size (5-12 dm. high; summer) (False Foxglove) — 13. 10a. Leaves alternate (2-5 dm. high; summer) Butter-and-eggs, Linaria vulgaris. 10b. Leaves opposite — 11. 11a. Stem erect; leaves narrowed at the base — 30b. 11b. Stem creeping or spreading (summer) — 12. 12a. Leaves pinnately veined, ovate Musk Flower, Mimulus moschatus. 12b. Leaves palmately veined, circular or nearly so Yellow Monkey Flower, Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii. 13a. Stem glabrous — 14. 13b. Stem pubescent — 15. 14a. Principal stem-leaves pinnatifid False Foxglove, Gerardia virginica. 14b. Principal stem-leaves entire False Foxglove, Gerardia laevigata. 15a. Corolla hairy on the outside False Foxglove, Gerardia pedicularia. 15b. Corolla smooth on the outside False Foxglove, Gerardia flava. 16a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks (1 dm. high or less; flowers pink or white, summer) Mudwort, Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia. 16b. Leaves opposite (those subtending the flowers may be alternate) — 20. 16c. Leaves alternate or irregularly scattered — 17. 17a. Leaves entire — 18. 17b. Leaves pinnately lobed or incised — 8a. 17c. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; stem trailing (flowers blue, summer) Kenilworth Ivy, Linaria cymbalaria. 18a. Corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long, spurred — 19. 18b. Corolla more than 2 cm. long, not spurred (3-8 dm. high; flowers red-purple, summer) Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus. 19a. Stem and foliage pubescent (1-3 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) Small Snapdragon, Linaria minor. 19b. Stem and foliage glabrous (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) Toad-flax, Linaria canadensis. 20a. Leaves with 1 or 2 lobes near the base (3-5 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) Gerardia, Gerardia auriculata. 20b. Leaves linear (2-6 dm. high; flowers rose-purple, summer and autumn) (Gerardia) — 21. 20c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not lobed — 26. 21a. Pedicels equaling or but little longer than the calyx, and conspicuously shorter than the subtending leaf — 22. 21b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx, and generally equaling or exceeding the subtending leaf — 24. 22a. Plants of moist ground, bogs, and shores — 23. 22b. Plants of dry uplands Gerardia, Gerardia aspera. 23a. Corolla about 25 mm. long Gerardia, Gerardia purpurea. 23b. Corolla less than 20 mm. long Gerardia, Gerardia paupercula. 24a. Stem rough on the angles — 25. 24b. Stem glabrous Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia. 25a. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla. 25b. Leaves thread-like, 1 mm. wide or less Gerardia, Gerardia skinneriana. 26a. Corolla 16 mm. long, or shorter — 27. 26b. Corolla 20 mm. long, or longer — 32. 27a. Corolla dull-purple, brown, or greenish; one sterile stamen present (1-2.5 m. high; flowers in summer) (Figwort) — 28. 27b. Corolla blue or white (1-4 dm. high) — 29. 28a. Sterile stamen purple Figwort, Scrophularia marilandica. 28b. Sterile stamen yellow Figwort, Scrophularia leporella. 29a. Flowers nearly or quite sessile (summer) — 30.   29b. Flowers on pedicels 10 mm. long or more (spring) — 31. 30a. Foliage-leaves prominently toothed — 6b. 30b. Foliage-leaves entire, or with 1 or 2 small teeth at the base Cow Wheat, Melampyrum lineare. 31a. Corolla more than 10 mm. long, blue and white Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia verna. 31b. Corolla 5-8 mm. long, blue and white Collinsia, Collinsia parviflora. 32a. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper foliage-leaves (4-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Monkey Flower) — 33. 32b. Flowers in dense terminal or subterminal spikes (3-9 dm. high; summer) — 34. 32c. Flowers in loose terminal panicles (flowers white or pale-violet) (Beard-tongue) — 35. 33a. Leaves clasping at the base Monkey Flower, Mimulus ringens. 33b. Leaves petioled, not clasping Monkey Flower, Mimulus alatus. 34a. Stem and foliage glabrous (flowers white) Turtlehead, Chelone glabra. 34b. Stem and foliage pubescent (flowers purple) Blue Hearts, Buchnera americana. 35a. Stem finely pubescent (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale-violet, late spring) Beard-tongue, Pentstemon hirsutus. 35b. Stem glabrous below the inflorescence (6-12 dm. high) — 36. 36a. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged from base to tip (flowers pale-violet, in early summer) Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus. 36b. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged just beyond the calyx (flowers white, early summer) Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus var. digitalis. 37a. Corolla distinctly irregular, 2-lipped (1-4 dm. high; flowers yellowish or white, summer) — 38. 37b. Corolla regular or nearly so and 2-lobed, or none — 6a. 37c. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4-lobed — 40. 38a. Leaves narrowed at the base, with mid-vein Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola virginiana. 38b. Leaves rounded or somewhat clasping at the base, with 3-5 principal veins (False Pimpernel) — 39. 39a. Peduncles longer than the subtending leaves False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes anagallidea. 39b. Peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes dubia. 40a. Leaves whorled (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pale-blue, in spikes, summer) Culver's Root, Veronica virginica. 40b. Leaves alternate or opposite (Speedwell) — 41. 41a. Flowers in racemes, which arise from the axils of the opposite leaves (flowers pale-blue to nearly white, late spring and summer) — 42.   41b. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, or in terminal bracted racemes (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) — 46. 42a. Stem and foliage glabrous; swamp plants 2-7 dm. high — 43. 42b. Stem and foliage pubescent; plants of dry ground, 1-3 dm. high — 45. 43a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate Marsh Speedwell, Veronica scutellata. 43b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate — 44. 44a. Stem-leaves sessile and somewhat clasping Water Speedwell, Veronica anagallis-aquatica. 44b. Stem-leaves on short petioles Brooklime, Veronica americana. 45a. Leaves narrowed at base into a petiole Speedwell, Veronica officinalis. 45b. Leaves rounded or heart-shape at the base Speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys. 46a. Bracteal leaves entire; stem glabrous or minutely pubescent — 47. 46b. All leaves serrate; foliage pubescent (flowers blue) — 48. 47a. Flowers white, about 2 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica peregrina. 47b. Flowers pale-blue with darker stripes, 3-4 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia. 48a. Flowers nearly sessile, about 2 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica arvensis. 48b. Flowers on slender pedicels, 5-8 mm. wide Speedwell, Veronica tournefortii. ПУЗЫРЧАТКОВЫЕ (LENTIBULARIACEAE) Небольшие травянистые растения, растущие на скалах, в иле или в воде; чашечка и венчик оба двугубые; тычинок 2, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь 1-гнездная. 1a. Corolla purple — 2. 1b. Corolla yellow (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) — 4. 2a. Leaves oval to elliptical, entire (about 1 dm. high, on rocks; flowers in summer) Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris. 2b. Leaves dissected or none, submerged (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) — 3. 3a. Flower-stalk with a single bract near the middle Bladderwort, Utricularia resupinata. 3b. Flower-stalk without bracts, except at the base of the pedicels Bladderwort, Utricularia purpurea. 4a. Stem and numerous dissected leaves floating in water Bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris var. americana. 4b. Stem and minute leaves creeping on the bottom of ponds or in mud, while the flowers are borne on erect stalks, easily detached from the delicate stems — 5. 5a. Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, as long or nearly as long as the lower lip; lower lip with a prominent raised palate — 6. 5b. Upper lip of corolla half as long as the lower lip, or less — 7. 6a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt Bladderwort, Utricularia gibba. 6b. Spur of corolla very long and slender Bladderwort, Utricularia cornuta. 7a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt, or almost none Bladderwort, Utricularia minor. 7b. Spur of corolla long and slender Bladderwort, Utricularia intermedia. ЗАРАЗИХОВЫЕ (OROBANCHACEAE) Паразитические растения без зеленой окраски и с чешуйками вместо листьев; венчик двугубый, из сросшихся лепестков; тычинок 4, прикрепленных к венчику. 1a. Flowers in a widely branching panicle, numerous; growing under beech trees (1-5 dm. high; flowers white and purple, late summer) Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana. 1b. Flowers sessile in a dense bracted spike (1-2 dm. high; flowers pale-yellow, early summer) Squaw-root, Conopholis americana. 1c. Flowers 1-15, each on a long erect naked peduncle (1-2 dm. high; flowers yellowish or pale-violet, spring and summer) (Cancer-root) — 2. 2a. Stem erect and scaly, 5-10 cm. high Cancer-root, Orobanche fasciculata. 2b. Stem very short, almost below the surface of the ground, with long erect peduncles Cancer-root, Orobanche uniflora. АКАНТОВЫЕ (ACANTHACEAE) Травянистые растения с супротивными простыми листьями; венчик из сросшихся лепестков, двугубый или почти правильный; тычинок 2 или 4, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь 2-гнездная. 1a. Corolla about 10 mm. long; flowers in dense heads (4-10 dm. high; flowers blue or white, summer) Water Willow, Dianthera americana. 1b. Corolla about 30 mm. long; flowers axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Ruellia) — 2. 2a. Foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent Ruellia, Ruellia strepens. 2b. Foliage densely hirsute Ruellia, Ruellia ciliosa. ФРИМОВЫЕ (PHRYMACEAE) Травянистое растение с супротивными листьями и неправильными цветками в длинных тонких колосьях; лепестки сросшиеся, венчик двугубый; тычинок 4, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь 1-гнездная. One species only, 5-10 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer Lopseed, Phryma leptostachya. ПОДОРОЖНИКОВЫЕ (PLANTAGINACEAE) Травянистые растения с прикорневыми листьями и мелкими белыми цветками в колосьях; чашелистиков 4; лепестков 4, сросшихся; тычинок 4; завязь 2-гнездная. 1a. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; summer) — 2. 1b. Leaves broader, lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate (summer) — 3. 2a. Spikes mixed with bracts several times longer than the flowers Buckhorn, Plantago aristata. 2b. Bracts about as long as the flowers Plantain, Plantago purshii. 3a. Leaves cordate, pinnately veined; plant of wet ground and marshes (4-8 dm. tall) Plantain, Plantago cordata. 3b. Leaves with 3 to many longitudinal ribs or veins — 4. 4a. Leaves densely pubescent with grayish hairs — 5. 4b. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent — 6. 5a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high Plantain, Plantago media. 5b. Flower-stalks less than 3 dm. high Plantain, Plantago virginica. 6a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high; spikes not over 10 cm. long English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata. 6b. Scapes 1-4 dm. high; spikes long and slender, usually equaling or longer than the peduncle; dooryard plantains — 7. 7a. Leaves green at the base Plantain, Plantago major. 7b. Leaves reddish at the base Plantain, Plantago rugelii. МАРЕНОВЫЕ (RUBIACEAE) Травянистые растения или кустарники с супротивными или мутовчатыми листьями и правильными цветками; чашелистиков 4, либо они миниатюрные или почти отсутствуют; лепестков 4, сросшихся; тычинок 4; завязь нижняя. 1a. Shrub (1-3 m. tall; flowers white, in spherical heads, summer) Button Bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis. 1b. Herbaceous — 2. 2a. Leaves opposite — 3. 2b. Leaves whorled; flowers white, green, or purple (Bedstraw) — 6. 2c. Leaves whorled; flowers yellow Bedstraw, Galium verum. 3a. Leaves about as long as wide (trailing; flowers paired, white, in spring) Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens. 3b. Leaves at least twice as long as wide — 4. 4a. Corolla salver-form, about 1 cm. wide; peduncles 1-flowered (about 1 dm. high; flowers blue or white, in spring) Bluets, Houstonia coerulea. 4b. Corolla funnel-form, about 5 mm. wide; flowers in clusters (1-2 dm. high; flowers white or pale-purple, summer) (Houstonia) — 5. 5a. Basal leaves strongly ciliate Houstonia, Houstonia ciliolata. 5b. Basal leaves smooth Houstonia, Houstonia longifolia. 6a. Leaves in whorls of 4-7. 6b. Leaves in whorls of 6-8 — 16. 7a. Ovary and fruit hispid with hooked bristles (3-7 dm. high; summer) — 8. 7b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (early summer) — 11. 8a. Leaves with 1 principal vein (flowers dull purple) Bedstraw, Galium pilosum. 8b. Leaves with 3 principal veins — 9. 9a. Flowers bright-white Bedstraw, Galium boreale. 9b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or purplish — 10. 10a. Leaves acuminate Bedstraw, Galium lanceolatum. 10b. Leaves acute or obtuse Bedstraw, Galium circaezans. 11a. Corolla-lobes 3 (2-6 dm. high; flowers white or greenish) — 12. 11b. Corolla-lobes 4 — 13. 12a. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 Bedstraw, Galium claytoni. 12b. Flowers solitary in the axils, on long hair-like pedicels Bedstraw, Galium trifidum. 13a. Corolla brownish or purple (3-6 dm. high) Bedstraw, Galium latifolium. 13b. Corolla white (1-4 dm. high) — 14. 14a. Flowers rather numerous in small cymes Bedstraw, Galium palustre. 14b. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3, or solitary — 15. 15a. Principal leaves spreading or ascending Bedstraw, Galium tinctorium. 15b. Principal leaves recurved or reflexed Bedstraw, Galium labradoricum. 16a. Ovary and fruit bristly or hispid — 17. 16b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (summer) — 18. 17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, mostly 6-8 in a whorl (stem 5-15 dm. long; flowers white; spring and summer) Bedstraw, Galium aparine. 17b. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical, mostly in whorls of 6; flowers in clusters of 3 (1-5 dm. high; flowers greenish, summer) Bedstraw, Galium triflorum. 18a. Leaves cuspidate or mucronate at the apex (flowers white) — 19. 18b. Leaves obtuse at the apex (flowers white or greenish; 2-6 dm. high) — 20. 19a. Flowers very numerous in terminal panicles (stem 3-8 dm. long) Bedstraw, Galium mollugo. 19b. Flowers in axillary clusters (1-3 dm. high) Bedstraw, Galium tricorne. 19c. Flowers few, in small loose terminal cymes — 20. 20a. Stem smooth or nearly so (2-4 dm. high) Bedstraw, Galium concinnum. 20b. Stem hispid with reflexed bristles (5-15 dm. long) Bedstraw, Galium asprellum. ЖИМОЛОСТНЫЕ (CAPRIFOLIACEAE) Кустарники или травянистые растения с супротивными листьями; венчик правильный или неправильный, лепестков 4 или 5, сросшихся; тычинок 4 или 5; завязь нижняя, 1–5-гнездная. 1a. Leaves compound (shrubs 1-4 m. high; flowers white, in large clusters in early summer) (Elder) — 2. 1b. Leaves simple — 3. 2a. Pith of the twigs white; inflorescence flattened or convex Elder, Sambucus canadensis. 2b. Pith of the twigs brown; inflorescence pyramidal Elder, Sambucus racemosa. 3a. Plant trailing; flowers nodding, in pairs (1 dm. high; flowers pink, summer) Twin Flower, Linnaea borealis var. americana. 3b. Erect herbs (6-12 dm. high; flowers dull-red, axillary, early summer) (Feverwort) — 4. 3c. Shrubs, small trees, or woody vines — 5. 4a. Leaf-bases broadly connate and 2-5 cm. wide Feverwort, Triosteum perfoliatum. 4b. Leaf-bases narrowly connate, not over 1 cm. wide Feverwort, Triosteum aurantiacum. 5a. Climbing vines (spring and early summer) (Honeysuckle) — 6.   5b. Erect or spreading shrubs or small trees — 11. 6a. Flowers in 2-flowered axillary clusters (flowers white or pink) Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica. 6b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 7. 7a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath (flowers yellow) — 8. 7b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or very minutely puberulent — 9. 8a. Leaves pubescent above Honeysuckle, Lonicera hirsuta. 8b. Leaves glabrous above Honeysuckle, Lonicera glaucescens. 9a. Corolla purple on the outside, glabrous within Honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium. 9b. Corolla yellow on the outside (or slightly tinged with purple), pubescent within — 10. 10a. Corolla-tube 6-8 mm. long Honeysuckle, Lonicera dioica. 10b. Corolla-tube 11-14 mm. long Honeysuckle, Lonicera sullivantii. 11a. Corolla tubular at base; style long and slender — 12. 11b. Corolla rotate or somewhat bell-shape, style very short (flowers white, late spring or early summer) — 22. 12a. Flowers yellow or yellowish (spring and early summer) — 13. 12b. Flowers white, pink, or red — 18. 13a. Leaves serrate (5-10 dm. tall) Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla lonicera. 13b. Leaves entire; flowers in pairs (Honeysuckle) — 14. 14a. Each pair of flowers subtended by 2 broad leaf-like bracts (1-3 m. high) Honeysuckle, Lonicera involucrata. 14b. Bracts at the base of each pair of flowers linear or narrowly lanceolate — 15. 15a. Native species of woods and bogs — 16. 15b. Introduced species, growing mostly near dwellings; leaves very pubescent beneath Honeysuckle, Lonicera xylosteum. 16a. Peduncles 15 mm. long or more (1-4 m. high) — 17. 16b. Peduncles about 5 mm. long (1 m. high, or less) Honeysuckle, Lonicera coerulea var. villosa. 17a. Leaves ciliate Honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis. 17b. Leaves not ciliate Honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia. 18a. Corolla irregular, over 1 cm. long (1-4 m. high; spring) Honeysuckle, Lonicera tatarica. 18b. Corolla regular, less than 1 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers white or pink, in axillary clusters, early summer) — 19. 19a. Flowers in axillary spikes Wolfberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis. 19b. Flowers almost sessile in the axils — 20. 20a. Flowers numerous in each axil Indian Currant, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. 20b. Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil (Snowberry) — 21. 21a. Leaves green beneath Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus. 21b. Leaves whitened beneath Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauciflorus. 22a. Leaves palmately lobed — 23. 22b. Leaves not lobed — 25. 23a. Outermost flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-4 m. high) Cranberry Tree, Viburnum opulus var. americanum. 23b. All flowers of the cluster alike — 24. 24a. Flower-clusters 4-10 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) Arrow Wood, Viburnum acerifolium. 24b. Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad Squashberry, Viburnum pauciflorum. 25a. Outer flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-3 m. high) Hobble-bush, Viburnum alnifolium. 25b. All flowers of the cluster alike — 26. 26a. Leaves finely serrate; the veins not prominent — 27. 26b. Leaves coarsely serrate, all or most of the teeth terminating in a prominent vein — 29. 27a. Peduncle of the flower-cluster, below its branches, at least 2 cm. long (1-3 m. high) Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides. 27b. Peduncle of the cluster 1 cm. long, or even shorter (3-8 m. high) — 28. 28a. Leaves distinctly acuminate Sheep-berry, Viburnum lentago. 28b. Leaves obtuse or barely acute Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium. 29a. Leaves densely pubescent beneath (6-15 dm. high) Arrow-wood, Viburnum pubescens. 29b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or with tufts of hairs in the forks of the veins (1-4 m. high) Arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum. ВАЛЕРИАНОВЫЕ (VALERIANACEAE) Травянистые растения с супротивными листьями и мелкими почти или совсем правильными цветками; лепестков 5, сросшихся; тычинок 3; чашелистики миниатюрные или отсутствуют; завязь нижняя. 1a. Stem-leaves pinnately cleft (3-10 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, summer) — 2. 1b. Stem-leaves entire or dentate (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, summer) (Corn Salad) — 3. 2a. Leaf-segments parallel-veined Valerian, Valeriana edulis. 2b. Leaf-segments net-veined Swamp Valerian, Valeriana uliginosa. 3a. Upper stem-leaves entire Corn Salad, Valerianella chenopodifolia. 3b. Upper stem-leaves dentate Corn Salad, Valerianella radiata. ВОРСЯНКОВЫЕ (DIPSACACEAE) Травянистые растения с супротивными листьями и мелкими бледно-голубыми цветками, собранными в плотные головки; чашечка миниатюрная; лепестков 4, сросшихся; тычинок 4, прикрепленных к венчику; завязь нижняя. One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with prickly leaves and stem, blooming in summer Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris. ТЫКВЕННЫЕ (CUCURBITACEAE) Травянистые растения, цепляющиеся с помощью усиков, с очередными пальчато-лопастными листьями и однополыми цветками; тычиночные цветки в эффектных соцветиях, с 5–6 лепестками и 3 тычинками; пестичные цветки мелкие. 1a. Leaves 5-angled or shallowy 5-lobed (flowers white, summer) Bur Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus. 1b. Leaves 5-lobed to about the middle (commonly cultivated and frequently wild; flowers white, summer) Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis lobata. КОЛОКОЛЬЧИКОВЫЕ (CAMPANULACEAE) Травянистые растения с очередными простыми листьями и млечным соком; чашелистиков 5; лепестков 5, сросшихся; тычинок 5, прикрепленных у самого основания венчика; завязь нижняя. 1a. Stem-leaves circular or nearly so, cordate-clasping at base (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, axillary, in summer) Venus' Looking-Glass, Specularia perfoliata. 1b. Stem-leaves linear or nearly so, not over 1 cm. wide (summer) — 2. 1c. Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or more (flowers blue, in a terminal spike or raceme, summer) (Bellflower) — 4. 2a. Stem and leaves glabrous (or rarely pubescent) (1-6 dm. high; flowers blue) Harebell, Campanula rotundifolia. 2b. Stem and leaves rough with reflexed bristles (marsh plants, with weak slender stems 3-10 dm. long; flowers white or pale-blue) (Marsh Bellflower) — 3. 3a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long Marsh Bellflower, Campanula aparinoides. 3b. Corolla 10-12 mm. long Marsh Bellflower, Campanula uliginosa. 4a. Corolla rotate; flowers in spikes (6-15 dm. high) Bellflower, Campanula americana. 4b. Corolla bell-shape; flowers in one-sided racemes (4-10 dm. high) Bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides. ЛОБЕЛИЕВЫЕ (LOBELIACEAE) Травянистые растения с очередными простыми листьями и млечным соком; цветки неправильные; лепестков 5, сросшихся; венчик рассечен по верхней стороне; тычинок 5, сросшихся пыльниками в кольцо или трубку, окружающую столбик; завязь 2-гнездная, нижняя. Цветут летом и осенью. 1a. Leaves all basal, tubular; flowers on leafless stalks (aquatic, 1-4 dm. high; flowers blue) Water Lobelia, Lobelia dortmanna. 1b. Leaves normal, on the stem — 2. 2a. Flowers more than 2 cm. long (5-10 dm. high) — 3. 2b. Flowers about 1 cm. long, or shorter (flowers light blue) — 4. 3a. Flowers scarlet Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis. 3b. Flowers blue Great Lobelia, Lobelia siphilitica. 4a. Flowers in loose racemes, pedicelled — 5. 4b. Flowers in slender terminal spike-like racemes, nearly sessile (4-10 dm. high, usually unbranched) Lobelia, Lobelia spicata. 5a. Foliage pubescent (3-8 dm. high) Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata. 5b. Foliage glabrous (1-4 dm. high) Lobelia, Lobelia kalmii. СЛОЖНОЦВЕТНЫЕ (COMPOSITAE) Травянистые растения с различными типами листвы, но с цветками характерного строения, напоминающими подсолнечник, чертополох или одуванчик. Каждый видимый цветок представляет собой головку из многочисленных мелких цветков, прикрепленных бок о бок к расширенному концу стебля, снизу подпертых и частично окруженных рядами прицветников, называемых оберткой, которая напоминает чашечку. Чашечка отдельного цветка миниатюрна или фактически отсутствует и обычно видоизменена для содействия распространению семян. Она появляется у основания венчика, на верхушке нижней завязи и известна как хохолок (паппус). Строение хохолка лучше всего наблюдать у зрелого плода. Венчик отдельных цветков состоит из 5 (или редко 4) сросшихся лепестков. У некоторых цветков лепестки срослись, образуя трубчатый или колокольчатый венчик. У других они срослись, образуя плоский или язычковый венчик. Тычинки прикреплены к венчику и срослись своими пыльниками в трубку, которая окружает столбик и над которой выступает 2-лопастное рыльце. Видимый цветок сложноцветного, состоящий из нескольких или множества отдельных цветков, называется головкой. Она может состоять исключительно из трубчатых цветков, как у чертополоха или посконника; или исключительно из язычковых цветков, как у одуванчика; либо из обоих видов вместе, как у астры или подсолнечника. В последнем случае трубчатые цветки неизменно занимают центр головки, называемый диском, а более крупные язычковые цветки располагаются по краю, где их выступающие венчики, называемые язычками, могут быть очень заметными. Такие головки называются лучистыми. У некоторых сложноцветных (см. п. 1а ниже) цветки имеют миниатюрные венчики без окрашенных частей. При определении сложноцветного растения определите сначала, состоят ли головки из трубчатых цветков, из язычковых цветков или из обоих видов вместе; и во-вторых, обратите внимание на характер хохолка, используя предпочтительно зрелые головки или по меньшей мере самые старые из доступных цветочных головок. Никаких дальнейших трудностей не возникнет. 1a. Flowers without petal-like or brightly colored parts; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads (or rarely in the same heads); coarse weeds with inconspicuous flowers (summer and autumn) — 2. 1b. Flowers with some petal-like parts, usually brightly colored or white — 10. 2a. Leaves toothed or lobed — 3. 2b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or dissected (4-15 dm. high; flowers in erect spikes) (Ragweed) — 7. 3a. Fruit or pistillate flowers thickly covered with sharp hooked spines (3-10 dm. high) (Cocklebur) — 4. 3b. Fruit not spiny — 8. 4a. With spines on the stem at the base of the leaves Cocklebur, Xanthium spinosum. 4b. Without any spines on the stem — 5. 5a. Body of the bur smooth or slightly hairy Cocklebur, Xanthium canadense. 5b. Body of the bur and the spines densely pubescent — 6. 6a. Body of the bur more than twice as long as thick; a common weed Cocklebur, Xanthium commune. 6b. Body of the bur less than twice as long as thick Cocklebur, Xanthium echinatum. 7a. Leaves twice-pinnatifid Ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. 7b. Leaves once-pinnatifid Ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya. 8a. Leaves deeply 3-lobed (1-5 m. high) Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida. 8b. Leaves serrate or obscurely lobed — 9. 9a. Stem simple or sparingly branched; pistillate heads in the axils of the upper leaves (1-3 m. high) Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida var. integrifolia. 9b. Stem much branched; heads all alike, in panicles Marsh Elder, Iva xanthifolia. 10a. Flowers all strap-shape; juicy milky. (The central flowers must be examined carefully, since they are frequently much smaller than the marginal ones) — 11. 10b. Flowers all tubular, with regular. 4-5-lobed corollas — 45. 10c. Flowers both tubular and strap-shape; heads radiate (in a few species the rays are small and may be overlooked by mistake) — 108. 11a. Flowers blue (summer and autumn) — 12.   11b. Flowers orange, yellow, white, or purplish — 15. 12a. Heads 2.5 cm. wide, or larger — 13. 12b. Heads 1.5 cm. wide, or smaller — 14. 13a. Leaves linear; bracts longer than the flowers, heads 5-10 cm. wide (6-15 dm. high) Salsify, Tragopogon porrifolius. 13b. Leaves broader, mostly serrate; bracts shorter than the flowers; heads 2.5-4 cm. wide Chicory, Cichorium intybus. 14a. Heads in a narrow crowded cluster (5-15 dm. high) — 30b. 14b. Heads in a spreading open panicle (Wild Lettuce) — 22. 15a. Heads solitary at the summit of leafless stalks — 16. 15b. Heads several, on leafy, naked, or scaly stalks — 19. 16a. Basal leaves strictly entire; heads about 2.5 cm. wide (summer and autumn) — 35a. 16b. Basal leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid (spring and summer) — 17. 17a. Heads 8-14 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high) Dwarf Dandelion, Krigia virginica. 17b. Heads 25-50 mm. wide (1-6 dm. high) (Dandelion) — 18. 18a. Outer involucral bracts reflexed Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale. 18b. Outer involucral bracts erect or spreading Dandelion, Taraxacum erythrospermum. 19a. Pappus none; heads about 1 cm. wide (4-10 dm. high; summer) Nipplewort, Lapsana communis. 19b. Pappus of an inner row of bristles and an outer row of short scales; heads about 3 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; early summer) Cynthia, Krigia amplexicaulis. 19c. Pappus of feathery bristles (summer) — 20. 19d. Pappus of simple bristles — 25. 20a. Flower-stalk scaly, without foliage leaves (2-6 dm. high) Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnalis. 20b. Stem leafy (3-10 dm. high) — 21. 21a. Leaves entire, linear-lanceolate Meadow Salsify, Tragopogon pratensis. 21b. Leaves serrate, oblong-lanceolate Picris, Picris hieracioides. 22a. Pappus tawny in color (1-3 m. high) — 23. 22b. Pappus white — 24. 23a. Leaves pinnatifid Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata. 23b. Leaves undivided, dentate Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata var. integrifolia. 24a. Upper leaves entire; heads about 1.5 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca pulchella. 24b. Upper leaves dentate or lobed; heads about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca floridana. 25a. Achene tipped with a slender beak, bearing the pappus at its summit (summer) (Wild Lettuce) — 26.   25b. Achene without a beak — 29. 26a. Leaves hirsute or hispid on the mid-veins beneath — 27. 26b. Leaves glabrous — 28. 27a. Leaves pubescent on both sides (1-2 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca hirsuta. 27b. Leaves glabrous, except on the mid-vein (5-15 dm. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca scariola var. integrata. 28a. Leaves entire or sparsely toothed (1-2 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca sagittifolia. 28b. Leaves chiefly sinuate-pinnatifid (1-3 m. high) Wild Lettuce, Lactuca canadensis. 29a. Flowers white, cream-color, or purplish (summer and autumn) (Rattlesnake Root) — 30. 29b. Flowers bright-yellow or orange — 33. 30a. Heads nodding (6-20 dm. high) — 31. 30b. Heads pointing in various directions, in spike-like panicles; involucres pubescent (5-15 dm. high) Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes racemosus. 31a. Heads with 5-7 flowers in each Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes altissima. 31b. Heads with 8-12 flowers — 32. 31c. Heads with 20 or more flowers Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes crepidinea. 32a. Pappus dark reddish-brown Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes alba. 32b. Pappus pale-brown or nearly white Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes trifoliata. 33a. Pappus tawny or brown in color (summer and autumn) (Hawkweed) — 34. 33b. Pappus white — 42. 34a. Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter, or larger — 35. 34b. Heads 1-2 cm. in diameter (4-10 dm. high) — 37. 35a. Leaves all basal (1-4 dm. high) Hawkweed, Hieracium pilosella. 35b. Stem-leaves present (4-15 dm. high) — 36. 36a. Leaves rounded at the sessile base Hawkweed, Hieracium canadense. 36b. Leaves narrowed toward the base Hawkweed, Hieracium umbellatum. 37a. A rosette of basal leaves conspicuous at flowering time — 38. 37b. No rosette of basal leaves at time of flowering — 41. 38a. Leaves glabrous on the upper side — 39. 38b. Leaves hairy on the upper side — 40. 39a. Stem glabrous, leafless or with one or two leaves Hawkweed, Hieracium venosum. 39b. Stem with several leaves, hairy below Hawkweed, Hieracium marianum. 40a. Leaves with short scattered hairs above Hawkweed, Hieracium gronovii. 40b. Leaves and stem densely covered with very long hairs Hawkweed, Hieracium longipilum. 41a. Leaves glabrous Hawkweed, Hieracium paniculatum. 41b. Leaves very hairy Hawkweed, Hieracium scabrum. 42a. Bracts of the involucre smooth (5-20 dm. tall; summer and autumn) (Sow Thistle) — 43. 42b. Bracts of the involucre hairy — 44. 43a. The clasping leaf-bases acute Sow Thistle, Sonchus oleraceus. 43b. The clasping leaf-bases rounded Sow Thistle, Sonchus asper. 44a. Heads 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucre 2 cm. long (4-10 dm. high) Sow Thistle, Sonchus arvensis. 44b. Heads 1-2 cm. broad; involucre 6-10 mm. long (3-6 dm. high; summer) Hawksbeard, Crepis tectorum. 45a. Leaves or involucre or both spiny (thistles, burdock, etc.) — 46. 45b. Neither leaves nor involucre spiny — 60. 46a. Leaves 1-4 dm. broad, not spiny (flowers purple or white; summer) (Burdock) — 47. 46b. Leaves narrower, not spiny — 48. 47a. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 3-5 cm. (1-3 m. high) Burdock, Arctium lappa. 47b. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 1.5-3 cm. (5-15 dm. high) Burdock, Arctium minus. 48a. Each head 1-flowered; heads aggregated in a globular head-like cluster (1-2 m. high; flowers blue or white, summer) Globe Thistle, Echinops sphaerocephalus. 48b. Each head many-flowered — 49. 49a. Principal involucral bracts with stout spreading spines 2-4 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum. 49b. Principal involucral bracts with slender spines or none — 50. 50a. Pappus feathery; receptacle bristly (summer and autumn) (Thistle) — 51. 50b. Pappus not feathery (flowers purple, summer) — 59. 51a. Heads subtended by a circle of large leafy bracts (5-15 dm. high; flowers pale-yellow) Thistle, Cisium spinoissimum. 51b. Heads not subtended by several leafy bracts — 52. 52a. Leaves conspicuously white-woolly on both sides (4-10 dm. high) — 53. 52b. Leaves conspicuously white-woolly or brown-woolly below, not above (flowers purple or pink) — 54. 52c. Leaves green on both sides (flowers pink or purple, rarely white) — 56. 53a. Leaves deeply pinnately parted with linear divisions; flowers almost white Thistle, Cirsium pitcheri. 53b. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid; flowers purple-pink Thistle, Cirsium undulatum. 54a. Stem-leaves entire or shallowly lobed (1-3 m. high) Thistle, Cirsium altissimum. 54b. Stem-leaves obviously pinnatifid (1-2 m. high) — 55. 55a. Leaves decurrent on the stem Thistle, Cirsium lanceolatum. 55b. Leaves not decurrent Thistle, Cirsium discolor. 56a. Outer and middle involucral bracts appressed, pointless or with weak short prickles — 57. 56b. Outer and middle bracts erect, not appressed, acuminate into a long slender more or less prickly tip (4-10 dm. high) — 58. 57a. Heads numerous 2-2.5 cm. broad, in close clusters (5-12 dm. high) Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense. 57b. Heads few or solitary, 3-5 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) Thistle, Cirsium muticum. 58a. Principal bracts with a conspicuous viscid stripe down the middle; heads 6-19 cm. broad, solitary or few Thistle, Cirsium hillii. 58b. Principal bracts not viscid Thistle, Cirsium pumilum. 59a. Receptacle not bristly; heads 3-5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high; flowers pale-purple, summer) Cotton Thistle, Onopordum acanthium. 59b. Receptacle bristly; heads 2-2.5 cm. wide (5-12 dm. high; flowers purple to white, late summer) Thistle, Carduus crispus. 60a. Leaves basal; stem-leaves none or reduced to scales (2-8 dm. high; flowers whitish, in spring) — 61. 60b. Stem-leaves present; basal leaves present or absent — 62. 61a. Leaves toothed or lobed; flower-stalk not scaly Adenocaulon, Adenocaulon bicolor. 61b. Leaves deeply cleft; flower-stalk scaly — 197a. 62a. Leaves compound or dissected (flowers in summer and autumn) — 63. 62b. Leaves merely lobed, never truly compound or dissected — 72. 62c. Leaves entire or serrate — 78. 63a. Some of the involucral bracts leaf-like, longer than the heads (3-20 dm. high; flowers yellow or greenish, summer and autumn) (Beggar Ticks) — 126. 63b. Bracts short and not leaf-like — 64. 64a. Heads 7-20 mm. wide, in a flat-topped or convex cluster (3-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) (Tansy) — 65. 64b. Heads smaller, in spikes, racemes, or panicles (flowers yellow or greenish, late summer and autumn) (Wormwood) — 66. 65a. Heads 7-10 mm. wide, numerous in a dense cluster Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare. 65b. Heads 10-20 mm. wide, few, 2-10 in a loose open cluster Tansy, Tanacetum huronense. 66a. Heads 2-3 mm. broad (4-15 dm. high) — 67. 66b. Heads 4-6 mm. broad (3-10 dm. high) — 69. 67a. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear, strictly entire Wormwood, Artemisia caudata. 67b. Leaf-lobes serrate — 68. 68a. Heads in a loose spreading panicle Wormwood, Artemisia annua. 68b. Heads in axillary clusters, producing a leafy spike-like panicle Wormwood, Artemisia biennis. 69a. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear — 70. 69b. Leaf-lobes oblong to obovate, not linear — 71. 70a. Shrubby; involucre pubescent Southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum. 70b. Herbaceous; involucre glabrous or rarely pubescent Wormwood, Artemisia canadensis. 71a. Leaves finely gray-pubescent on both sides Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium. 71b. Leaves smooth or nearly so above, densely white-woolly beneath Mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris. 72a. Heads 2-4 cm. broad, purple, blue, or rarely white (3-6 dm. high; summer) — 92. 72b. Heads 1 cm. wide or less — 73. 73a. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath (flowers yellowish, late summer) — 74. 73b. Leaves smooth or hairy, never white-woolly — 75. 74a. Heads 6-8 mm. wide (4-8 dm. high) Wormwood, Artemisia stelleriana. 74b. Heads 3-4 mm. wide (5-10 dm. high) Wormwood, Artemisia ludoviciana. 75a. Principal bracts of the involucre 5, with frequently a few much smaller ones — 76. 75b. Principal bracts of the involucre numerous — 77. 76a. Heads few in small terminal clusters; foliage somewhat viscid-pubescent (6-15 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 114a. 76b. Heads very numerous in flat-topped clusters; foliage never viscid-pubescent (1-2 m. high; flowers white, late summer) — 105c. 77a. Leaves broadly halberd-shape, 3-lobed (1-2 m. high; flowers white, late summer) — 105b.   77b. Leaves lobed only at the base (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 93a. 77c. Leaves pinnatifid (2-8 dm. high; flowers yellow) — 172. 78a. Bracts of the involucre dry and chaffy, at least at the tip; plants always pubescent and usually white-woolly — 79. 78b. Bracts of the involucre green or colored, but never dry and chaffy — 90. 79a. Pappus none; heads 3-4 mm. wide, in ample panicled spikes (flowers yellowish, late summer) — 74b. 79b. Pappus a minute ring or crown; leaves crenate (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) — 93a. 79c. Pappus of hairs; heads in flat-topped clusters or slender spikes — 80. 80a. Heads sessile or subsessile in small flat-topped clusters; flowering in spring or early summer; principal leaves basal (1-4 dm. high; flowers white or purplish) (Everlasting) — 81. 80b. Heads in terminal spikes (2-6 dm. high; flowers purplish, summer) Cudweed, Gnaphalium purpureum. 80c. Heads in small or large flat-topped clusters, flowering in summer or autumn; principal leaves on the stem — 88. 81a. Stolons from the basal rosette of leaves leafy throughout and ascending at the tip — 82. 81b. Stolons prostrate throughout, leafy only at the tip — 87. 82a. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, 1-nerved — 83. 82b. Basal leaves 5-12 cm. long, 3-nerved — 84. 83a. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, smooth above Everlasting, Antennaria canadensis. 83b. Basal leaves obovate, pubescent above Everlasting, Antennaria neodioica. 84a. Basal leaves smooth above Everlasting, Antennaria parlinii. 84b. Basal leaves dull green and pubescent above — 85. 85a. Heads 6-8 mm. high Everlasting, Antennaria plantaginifolia. 85b. Heads 8-11 mm. high — 86. 86a. Leaf-blade ovate or obovate Everlasting, Antennaria fallax. 86b. Leaf-blade spatulate, with rounded tip Everlasting, Antennaria occidentalis. 87a. Styles crimson Everlasting, Antennaria neglecta. 87b. Styles pale yellow Everlasting, Antennaria petaloidea. 88a. Erect; involucral bracts pearly white (4-9 dm. high) Pearly Everlasting, Anaphalis margaritacea. 88b. Erect; involucral bracts dull white or pale brown, somewhat pubescent (4-8 dm. high) (Cudweed) — 89. 88c. Diffusely branched; heads in dense clusters; bracts brown (1-2 dm. high) Cudweed, Gnaphalium uliginosum. 89a. Leaves decurrent on the stem Cudweed, Gnaphalium decurrens. 89b. Leaves not decurrent on the stem Cudweed, Gnaphalium polycephalum. 90a. Twining vine (flowers white, summer) Hemp Weed, Mikania scandens. 90b. Not twining or climbing — 91. 91a. Involucral bracts deeply fringed at the tip (flowers purple, blue, or rarely white, summer; 3-6 dm. high) — 92. 91b. Involucral bracts entire or nearly so — 93. 92a. Upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate Corn Flower, Centaurea cyanus. 92b. Upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate Knapweed, Centaurea nigra. 93a. Pappus none or a short ring or crown (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) Costmary, Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides. 93b. Pappus of 2-4 stiff awns (2-15 dm. high; flowers yellow, late summer) (Bur Marigold) — 130. 93c. Pappus of hairs or bristles — 94. 94a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire; heads never in a large flat-topped cluster — 95. 94b. Leaves not linear — 99. 95a. Heads showy, purple, in a long spike or raceme (late summer) (Blazing Star) — 96. 95b. Heads not showy, in a loose panicle or raceme — 240b. 96a. Involucral bracts rounded at the tip, appressed (5-15 dm. high) — 97. 96b. Involucral bracts pointed (3-6 dm. high) — 98. 97a. Heads 8-12-flowered Blazing Star, Liatris spicata. 97b. Heads with 25 flowers or more Blazing Star, Liatris scariosa. 98a. Involucral bracts long-acuminate, spreading Blazing Star, Liatris squarrosa. 98b. Involucral bracts mucronate, appressed Blazing Star, Liatris cylindracea. 99a. Flowers yellow (2-8 dm. high) — 172b. 99b. Flowers bright-red or purple, in flat-topped clusters (8-20 dm. high; late summer) (Ironweed) — 100. 99c. Flowers blue (3-8 dm. high; late summer) Mist Flower, Eupatorium coelestinum. 99d. Flowers flesh-color, pink, cream-color, or white (flowers in summer) — 103. 100a. Leaves glabrous beneath or minutely pubescent; heads 15-30-flowered — 101. 100b. Leaves tomentose beneath; heads 30-50-flowered — 102. 101a. Inflorescence densely crowded; usually 1 m. or less high Ironweed, Vernonia fasciculate. 101b. Inflorescence loose and open, 15-30 cm. wide; 1-2 m. high Ironweed, Vernonia altissima. 102a. Pappus tawny in color Ironweed, Vernonia missurica. 102b. Pappus purple Ironweed, Vernonia illinoensis. 103a. Leaves alternate — 104. 103b. Leaves opposite — 106. 103c. Leaves whorled (1-3 m. high; flowers pink or purple, late summer) (Joe-Pye Weed) — 107. 104a. Heads 5-flowered (5-20 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, late summer) (Indian Plantain) — 105. 104b. Heads 10 25-flowered (5-10 dm. high; flowers white, late summer) False Boneset, Kuhnia eupatorioides. 104c. Heads with more than 50 flowers (3-20 dm. high; flowers white, summer) Fireweed, Erechtites hieracifolia. 105a. Leaves entire, with many veins from base to apex Indian Plantain, Cacalia tuberosa. 105b. Leaves sharply serrate Indian Plantain, Cacalia suaveolens. 105c. Leaves broadly triangular or kidney-shape, sinuate or entire Indian Plantain, Cacalia atriplicifolia. 106a. Leaves united at the base (5-15 dm. high) Boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum. 106b. Leaves sessile but not united at the base (5-15 dm. high) Upland Boneset, Eupatorium sessilifolium. 106c. Leaves petioled (4-12 dm. high) White Snakeroot, Eupatorium urticaefolium. 107a. Inflorescence ovoid or pyramidal Joe-Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum. 107b. Inflorescence depressed or flattened Joe-Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum. 108a. Rays yellow or brown — 109. 108b. Rays white to blue or red, never yellow or brown — 197. 109a. Principal leaves basal, the stem merely with bract-like scales — 110. 109b. Principal leaves on the stem, opposite or whorled — 111. 109c. Principal leaves on the stem, alternate, or with smaller ones clustered in their axils — 132. 110a. Flower-stalk 1-5 dm. high, 1-flowered (spring) Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara. 110b. Flower-stalk 1-3 m. high, several-flowered (summer) Prairie Dock, Silphium terebinthinaceum. 111a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their base) — 112. 111b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil — 118. 112a. Principal leaves lobed (summer) (Leafcup) — 113.   112b. Principal leaves toothed or entire, not lobed — 115. 113a. Rays 10 or more (1-2 m. high) Leafcup, Polymnia uvedalia. 113b. Rays 5 (5-15 dm. high) — 114. 114a. Rays shorter than the involucre or none Leafcup, Polymnia canadensis. 114b. Rays about 1 cm. long Leafcup, Polymnia canadensis var. radiata. 115a. Stem 6 dm. high or less; pappus of slender hairs (spring) Arnica, Arnica cordifolia. 115b. Stem usually 8-20 dm. high; pappus of short scales or none (summer) — 116. 116a. Leaves united at base into a cup surrounding the stem Cup Plant, Silphium perfoliatum. 116b. Leaves closely sessile with a rounded base Rosin Weed, Silphium integrifolium. 116c. Leaves tapering to a short petiole; principal leaves whorled Rosin Weed, Silphium trifoliatum. 116d. Leaves abruptly rounded at the sessile base, all opposite (Ox-eye) — 117. 117a. Leaves smooth Ox-eye, Heliopsis helianthoides. 117b. Leaves rough Ox-eye, Heliopsis scabra. 118a. Principal stem-leaves lobed or divided — 119. 118b. Principal stem-leaves entire or serrate — 127. 119a. Submerged aquatic; leaf-segments filiform Water Marigold, Bidens beckii. 119b. Terrestrial plants; leaves merely 3-lobed (3-8 dm. high; late spring and summer) (Tickseed) — 120. 119c. Terrestrial plants; leaves compound or dissected (summer and autumn) — 121. 120a. Leaf-lobes linear-oblong, all about equal Tickseed, Coreopsis palmata. 120b. Lateral leaf-lobes very much smaller than the terminal Tickseed, Coreopsis lanceolata. 121a. Leaf-segments entire (Tickseed) — 122. 121b. Leaf-segments serrate (5-15 dm. high) (Tickseed Sunflower) — 124. 122a. Leaf-segments numerous, linear or nearly so (4-10 dm. high) — 123. 122b. Leaf-segments 3-5, lanceolate (1-3 m. high) Tickseed, Coreopsis tripteris. 123a. Rays yellow throughout Tickseed, Coreopsis verticillata. 123b. Rays brown, at least at the base Tickseed, Coreopsis tinctoria. 124a. Achenes wedge-shape, the inner ones less than 2 mm. wide — 125. 124b. Achenes obovate, the inner ones more than 2 mm. wide Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens aristosa. 125a. Leaf-lobes lanceolate Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens trichosperma. 125b. Leaf-lobes linear Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba. 126a. Outer leaf-like bracts 10-16; achenes brown Beggar Ticks, Bidens vulgata. 126b. Outer leaf-like bracts 5-8; achenes black Beggar Ticks, Bidens frondosa. 126c. Outer leaf-like bracts about 4 Beggar Ticks, Bidens discoidea. 127a. Bracts of the involucre all essentially alike in form and texture (flowers in summer and autumn) (Sunflower) — 179. 127b. Bracts of the involucre in two distinct sets, differing in form or consistency or both — 128. 128a. Leaves entire (3-8 dm. high; late spring and summer) — 120b. 128b. Leaves serrate (late summer and autumn) (Bur Marigold) — 129. 129a. Rays large and conspicuous, 2-3 cm. long (3-10 dm. high) Bur Marigold, Bidens laevis. 129b. Rays 1 cm. long or less — 130. 130a. Outer bracts leaf-like, serrate, 3-8 cm. long (4-15 dm. high) Bur Marigold, Bidens comosa. 130b. Outer bracts 1-2.5 cm. long (2-15 dm. high) — 131. 131a. Heads nodding after flowering Bur Marigold, Bidens cernua. 131b. Heads permanently erect Bur Marigold, Bidens connata. 132a. Heads small, seldom more than 1 cm. wide, including the rays, blooming in late summer and autumn; flowers numerous, crowded in spikes, racemes, corymbs, or panicles (Goldenrod) — 133. 132b. Heads medium size or large, more than 1 cm. and usually exceeding 2 cm. in width, including the rays — 165. 133a. Heads chiefly in clusters or short racemes in the axils of ordinary foliage leaves, or occasionally the upper compacted into a leafy cluster terminating the stem — 134. 133b. Heads crowded at or near the ends of the branches at about the same distance from the base of the panicle, forming a rounded or flat-topped inflorescence — 140. 133c. Heads more or less uniformly distributed along the length of the branches, forming a cylindrical or pyramidal inflorescence, never flat-topped — 146.   134a. Stem and both sides of the leaves more or less pubescent or rough (4-10 dm. high) — 135. 134b. Stem and both sides of the leaves essentially smooth or with very short hairs (3-10 dm. high) — 136. 135a. Rays white Goldenrod, Solidago bicolor. 135b. Rays yellow Goldenrod, Solidago hispida. 136a. Basal leaves abruptly narrowed to winged petioles — 137. 136b. Basal leaves not abruptly narrowed to winged petioles — 138. 137a. Involucre 2-5 mm. long Goldenrod, Solidago latifolia. 137b. Involucre 8-12 mm. long Goldenrod, Solidago macrophylla. 138a. Lower leaves broadly oval, obtuse, thickish, crenate; achenes glabrous Goldenrod, Solidago erecta. 138b. Lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thin, sharply serrate; achenes hairy — 139. 139a. Stem usually simple; heads few in very small clusters Goldenrod, Solidago caesia var. axillaris. 139b. Stem usually diffusely branched; heads numerous Goldenrod, Solidago caesia. 140a. Lower leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, pinnately veined (5-15 dm. high) — 141. 140b. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate. 3-5-veined (3-12 dm. high) — 142. 141a. Stem and leaves rough-hairy Goldenrod, Solidago rigida. 141b. Stem and leaves smooth Goldenrod, Solidago ohioensis. 142a. Heads very few in a small cluster; leaves few and scattered Goldenrod, Solidago houghtonii. 142b. Heads very many, in a large cluster; stem very leafy — 143. 143a. Leaves hairy Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii. 143b. Leaves smooth — 144. 144a. Leaves folded, 8-20 mm. wide Goldenrod, Solidago riddellii. 144b. Leaves flat, 1-8 mm. wide — 145. 145a. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, distinctly 3-5-ribbed Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia. 145b. Leaves 1-4 mm. wide, usually with 1 mid-vein Goldenrod, Solidago tenuifolia. 146a. Only 2-5 stem-leaves below the inflorescence (1-3 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago cutleri. 146b. Stem-leaves numerous — 147. 147a. Basal leaves much larger than the greatly reduced or bract-like upper ones — 148.   147b. Leaves essentially uniform in size from base to summit of stem — 157. 148a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged along a more or less elongated central axis, or elongated and ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow, more or less elongated panicle — 149. 148b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated, spreading outwards, usually recurved, forming a widened panicle — 153. 149a. Leaves mostly entire, the upper ones with smaller leaves fascicled in the axils (5-20 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa. 149b. Leaves mostly serrate, at least the basal ones — 150. 150a. Heads on pedicels 5-15 mm. long; achenes pubescent; stems usually clustered (1-5 dm. high, or prostrate) — 151. 150b. Heads on pedicels not over 5 mm. long; achenes smooth or nearly so; stems usually single (6-12 dm. high) — 152. 151a. Basal leaves 7-12 cm. long Goldenrod, Solidago racemosa. 151b. Basal leaves 15-30 cm. long Goldenrod, Solidago racemosa var. gillmani. 152a. Leaves pinnately veined Goldenrod, Solidago uliginosa. 152b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed Goldenrod, Solidago neglecta. 153a. Both sides of the leaf pubescent or rough — 154. 153b. Leaf not pubescent or rough on both sides — 155. 154a. Stem closely pubescent (2-8 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago nemoralis. 154b. Stem glabrous (5-12 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago juncea var. scabrella. 155a. Leaves rough above, smooth below (6-15 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago patula. 155b. Leaves smooth on both sides (5-12 dm. high) — 156. 156a. Branches of the panicle spreading or recurved Goldenrod, Solidago juncea. 156b. Branches of the panicle upright Goldenrod, Solidago juncea var. ramosa. 157a. Stem more or less pubescent or hairy throughout (5-20 dm. high) — 158. 157b. Stem smooth, at least below the inflorescence — 161. 158a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long Goldenrod, Solidago canadensis. 158b. Involucre 3-5 mm. long — 159. 159a. Leaves pinnately veined, scabrous above Goldenrod, Solidago rugosa. 159b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, pubescent but not scabrous above — 160. 160a. Stem and lower side of leaves covered with short hairs; common species Goldenrod, Solidago altissima. 160b. Stem and lower side of leaves with distinct, loose, soft hairs (shore of Lake Superior) Goldenrod, Solidago altissima var. procera. 161a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long (5-20 dm. high) — 158a. 161b. Involucre 3-6 mm. long — 162. 162a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged along a more or less elongated axis, or elongated and ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow more or less elongated panicle (5-10 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa var. angustata. 162b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated, spreading outward, usually recurved, forming a widened panicle; leaves distinctly serrate — 163. 163a. Leaves pinnately veined (5-12 dm. high) Goldenrod, Solidago ulmifolia. 163b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed (5-20 dm. high) — 164. 164a. Leaves glabrous on both sides Goldenrod, Solidago serotina. 164b. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath Goldenrod, Solidago serotina var. gigantea. 165a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their base) — 166. 165b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil — 174. 166a. Principal leaves more than 2 dm. long (1-3 m. high; summer) — 167. 166b. Principal leaves less than 1.5 dm. long — 168. 167a. Leaves deeply lobed Compass Plant, Silphium laciniatum. 167b. Leaves toothed or serrate Elecampane, Inula helenium. 168a. Leaves narrowly linear (3-6 dm. high; late summer) Sneezeweed, Helenium tenuifolium. 168b. Leaves of a broader shape — 169. 169a. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; flowers in spring and early summer (2-8 dm. high) (Ragwort) — 170. 169b. Heads 2-5 cm. wide; flowers in late summer and autumn — 173. 170a. Basal leaves cordate at base Ragwort, Senecio aureus. 170b. Basal leaves narrowed to the base — 171. 171a. Basal leaves obovate Ragwort, Senecio obovatus. 171b. Basal leaves oblong Ragwort, Senecio balsamitae. 172a. Introduced annual in waste places (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris. 172b. Native biennial in moist ground (3-8 dm. high; summer) Squaw Weed, Senecio discoideus. 173a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, sharply spinulose-serrate; involucre viscid (3-6 dm. high; summer) Gum Plant, Grindelia squarrosa. 173b. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, merely serrate; involucre gray-pubescent (5-15 dm. high; late summer) Sneeze Weed, Helenium autumnale. 174a. Disk hemispherical or oblong-cylindrical (Summer) — 175. 174b. Disk flat or somewhat convex (Sunflower) (summer and autumn) — 179. 175a. Disk yellow or greenish-yellow (1-3 dm. high) — 176. 175b. Disk gray-brown or purple (5-15 dm. high) — 177. 176a. Principal stem-leaves pinnately divided Golden Glow, Rudbeckia laciniata. 176b. Principal stem-leaves merely serrate Yellow Ironweed, Actinomeris alternifolia. 177a. Rays drooping; leaves pinnately divided Gray-headed Coneflower, Lepachys pinnata. 177b. Rays spreading when in bloom — 178. 178a. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed Coneflower, Rudbeckia triloba. 178b. Stem-leaves sharply serrate Coneflower, Rudbeckia speciosa var. sullivantii. 178c. Stem-leaves entire or sparingly serrate Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta. 179a. Disk-flowers brown or purple — 180. 179b. Disk-flowers yellow — 182. 180a. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petioles prominent, not winged — 181. 180b. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the base into a winged petiole (6-15 dm. high) Sunflower, Helianthus atrorubens. 180c. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, very thick and rigid, gradually narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base (5-20 dm. high) Sunflower, Helianthus scaberrimus. 181a. Disk less than 2 cm. wide (3-10 dm. high) Sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris. 181b. Disk more than 2.5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high) Sunflower, Helianthus annuus. 182a. Leaves all or chiefly at the base (5-10 dm. high) Sunflower, Helianthus occidentalis. 182b. Leaves chiefly scattered on the stem — 183. 183a. Leaves mainly or all alternate, and not definitely 3-ribbed (1-4 m. high) — 184. 183b. Leaves mainly or all opposite, lanceolate to ovate, and 3-ribbed — 186. 184a. Stem glabrous Sunflower, Helianthus grosse-serratus. 184b. Stem hairy or rough — 185. 185a. Leaves hairy beneath, rough above, lanceolate Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus. 185b. Leaves rough on both sides, elongated Sunflower, Helianthus maximiliani. 186a. Leaves sessile (5-15 dm. high) — 187. 186b. Leaves petioled, or narrowed at the base into a petiole (5-30 dm. high) — 189. 187a. Leaves wedge-shape at the base Sunflower, Helianthus doronicoides. 187b. Leaves rounded at the base — 188. 188a. Stem glabrous or nearly so Sunflower, Helianthus divaricatus. 188b. Stem densely and softly hirsute Sunflower, Helianthus mollis. 189a. Stems rough, pubescent, or hispid — 190. 189b. Stems glabrous or nearly so — 193. 190a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, more than 5 times as long as wide Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus var. subtuberosus. 190b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, not more than 4 times as long as wide — 191. 191a. Leaves rounded at base, above the petiole Sunflower, Helianthus hirsutus. 191b. Leaves narrowed to the base — 192. 192a. Bracts of the involucre spreading Jerusalem Artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus. 192b. Bracts all appressed Sunflower, Helianthus laetiflorus. 193a. Heads 3 cm. wide or less, including the rays Sunflower, Helianthus microcephalus. 193b. Heads 4 cm. wide or more, including the rays — 194. 194a. Leaves narrowed at the base into a winged petiole — 195. 194b. Petiole slender, not winged Sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus. 195a. Leaves green on both sides; bracts longer than the disk Sunflower, Helianthus tracheliifolius. 195b. Leaves paler below than above; bracts not longer than the disk — 196. 196a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus. 196b. Leaves conspicuously downy beneath Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus var. mollis. 197a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on scaly stalks (2-8 dm. high; flowers whitish, in spring) Coltsfoot, Petasites palmata. 197b. Stem-leaves present, opposite — 198. 197c. Stem-leaves present, alternate — 200. 198a. Leaves ovate, dentate, 2-6 cm. long (2-8 dm. high; summer) (Galinsoga) — 199. 198b. Leaves lobed, 10-25 cm. long — 113b. 199a. Pubescence sparse, appressed Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora. 199b. Pubescence abundant, spreading Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora var. hispida. 200a. Leaves dissected or deeply lobed or pinnatifid; pappus never capillary; rays white to pink (3-10 dm. high; summer and autumn) — 201. 200b. Leaves entire or serrate — 206. 201a. Heads 4-8 mm. wide (Yarrow) — 202. 201b. Heads 12-50 mm. wide — 203. 202a. Flower-clusters flat-topped Yarrow, Achillea millefolium. 202b. Flower-clusters very convex Yarrow, Achillea lanulosa. 203a. Principal leaves pinnatifid — 213a. 203b. Principal leaves 1-3 times pinnately parted or dissected — 204. 204a. Leaf-segments very narrowly linear; leaves 2-3-pinnate — 205. 204b. Leaf-segments linear or lanceolate; heads 2.5-5 cm. wide Camomile, Anthemis arvensis. 204c. Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-oblong; heads 1-2 cm. wide Feverfew, Chrysanthemum parthenium. 205a. Foliage strongly scented Dog Fennel, Anthemis cotula. 205b. Foliage not ill-scented Wild Camomile, Matricaria inodora. 206a. Heads 3-6 mm. broad, including the rays (summer and autum) — 207. 206b. Heads 7 mm. broad or larger, including the rays — 209. 207a. Rays purple (1-4 dm. high) Horse Weed, Erigeron divaricatus. 207b. Rays white — 208. 208a. Leaves obovate to oblong (3-10 dm. high) — 135a.   208b. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-25 dm. high) Horse Weed, Erigeron canadensis. 209a. Pappus none, or minute and not of hairs (summer and autumn) — 210. 209b. Pappus of hairs — 214. 210a. Disk-flowers purple or brown (4-12 dm. high; rays pink) (Purple Coneflower) — 211. 210b. Disk-flowers yellow or nearly white — 212. 211a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, most of them serrate Purple Coneflower, Brauneria purpurea. 211b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base, entire Purple Coneflower, Brauneria pallida. 212a. Rays broadly obovate; heads 1-2 cm. wide (3-6 dm. high) Sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica. 212b. Rays oblong or narrowly elliptical — 213. 213a. Leaves serrate (3-10 dm. high) Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum. 213b. Leaves entire (8-25 dm. high) Boltonia, Boltonia asteroides. 214a. Involucral bracts all the same length or nearly so and narrow, or with a few short outer ones; plants blooming in spring and summer, or a few plants persisting in bloom until autumn (Fleabane) — 215. 214b. Involucral bracts unequal, the outer successively shorter (or rarely nearly equal), loosely or closely overlapping; plants 3-15 dm. high, blooming in late summer and autumn (Aster) — 221. 215a. Rays short and inconspicuous, barely longer than the pappus (1-5 dm. high; summer) Fleabane, Erigeron acris var. asteroides. 215b. Rays conspicuous, spreading, 3 mm. long or more — 216. 216a. Rare plants of the Northern Peninsula, with entire leaves and stems 1-5 dm. high, from a thick woody root (flowers white or purple, summer) — 217. 216b. Common species, with erect stems from fibrous roots; leaves toothed (except in one species) — 218. 217a. Heads 3-5 cm. wide; rays about 100 Fleabane, Erigeron glabellus. 217b. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; rays 20-30 Fleabane, Erigeron hyssopifolius. 218a. Stem unbranched, except for the peduncles; leaves chiefly basal; heads 1-9 (2-5 dm. high; flowers pale-purple, spring) Fleabane, Erigeron pulchellus. 218b. Stem branched; principal leaves on the stem; heads usually numerous (3-12 dm. high; spring and summer) — 219. 219a. Stem-leaves linear, entire Fleabane, Erigeron ramosus. 219b. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the principal ones toothed — 220. 220a. Rays 100 or more, light-purple or pink Fleabane, Erigeron philadelphicus. 220b. Rays much fewer, white Fleabane, Erigeron annuus. 221a. Basal leaves petioled and heart-shape at the base — 222. 221b. Basal leaves not petioled; stem-leaves with heart-shape clasping bases — 231. 221c. Basal and stem-leaves sessile or petioled, but never heart-shape or clasping — 240. 222a. Rays white or violet — 223. 222b. Rays blue — 225. 223a. Plant glandular, especially on the pedicels and branches of the inflorescence Aster, Aster macrophyllus. 223b. Plant not glandular — 224. 224a. Leaves rough above Aster, Aster schreberi. 224b. Leaves smooth above Aster, Aster divaricatus. 225a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by a cordate base Aster, Aster undulatus. 225b. Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping — 226. 226a. Leaves entire — 227. 226b. Leaves serrate — 228. 227a. Leaves glabrous above Aster, Aster shortii. 227b. Leaves rough above Aster, Aster azureus. 228a. Involucre 4-6 mm. long — 229. 228b. Involucre 6-10 mm. long — 230. 229a. Leaves rough; petioles mostly winged Aster, Aster lowrieanus. 229b. Leaves smooth; petioles slender, not winged Aster, Aster cordifolius. 230a. Heads few, seldom more than 10, in a loose spreading cluster Aster, Aster lindleyanus. 230b. Heads numerous, in a rather elongate crowded cluster Aster, Aster sagittifolius. 231a. Stem hirsute or rough-pubescent — 232. 231b. Stem smooth, or essentially so — 236. 232a. Leaves conspicuously serrate Aster, Aster puniceus. 232b. Leaves entire or nearly so — 233. 233a. Leaves narrowed toward the base and barely clasping, linear or oblong-linear — 234. 233b. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, with a broad conspicuously clasping base — 235. 234a. Involucre pubescent but not glandular Aster, Aster amethystinus. 234b. Involucre glandular Aster, Aster oblongifolius. 235a. Involucre very glandular and viscid; rays very numerous, violet-purple; leaves lanceolate Aster, Aster novae-angliae. 235b. Involucre slightly glandular or not at all; rays 20-30, generally blue-purple; leaves ovate-oblong Aster, Aster patens. 236a. Leaves of a linear type — 237. 236b. Leaves broader than linear, at least 1 cm. wide — 238. 237a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length — 253a. 237b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter — 256a. 238a. Leaves smooth above Aster, Aster laevis. 238b. Leaves rough above — 239. 239a. Leaves contracted below the middle and then abruptly dilated to the clasping base Aster, Aster prenanthoides. 239b. Leaves gradually narrowed toward the base Aster, Aster puniceus. 240a. Rays conspicuous — 241. 240b. Rays minute or wanting Aster, Aster angustus. 241a. Stems and leaves gray with a silky pubescence Aster, Aster sericeus. 241b. Stem and leaves green, not silky — 242. 242a. Bracts glandular-viscid; rays violet Aster, Aster oblongifolius. 242b. Bracts bristly-ciliate — 243. 242c. Bracts smooth or pubescent, not glandular or bristly-ciliate — 244. 243a. Leaves crowded, rigid; rays white Aster, Aster multiflorus. 243b. Leaves not crowded and rigid; rays blue — 234a. 244a. Bracts narrowed at the tip into thickened firm green awl-shape points — 245. 244b. Bracts acute or obtuse at the flattened tip — 247. 245a. Involucre 4-5 mm. long — 246. 245b. Involucre 7-8 mm. high Aster, Aster polyphyllus. 246a. Stem smooth Aster, Aster ericoides. 246b. Stem hairy; leaves linear Aster, Aster ericoides var. villosus. 246c. Stem densely white-woolly Aster, Aster ericoides var. platyphyllus. 247a. Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long — 248. 247b. Leaves larger, at least the principal ones — 249. 248a. Stems in clusters; leaves rigid, linear, with 1 vein; flowers blue Aster, Aster linariifolius. 248b. Stem solitary; leaves not rigid; flowers rose-pink Aster, Aster nemoralis. 249a. Heads solitary at the end of minutely leafy branchlets; leaves linear Aster, Aster dumosus. 249b. Heads in flat-topped clusters; leaves lanceolate or broader — 250. 249c. Heads in more or less one-sided racemes — 251. 249d. Heads in panicles or irregular clusters — 253. 250a. Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate Aster, Aster ptarmicoides. 250b. Leaves not rigid, lanceolate Aster, Aster umbellatus. 251a. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate — 252. 251b. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, only the larger ones with a few teeth near the middle Aster, Aster vimineus. 252a. Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent Aster, Aster lateriflorus. 252b. Stem woolly with long hairs Aster, Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis. 253a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length Aster, Aster longifolius. 253b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter — 254. 254a. Heads 10-15 mm. wide, including the rays Aster, Aster tradescanti. 254b. Heads 15-25 mm. wide, including the rays — 255. 255a. Bracts with conspicuous dilated or subrhombic tips Aster, Aster salicifolius. 255b. Bracts without conspicuous green tips — 256. 256a. Rays purple or rose; bog plant with linear leaves Aster, Aster junceus. 256b. Rays white, or slightly tinged with blue; leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate Aster, Aster paniculatus. ГЛОССАРИЙ Ахена. Небольшой, сухой, твердый, похожий на семя плод, содержащий одно семя. Заостренный. С сужающимся кончиком. Острый. Заканчивающийся острым углом. Очередной. Расположенный поодиночке на стебле, с другими листьями выше или ниже. Однолетний. Живущий только один сезон. Пыльник. (Обычно) утолщенный конец тычинки, несущий пыльцу. Восходящий. Приподнимающийся или изгибающийся косо вверх. Ушко. Ушковидный придаток у основания листа или другого органа. Ушковатый. Снабженный ушками. Шиловидный. Сужающийся к тонкому жесткому кончику. Ость. Шиловидный или щетиновидный придаток. Пазуха. Точка на стебле сразу над основанием листа или ветви. Пазушный. Происходящий из пазухи или образующийся в ней. Прикорневой. Происходящий от основания или образующийся у него. Носик. Заканчивающийся заметной тонкой точкой. Прицветник. Небольшой лист возле основания цветка или цветоножки либо в соцветии. Прицветный. Прилагательное, образованное от слова «прицветник». Дваждыперистый. Лист с перистоветвящейся осью, несущей листочки по бокам ветвей. Чашечка. Внешняя часть цветка, обычно зеленого цвета. У некоторых растений она окрашена так, чтобы напоминать венчик (или заменять его), а у других может быть миниатюрной или отсутствовать. Головчатый. По форме напоминающий головку; либо собранный в плотное компактное соцветие. Коробочка. Сухой плод, обычно с несколькими семенами, раскрывающийся при созревании. Сережка. Цилиндрическое или яйцевидное соцветие из незаметных цветков, например, у «ивы козьей». Гнезда завязи. Полость или полости внутри завязи, в которых образуются семена. Реснитчатый. Снабженный волосками по краю. Охватывающий. С основанием листа или другого органа, полностью или частично окружающим стебель. Рассеченный. Глубоко разделенный по направлению к основанию или средней жилке. Замкнутое влагалище. Листовое влагалище, у которого края срослись, образуя трубку. Сложное соцветие. Соцветие, содержащее несколько или множество мелких цветков, тесно скученных вместе и снабженных похожими на чашечку прицветниками, так что все соцветие напоминает один цветок. Сросшийся / сложный. Состоящий из 2 или более соединенных между собой сходных частей, например сложная завязь. Сложный лист. Лист с двумя или более раздельными листочками на общем черешке. Сросшиеся. Сросшиеся друг с другом. Сердцевидный. Сердцевидный по форме. Вся листовая пластинка может быть сердцевидной, или этот термин может применяться только к основанию листа. Сердцевидно-стреловидный. Промежуточный по форме между сердцевидным и стреловидным. Клубнелуковица. Увеличенное основание стебля сплошной структуры, обычно подземное. Венчик. Часть цветка, расположенная сразу за чашечкой (в обычных случаях). Обычно это наиболее заметная часть цветка, но она может полностью отсутствовать, быть незаметной или заменяться чашечкой. Щиток. Плосковершинное или выпукловершинное соцветие. Ползучий. С лежащими на земле и укореняющимися в узлах стеблями. Городчатый. С округленными зубцами по краю. Мелкогородчатый. Мелко или едва заметно городчатый. Остроконечный. Заканчивающийся коротким острым жестким кончиком. Опадающий. Не сохраняющийся долгое время; не вечнозеленый. Дважды сложный (многократно сложный). Многократно ветвящийся с многочисленными листочками. Низбегающий. Простирающийся крыловидными выростами вниз по стеблю. Восходящий. Стебель, лежащий у основания, но с верхушкой более или менее приподнимающейся. Раскрывающийся (дерисцентный). Растрескивающийся при созревании для высвобождения содержимого. Дельтовидный. Широкотреугольный. Двудомный. Несущий тычиночные и пестичные цветки на разных растениях. Рассеченный. Мелко разделенный на многочисленные мелкие или узкие сегменты. Раздельный. С глубокими сегментами или лопастями. Эллиптический. Имеющий форму эллипса. Эллиптическо-ланцетный. Промежуточный по форме между эллиптическим и ланцетным. Цельный. С ровным краем, без зубцов или лопастей. Эпифит. Растение, растущее прикрепленным к коре другого растения и не имеющее связи с почвой. Прямостоячий. Растущий в почти или абсолютно вертикальном положении. Равноперистый. Сложный лист, заканчивающийся парой листочков. Тычиночная нить. (Обычно) тонкая базальная часть тычинки, поддерживающая пыльник на своей верхушке. Цветочек. Небольшой цветок. Спайнолепестный (гамопеталный). Состоящий из сросшихся лепестков. Спайночашечный (гамосепалный). Состоящий из сросшихся чашелистиков. Голый. Гладкий; без волосков. Железистый. Несущий железки. Сизый. Покрытый тонким голубоватым или беловатым налетом, легко стирающимся. Колосок. Прицветник у основания колоска злака. Наполовину отогнутый. Отогнутый назад наполовину. Стреловидный. По форме напоминающий наконечник стрелы, но с базальными лопастями, направленными наружу, а не назад. Головка. Плотное соцветие, примерно такое же в ширину, в какую и в длину. Жестковолосистый. С жесткими грубыми волосками. Однополые. Цветки, которые содержат либо пестик, либо тычинки, но не то и другое одновременно. Выемчато-зубчатый (надрезанный). С глубокими, острыми, неровными делениями. Нераскрывающийся. Не растрескивающийся при созревании для высвобождения содержимого. Соцветие. Группа цветков. Междоузлие. Участок стебля между двумя узлами. Обертка. Совокупность прицветников у основания соцветия. Неправильный. Обладающий сходными частями разного размера или формы. Неправильный цветок обычно отличается лепестками неравного размера или формы. Разрезанный. Рассеченный на узкие заостренные лопасти или доли. Ланцетный. По форме напоминающий наконечник копья, в несколько раз длиннее своей ширины и наиболее широкий ниже середины. Линейный. Длинный и узкий, но с примерно одинаковой шириной. Линейно-ланцетный. Промежуточный по форме между линейным и ланцетным; узколанцетный. Губа. Самый крупный и заметный лепесток в неправильном венчике, обычно применяется к нижнему лепестку орхидеи. Лопасть. Сегмент или доля любого органа. Листочек. Одна часть пластинки сложного листа. Нижняя цветочная чешуя (лемма). Один из прицветников в колоске злака, описываемый при рассмотрении этого семейства. Перепончатый. Тонкий или похожий по текстуре на мембрану. Однодомный. Несущий тычинки и пестики в разных цветках, но на одном растении. Остроконечный (мукронатный). Снабженный коротким небольшим внезапным кончиком. Узел. Сочленение стебля, на котором располагаются листья и появляются ветви. Обратноланцетный. Обратной ланцетной формы. Косой. С неравными сторонами. Продолговатый. Несколько прямоугольной формы, с параллельными сторонами. Продолговато-ланцетный. Промежуточный по форме между продолговатым и ланцетным. Продолговато-лопатчатый. Промежуточный по форме между продолговатым и лопатчатым. Обратнояйцевидный. Обратной яйцевидной формы. Тупой. С тупой верхушкой; заканчивающийся тупым углом. Непарноперистый. Сложный лист, заканчивающийся одним листочком. Однократносложный. Сложный лист, несущий листочки на конце или по бокам главной оси. Однократноперистый. Сложный лист, несущий листочки по бокам оси. Открытое влагалище. Листовое влагалище с раздельными краями. Супротивный. Расположенный парами на противоположных сторонах стебля или оси. Завязь. Базальная, обычно утолщенная часть пестика, внутри которой образуются семена. Яйцевидный. Яйцевидный в очертании. Яйцевидно-ланцетный. Промежуточный по форме между яйцевидным и ланцетным; широколанцетный или узкояйцевидный. Яйцевидно-продолговатый. Промежуточный по форме между яйцевидным и продолговатым. Овоидный. Яйцевидный. Пальчатый. С несколькими органами или структурами, прикрепленными в одной точке или исходящими из нее; применяется главным образом к расположению главных жилок в листе и листочков в сложном листе. Метелка. Рыхлое, более или менее неправильное ветвящееся соцветие из цветков на цветоножках, обычно намного более длинное, чем толстое. Параллельножилкованный. С главными жилками листа, идущими параллельно друг другу от основания до верхушки или (редко) от средней жилки до края. Цветоножка. Стебелек одиночного цветка. Паразит. Растение, которое растет прикрепленным к другому и получает от него питание. Цветонос. Стебель соцветия или одиночного цветка. Щитовидный (пелтатный). Прикрепленный к стебельку нижней поверхностью, а не краем. Многолетник. Живущий в течение нескольких сезонов. Обополый. Несущий тычинки и пестики в одном цветке. Пронзенный. Охватывающий стебель настолько полно, что стебель кажется проходящим сквозь него. Околоцветник. Чашечка и венчик цветка. Перигиний. Мешковидная структура, окружающая ахену осоки. Постоянный. Сохраняющийся прикрепленным в течение значительного времени. Лепесток. Один элемент или сегмент венчика. Черешок. Стебелек листа. Перистый. С несколькими органами или структурами, прикрепленными по бокам оси или стебелька; применяется главным образом к расположению главных жилок в листе и листочков в сложном листе. Перисто-рассеченный (перисто-надрезанный). Глубоко перисто надрезанный или разделенный. Пестик. Центральная часть цветка, состоящая из завязи, столбика и рыльца; семяносная часть цветка. Пестичный. Несущий пестики. Полигамный. Применяется к растениям, у которых одни цветки обополые, а другие либо тычиночные, либо пестичные. Опушенный. Волосистый. Кисть. Более или менее удлиненное соцветие, несущее цветки на цветоножках вдоль единственной оси. Кистевидный. Расположенный в виде кистей. Цветоложе. Конец цветоноса или цветоножки, на котором прикреплены органы цветка или цветки головки. Отогнутый назад. Отогнутый назад. Отогнутый (рефлексированный). Резко загнутый назад или вниз. Правильный. Одинаковый по форме или строению. Цветки обычно считаются правильными, когда все лепестки имеют одинаковый размер и форму. Ретрорзный (направленный назад). Направленный назад или вниз. Завернутый. Завернутый назад или подогнутый. Корневище. Горизонтальный подземный стебель, дающий начало листьям или надземным стеблям. Колесовидный (ротатный). Колесовидный; по сути плоский и круглый. Мешковидный. Вздутый; мешковидный. Стреловидный. По форме напоминающий наконечник стрелы. Шлемовидный (сальверовидный). Венчик, имеющий тонкую трубку, резко расширяющуюся на вершине в плоскую или распростертую часть. Стрелка. Цветонос, отходящий непосредственно от основания растения, безлистный или несущий только прицветники. Сегмент. Один элемент или часть органа. Чашелистик. Один элемент или часть чашечки. Пильчатый. С острыми зубцами по краю. Мелкопильчатый. Мелко или едва заметно пильчатый. Сидячий. Без стебелька, черешка или цветоножки. Охватывающий. Защищающий / замыкающий (окружающий). Простой. Из одной части; несложный; обычно применяется к листьям с единственной пластинкой. Волнисто-крайный. С волнистым краем. Выемка. Угол между двумя лопастями или долями. Початок. Короткий мясистый колос. Покрывало. Крупный прицветник или пара прицветников, окружающих соцветие. Лопатчатый. Формы лопаточки, с узким основанием и расширенной, более или менее округлой вершиной. Колос. Удлиненное соцветие, имеющее сидячие цветки на неразветвленной оси. Колосовидный. Напоминающий колос. Шиповато-пильчатый. Снабженный зубцами, оканчивающимися крошечными шипиками. Шпорец. Полый вырост чашечки или венчика, обычно тонкой формы и как правило направленный назад. Тычинка. Один из органов цветка, состоящий из тычиночной нити и пыльника. Тычиночный. Несущий тычинки. Столон. Короткий стебель, отходящий от основания растения, лежащий или почти лежащий и со временем укореняющийся. Полосатый. Помеченный тонкими полосками или гребнями. Столбик. Часть пестика, обычно тонкая, соединяющая завязь и рыльце. Верхняя. Верхняя завязь занимает центр цветка и не прикреплена к каким-либо другим органам цветка. Подпирающий. Расположенный у основания органа. Шиловидный. Шиловидный. Тройчатый. Разделенный на три части. Войлочный. Густоволосистый с переплетенными или спутаными волосками. Трехлисточковый. С тремя листочками. Усеченный. Срезанный прямо на кончике или почти так. Трубка. Более или менее цилиндрическая часть спайночашечной чашечки или спайнолепестного венчика, отличающаяся от расширенной или лопастной концевой части. Трубчатый. По форме напоминающий трубку. Дваждыперистый. То же, что бипинатый (дваждыперистый). Двугубый. Чашечка или венчик, у которых верхняя половина решительно отличается по размеру или форме от нижней. Зонтик. Соцветие с несколькими или множеством цветков на цветоножках, исходящих из одной точки. Волнистый. С волнистым краем. Клейкий. Липкий. Мягковолосистый (виллозный). С длинными мягкими волосками. Мутовка. Расположение 3 или более листьев или цветков в круг вокруг узла. Мутовчатый. Находящийся в мутовке. Крыло. Тонкое плоское расширение по бокам или краю органа. УКАЗАТЕЛЬ Abies, 1 Abutilon, 72 Acalypha, 66 Acanthaceae, 107 Acanthus Family, 107 Acer, 70 Aceraceae, 70 Acerates, 90 Achillea, 130 , 131 Acnida, 30 Acorus, 8 Actaea, 39 Actinomeris, 128 Adder's Mouth, 17 Adenocaulon, 118 Adlumia, 41 Aesculus, 70 Agastache, 97 Agrimonia, 55 Agrimony, 55 Agropyron, 6 Agrostemma, 33 Agrostis, 6 Ailanthus, 65 Aizoaceae, 31 Alder, 22 Alder, Black, 69 Aletris, 13 Alfalfa, 61 Alisma, 3 Alismaceae, 3 Allium, 13 Alnus, 22 Alopecurus, 4 Alsike Clover, 61 Althaea, 72 Alum Root, 50 , 51 Alyssum, 42 , 46 Alyssum, Yellow, 42 , 46 Amaranth Family, 30 Amaranthaceae, 30 Amaranthus, 30 Amaryllidaceae, 14 Amaryllis Family, 14 Ambrosia, 114 Amelanchier, 55 American Columbo, 88 American Ipecac, 57 Ammophila, 4 Amorpha, 58 Amphicarpa, 59 Anacardiaceae, 68 Anagallis, 87 Anaphalis, 120 Andromeda, 86 Andropogon, 5 Androsace, 87 Anemone, 38 , 39 Anemone, Rue, 39 Anemone, Wood, 38 Anemonella, 39 Angelica, 82 Anonaceae, 40 Antennaria, 120 Anthemis, 130 Antirrhinum, 103 Anychia, 31 Apios, 58 Aplectrum, 16 Apocynaceae, 90 Apocynum, 90 Appalachian Cherry, 54 Apple, 54 Apple of Peru, 101 Aquifoliaceae, 69 Aquilegia, 36 Arabis, 46 , 47 Araceae, 8 Aralia, 80 Araliaceae, 80 Arbutus, Trailing, 85 Arceuthobium, 25 Arctium, 117 Arctostaphylos, 85 Arenaria, 32 Arethusa, 16 Arisaema, 8 Aristolochia, 25 Aristolochiaceae, 25 Arnica, 123 Arrow Arum, 9 Arrow Grass, 3 Arrow Grass Family, 3 Arrow-head, 3 Arrow Wood, 111 Artemisia, 119 Artichoke, Jerusalem, 129 Arum Family, 8 Asarum, 25 Asclepias, 90 , 91 Asclepiadaceae, 90 Ash, 88 Ash, Mountain, 52 Ash, Prickly, 65 Asimina, 40 Asparagus, 10 Aspen, 19 Aster, 132 - 134 Atriplex, 29 Avena, 6 Avens, 56 , 57 Baby's Breath, 34 Balm of Gilead, 19 Balsam, 1 Balsam Poplar, 19 Balsaminaceae, 71 Baneberry, 39 Baptisia, 61 Barbarea, 44 Barberry, 40 Barberry Family, 40 Barnyard Grass, 5 Barren Strawberry, 55 Bartonia, 88 Basil, 97 Basil-thyme, 97 Basswood, 72 Bayberry, 21 Beach Grass, 4 Beach Pea, 59 Beaked Hazel, 22 Bearberry, 85 Beard Grass, 5 Beard-tongue, 104 Bedstraw, 108 , 109 Beech, 22 Beech Drops, 84 , 106 Beech Family, 22 Beggar Lice, 94 Beggar Ticks, 124 Bellflower, 112 Bellflower Family, 112 Bellwort, 12 Benzoin, 41 Berberidaceae, 40 Berberis, 40 Bergamot Mint, 98 Berula, 81 Betula, 21 , 22 Betulaceae, 21 Bidens, 123 , 124 Bilberry, 86 , 87 Bindweed, 91 , 92 Bindweed, Black, 28 Birch, 21 , 22 Birch Family, 21 Bird-foot Violet, 75 Birthwort Family, 25 Bishop's Cap, 51 Bistort, 28 Bitter Cress, 45 , 47 Bitter Dock, 26 Bitter Nut, 21 Bittersweet, 100 Bitter-sweet, 69 Black Alder, 69 Black Ash, 88 Blackberry, 53 Black Bindweed, 28 Black Cherry, 54 Black Currant, 49 , 50 Black-eyed Susan, 128 Black Haw, 111 Black Jack Oak, 22 Black Locust, 58 Black Maple, 70 Black Medick, 60 Black Mustard, 44 Black Oak, 23 Black Raspberry, 53 Black Snakeroot, 82 Black Spruce, 1 Black Swallow-wort, 90 Black Walnut, 21 Black Willow, 20 Bladder Campion, 34 Bladder Nut, 69 Bladder Nut Family, 69 Bladderwort, 106 Bladderwort Family, 105 Blazing Star, 13 , 121 Blephilia, 96 Blite, 29 Bloodroot, 41 Bloody Dock, 26 Blue Ash, 88 Bluebell, 93 , 94 Blueberry, 86 Blue Cohosh, 40 Blue-eyed Grass, 15 Blue-eyed Mary, 104 Blue Flag, 15 Blue Grass, 7 Blue Hearts, 104 Blue-joint, 5 Bluets, 108 Blue Violet, 76 Blueweed, 94 Boehmeria, 24 Bog Rosemary, 86 Boltonia, 131 Boneset, False, 122 Borage, 93 Borage Family, 93 Boraginaceae, 93 Borago, 93 Bowman's Root, 57 Box Elder, 70 Brasenia, 35 Brassica, 43 , 44 Brauneria, 131 Braya, 47 Bristly Locust, 58 Bristly Sarsaparilla, 80 Brome-grass, 7 Bromus, 7 Broom-rape Family, 106 Buchnera, 104 Buckbean, 88 Buckeye, 70 Buckhorn, 107 Buckthorn, 71 Buckthorn Family, 71 Buckwheat, 27 Buckwheat, False, 28 Buckwheat Family, 25 Buffalo Berry, 77 Buffalo Bur, 100 Buffalo Clover, 61 Bugbane, 39 Bugle, 98 Bugle Weed, 95 Bug-seed, 28 Bulrush, 7 Bur Clover, 60 Bur Cucumber, 112 Burdock, 117 Bur Marigold, 124 Burnet, 57 Bur Oak, 23 Bur-reed, 2 Bur-reed Family, 2 Bush Clover, 61 , 63 Bush Honeysuckle, 110 Butter-and-eggs, 102 Buttercup, 36 , 37 , 38 Butterfly Weed, 91 Butternut, 21 Butterwort, 105 Button Bush, 108 Cacalia, 122 Cactaceae, 77 Cactus Family, 77 Cakile, 45 Calamagrostis, 5 Calamint, 97 Callia, 9 Callirhoe, 73 Callitrichaceae, 68 Callitriche, 68 Calopogon, 16 Caltha, 36 Calypso, 17 Camassia, 14 Camelina, 42 Camomile, 130 Campanula, 112 Campanulaceae, 112 Campion, 33 , 34 Canada Thistle, 118 Canada Violet, 76 Canadian Blue Grass, 7 Cancer-root, 106 Cannabis, 24 Caper Family, 47 Capparidaceae, 47 Caprifoliaceae, 109 Capsella, 46 Caraway, 83 Cardamine, 45 , 47 Cardinal Flower, 113 Carduus, 118 Carex, 8 Carpet-weed, 31 Carpet-weed Family, 31 Carpinus, 21 Carrion-flower, 11 Carrot, Wild, 82 Carum, 83 Carya, 21 Caryophyllaceae, 31 Cashew Family, 68 Cassia, 60 Castalia, 35 Castanea, 22 Castilleja, 102 Catchfly, 33 , 34 Catnip, 98 Cat-tail, 2 Cat-tail Family, 2 Caulophyllum, 40 Ceanothus, 71 Cedar, 1 Celandine, 41 Celandine Poppy, 41 Celastraceae, 69 Celastrus, 69 Celtis, 24 Cenchrus, 5 Centaurea, 121 Centaurium, 89 Centaury, 89 Cephalanthus, 108 Cerastium, 33 Ceratophyllaceae, 34 Ceratophyllum, 34 Cercis, 58 Chaerophyllum, 83 Chamaedaphne, 86 Chamaelirium, 13 Charlock, 44 Cheat, 7 Chelidonium, 41 Chelone, 104 Chenopodiaceae, 28 Chenopodium, 28 , 29 Cherry, 54 Cherry, Ground, 101 Chervil, 83 Chestnut, 22 Chickweed, 32 , 33 Chickweed, Mouse-ear, 33 Chicory, 115 Chimaphila, 85 Chiogenes, 85 Chives, Wild, 13 Chokeberry, 55 Choke Cherry, 54 Chrysanthemum, 121 , 130 , 131 Chrysosplenium, 50 Cichorium, 115 Cicuta, 82 Cimicifuga, 39 Cinquefoil, 52 , 56 , 57 Circaea, 78 Cirsium, 117 , 118 Cistaceae, 74 Cladium, 8 Clammy Locust, 58 Clammy-weed, 47 Claytonia, 34 Clearweed, 24 Cleft Phlox, 92 Clematis, 35 Climbing Fumitory, 41 Climbing Rose, 52 Clintonia, 13 Clover, 61 Clover, Bush, 61 , 63 Clover, Hop, 60 Clover, Prairie, 60 Clover, Sweet, 61 Cocklebur, 114 Cockle, Corn, 33 Coffee-tree, 58 Cohosh, Blue, 40 Colic-root, 13 Collinsia, 104 Collinsonia, 95 Coltsfoot, 122 , 130 Columbine, 36 Comandra, 24 Comfrey, 93 , 94 Commelina, 9 Commelinaceae, 9 Common Blue Violet, 76 Common Cat-tail, 2 Common Vetch, 59 Compass Plant, 127 Compositae, 113 Composite Family, 113 Coneflower, Gray-headed, 128 Coneflower, Purple, 131 Conioselinum, 83 Conium, 83 Conopholis, 106 Conringia, 42 Convolvulaceae, 91 Convolvulus, 91 , 92 Coptis, 39 Corallorhiza, 16 Coral Root, 16 Coreopsis, 123 , 124 Corispermum, 28 Cork Elm, 24 Cornaceae, 83 Corn Cockle, 33 Corn Flower, 121 Corn Gromwell, 94 Corn Salad, 111 Cornus, 83 , 84 Corydalis, 42 Corylus, 22 Costmary, 121 Cotton Grass, 8 Cotton Thistle, 118 Cottonwood, 19 Cowbane, 81 Cowherb, 34 Cow Parsnip, 82 Cowslip, 36 Cow Wheat, 104 Crab, 54 Crab Grass, 5 Crack Willow, 20 Cranberry, 85 Cranberry Tree, 111 Crane-fly Orchis, 16 Crane's-bill, 64 , 65 Crassulaceae, 48 Creeping Cedar, 1 Creeping Wahoo, 69 Crepis, 117 Cress, 43 - 47 Cress, Bitter, 45 , 47 Cress, Field, 46 Cress, Garden, 45 , 46 Cress, Lake, 45 , 46 Cress, Mouse-ear, 47 Cress, Penny, 46 Cress, Rock, 46 , 47 Cress, Water, 45 Cress, Winter, 44 Cress, Yellow, 43 Crotalaria, 59 Crowberry, 68 Crowberry Family, 68 Crowfoot, 35 Crowfoot, Cursed, 37 Crowfoot Family, 35 Crowfoot, Sea-side, 36 Crowfoot, Small-flowered, 36 Crowfoot, Water, 35 , 37 Cruciferae, 42 Cryptotaenia, 82 Cuckoo Flower, 45 Cucurbitaceae, 112 Cudweed, 120 , 121 Culver's Root, 104 Cup Plant, 123 Currant, 49 , 50 Currant, Indian, 110 Cursed Crowfoot, 37 Cuscuta, 92 Custard Apple Family, 40 Cut-grass, 5 Cycloloma, 29 Cynanchum, 90 Cynoglossum, 93 , 94 Cynthia, 115 Cyperaceae, 7 Cyperus, 8 Cypress Spurge, 67 Cypripedium, 18 Dactylis, 6 Daisy, Ox-eye, 131 Dalibarda, 56 Dame's Rocket, 47 Dandelion, 115 Dandelion, Dwarf, 115 Datura, 100 Daucus, 82 Day-flower, 9 Day Lily, 11 Dead Nettle, 99 Decodon, 77 Deerberry, 86 Dentaria, 44 Deptford Pink, 34 Desmodium, 62 , 63 Devil's Club, 80 Dewberry, 53 Dianthera, 107 Dianthus, 34 Dicentra, 41 Diervilla, 110 Digitaria, 5 Dioscorea, 14 Dioscoreaceae, 14 Diplotaxis, 42 , 43 Dipsacaceae, 112 Dipsacus, 112 Dirca, 77 Ditch Stonecrop, 49 Dock, 26 Dock, Prairie, 122 Dodder, 92 Dodecatheon, 87 Dogbane, 90 Dogbane Family, 90 Dog Fennel, 130 Dog Rose, 52 Dog's-tooth Violet, 12 Dog Violet, 76 Dogwood, 83 , 84 Dogwood Family, 83 Downy Mint, 78 Draba, 42 , 46 Dracocephalum, 96 Dragon Head, 96 Dragon Head, False, 99 Dragon Root, 8 Drop-seed, 5 Drosera, 48 Droseraceae, 48 Duckweed, 9 Duckweed Family, 9 Dulichium, 7 Dutchman's Breeches, 41 Dwarf Birch, 22 Dwarf Dandelion, 115 Dwarf Dogwood, 83 Dwarf Ginseng, 80 Dwarf Iris, 15 Dwarf Mistletoe, 25 Dwarf Raspberry, 53 Dwarf Water Plantain, 3 Dwarf White Trillium, 12 Dyer's Greenweed, 58 Echinochloa, 5 Echinocystis, 112 Echinodorus, 3 Echinops, 117 Echium, 94 Eel Grass, 3 Elaeagnaceae, 77 Elatinaceae, 74 Elatine, 74 Elder, 109 Elder, Box, 70 Elder, Marsh, 114 Elecampane, 127 Eleocharis, 7 Eleusine, 6 Elm, 24 Elodea, 3 Elymus, 6 Empetraceae, 68 Empetrum, 68 Enchanter's Nightshade, 78 English Plantain, 107 Epifagus, 106 Epigaea, 85 Epilobium, 79 Epipactis, 17 Eragrostis, 7 Erechtites, 122 Ericaceae, 84 Erigenia, 81 Erigeron, 130 - 132 Eriocaulaceae, 9 Eriocaulon, 9 Eriophorum, 8 Erodium, 64 Eryngium, 80 Erysimum, 43 Erythronium, 12 Eupatorium, 121 , 122 Euphorbia, 67 , 68 Euphrasia, 102 Evening Primrose, 78 Evening Primrose Family, 78 Everlasting, 120 Everlasting, Pearly, 120 Evonymus, 69 Eyebright, 102 Fagaceae, 22 Fagopyrum, 27 Fagus, 22 Fall Dandelion, 115 False Asphodel, 14 False Boneset, 122 False Buckwheat, 28 False Dragon Head, 99 False Flax, 42 False Foxglove, 102 False Gromwell, 93 False Heather, 74 False Loosestrife, 78 False Mermaid, 68 False Mermaid Family, 68 False Mitrewort, 51 False Nettle, 24 False Pimpernel, 104 False Solomon's Seal, 14 Fatsia, 80 Fennel, 81 Fennel, Dog, 130 Fescue Grass, 7 Festuca, 7 Feverfew, 130 Feverwort, 109 Field Cress, 46 Field Garlic, 13 Figwort, 103 Figwort Family, 101 Filipendula, 57 Fire Pink, 33 Fireweed, 79 , 122 Five-finger, 55 Flax, 63 Flax, False, 42 Flax Family, 63 Fleabane, 131 , 132 Floating Foxtail, 4 Floating Heart, 88 Floerkea, 68 Flowering Dogwood, 83 Flowering Raspberry, 54 Flowering Wintergreen, 65 Flower-of-an-hour, 72 Foeniculum, 81 Fog Fruit, 99 Forget-me-not, 94 Forked Chickweed, 31 Four-o'Clock Family, 31 Foxglove, False, 102 Fox Grape, 72 Foxtail, 4 Foxtail, Floating, 4 Fragaria, 56 Frasera, 88 Fraxinus, 88 Fringed Gentian, 89 Fringed Orchis, 19 Frog's Bit Family, 3 Frost Grape, 72 Frostweed, 74 Fumaria, 42 Fumariaceae, 41 Fumitory, 42 Fumitory, Climbing, 41 Fumitory Family, 41 Galeopsis, 99 Gale, Sweet, 21 Galinsoga, 130 Galium, 108 , 109 Garden Cress, 45 , 46 Garden Phlox, 92 Garlic, Field, 13 Gaultheria, 86 Gaura, 79 Gaylussacia, 86 Genista, 58 Gentian, 89 Gentiana, 89 Gentianaceae, 88 Gentian Family, 88 Gentian, Spurred, 89 Geraniaceae, 64 Geranium, 64 , 65 Geranium Family, 64 Gerardia, 102 , 103 Geum, 56 , 57 Giant Hyssop, 97 Giant Ragweed, 114 Gillenia, 57 Ginseng, 80 Gleditsia, 58 Globe-flower, 36 Globe Thistle, 117 Glyceria, 7 Gnaphalium, 120 , 121 Goat's Rue, 60 Golden Alexander, 81 Golden Currant, 49 Golden Glow, 128 Goldenrod, 125 - 127 Golden Saxifrage, 50 Golden Seal, 38 Gold-thread, 39 Good King Henry, 29 Gooseberry, 49 Goosefoot, 28 , 29 Goosefoot Family, 28 Gourd Family, 112 Gramineae, 4 Grape, 72 Grape Family, 71 Grape Hyacinth, 14 Grass Family, 4 Grass of Parnassus, 50 Grass, Star, 14 Gratiola, 104 Gray-headed Coneflower, 128 Great Lobelia, 113 Great Solomon's Seal, 11 Great-spurred Violet, 75 Greek Valerian, 92 Green Ash, 88 Green Brier, 11 Green Foxtail, 4 Green Milkweed, 90 Green Sorrel, 25 Green Violet, 75 Grindelia, 128 Ground Cherry, 101 Ground Hemlock, 2 Ground Ivy, 98 Groundsel, 128 Gum Plant, 128 Gymnocladus, 58 Gypsophila, 34 Gypsophyll, 34 Habenaria, 18 , 19 Hackberry, 24 Hair Grass, 6 Halenia, 89 Haloragidaceae, 79 Hamamelidaceae, 51 Hamamelis, 51 Hand-leaf Violet, 75 Harbinger of Spring, 81 Hardhack, 53 Harebell, 112 Hare's Ear, 42 Hawksbeard, 117 Hawkweed, 116 , 117 Hazel, 22 Heather, False, 74 Heath Family, 84 Hedeoma, 95 Hedge Hyssop, 104 Hedge Mustard, 44 Hedge Nettle, 99 Helenium, 127 , 128 Helianthemum, 74 Helianthus, 128 - 130 Heliopsis, 123 Hemerocallis, 11 Hemlock, 1 Hemlock, Ground, 2 Hemlock Parsley, 83 Hemlock, Poison, 83 Hemlock, Water, 82 Hemp, 24 Hemp, Indian, 90 Hemp Nettle, 99 Hemp, Water, 30 Hemp Weed, 131 Henbane, 101 Hepatica, 38 Heracleum, 82 Herb Robert, 64 Herb Sophia, 43 Hercules' Club, 80 Hesperis, 47 Heteranthera, 10 Heuchera, 50 , 51 Hibiscus, 72 Hickory, 21 Hieracium, 116 , 117 Hill's Oak, 23 Hippuris, 79 Hoarhound, 96 Hoarhound, Water, 95 Hobble-bush, 111 Hog Peanut, 59 Holly Family, 69 Holly, Mountain, 69 Honewort, 82 Honey Locust, 58 Honeysuckle, 110 Honeysuckle, Bush, 110 Honeysuckle Family, 109 Hop, 24 Hop Clover, 60 Hop Tree, 65 Hordeum, 4 Hornbeam, 21 Horned Pondweed, 2 Hornwort, 34 Hornwort Family, 34 Horse Balm, 95 Horse Chestnut, 70 Horse Mint, 96 Horse Nettle, 100 Horse Radish, 46 Horse Weed, 130 , 131 Hound's Tongue, 93 Houstonia, 108 Huckleberry, 86 Hudsonia, 74 Humulus, 24 Hyacinth, Wild, 14 Hybanthus, 75 Hydrocharitaceae, 3 Hydrocotyle, 80 Hydrophyllaceae, 93 Hydrophyllum, 93 Hyoscyamus, 101 Hypericaceae, 73 Hypericum, 73 , 74 Hypoxis, 14 Hyssop, 98 Hyssop, Hedge, 104 Hyssopus, 98 Ilex, 69 Illecebraceae, 31 Ilysanthes, 104 Impatiens, 71 Imperatoria, 82 Indian Cucumber-root, 13 Indian Currant, 110 Indian Hemp, 90 Indian Mustard, 44 Indian Pipe, 84 Indian Plantain, 122 Indian Tobacco, 113 Indian Turnip, 8 Indigo, Wild, 61 Inula, 127 Ipomoea, 92 Iridaceae, 15 Iris, 15 Iris Family, 15 Ironweed, 122 Ironweed, Yellow, 128 Ironwood, 22 Isopyrum, 39 Iva, 114 Jack Pine, 1 Jeffersonia, 40 Jerusalem Artichoke, 129 Jerusalem Oak, 29 Jimson Weed, 100 Joe-Pye Weed, 122 Jointweed, 27 Juglandaceae, 21 Juglans, 21 Juncaceae, 10 Juncaginaceae, 3 Juncus, 10 Juneberry, 55 Juniper, 1 Juniperus, 1 Kalmia, 85 Kenilworth Ivy, 103 Kentucky Coffee-tree, 58 King-nut Hickory, 21 Knapweed, 121 Knawel, 31 Knotweed, 26 , 27 Knotwort Family, 31 Kochia, 28 Koeleria, 6 Krigia, 115 Kuhnia, 122 Labiatae, 95 Labrador Tea, 85 Lactuca, 115 , 116 Ladies' Tresses, 16 Lady's Slipper, 18 Lake Cress, 45 , 46 Lamb's Quarters, 29 Lamium, 99 Laportea, 24 Lappula, 94 Lapsana, 115 Large-toothed Aspen, 19 Larix, 1 Larkspur, 36 Lathyrus, 59 Lauraceae, 41 Laurel Family, 41 Lead Plant, 58 Leafcup, 123 Leatherleaf, 86 Leatherwood, 77 Lechea, 74 , 75 Ledum, 85 Leek, Wild, 13 Leersia, 5 Leguminosae, 58 Lemna, 9 Lemnaceae, 9 Lentibulariaceae, 105 Leontodon, 115 Leonurus, 98 Lepachys, 128 Lepidium, 45 , 46 Lespedeza, 61 , 63 Lettuce, 115 , 116 Lettuce, Wild, 115 , 116 Liatris, 121 Lilac, 88 Liliaceae, 10 Lilium, 12 Lily, 12 Lily Family, 10 Lily of the Valley, Wild, 12 Lily, Pond, 35 Lily, Water, 35 Limnanthaceae, 68 Limosella, 103 Linaceae, 63 Linaria, 102 , 103 Linden Family, 72 Linnaea, 109 Linum, 63 Liparis, 17 Lippia, 99 Liriodendron, 40 Listera, 17 Lithospermum, 94 Live-for-ever, 49 Lizard's Tail, 19 Lobelia, 113 Lobeliaceae, 113 Lobelia Family, 113 Locust, 58 Locust, Honey, 58 Lombardy Poplar, 19 Long-spurred Violet, 76 Lonicera, 110 Loosestrife, 77 , 87 , 88 Loosestrife, False, 78 Loosestrife Family, 77 Lopseed, 107 Lopseed Family, 107 Loranthaceae, 25 Lotus, 35 Lousewort, 102 Love Grass, 7 Love-in-a-mist, 38 Low Juniper, 1 Ludvigia, 78 Lupine, 59 Lupinus, 59 Luzula, 10 Lychnis, 33 Lysimachia, 87 , 88 Lycium, 100 Lycopus, 95 Lythraceae, 77 Lythrum, 77 Madder Family, 108 Mad-dog Skullcap, 96 Magnoliaceae, 40 Magnolia Family, 40 Maianthemum, 13 Mallow, 73 Mallow Family, 72 Mallow, Marsh, 72 Mallow, Poppy, 73 Mallow, Rose, 72 Mallow, Virginia, 73 Malva, 73 Malvaceae, 72 Manna Grass, 7 Maple, 70 Maple Family, 70 Mare's-tail, 79 Marigold, Bur, 124 Marigold, Water, 123 Marrubium, 96 Marsh Cinquefoil, 57 Marsh Elder, 114 Marsh Harebell, 112 Marsh Mallow, 72 Marsh Pea, 59 Marsh Speedwell, 105 Masterwort, 82 Matricaria, 130 Matrimony Vine, 100 May Apple, 40 Meadow Beauty, 77 Meadow Parsnip, 81 Meadow Pink, 34 Meadow Rue, 39 Meadow Salsify, 115 Meadow-sweet, 53 Medeola, 13 Medicago, 60 , 61 Melampyrum, 104 Melastomaceae, 77 Melastoma Family, 77 Melilotus, 61 Menispermaceae, 40 Menispermum, 40 Mentha, 98 Menyanthes, 88 Mermaid Weed, 79 Mertensia, 93 , 94 Mexican Tea, 29 Mezereum Family, 77 Microstylis, 17 Mignonette Family, 48 Mignonette, Yellow, 48 Mikania, 121 Milfoil, Water, 79 Milk Thistle, 117 Milk Vetch, 60 Milkweed, 90 , 91 Milkweed Family, 90 Milkweed, Green, 90 Milkwort, 66 Milkwort Family, 65 Millet, 4 Mimulus, 102 , 104 Mint, 98 Mint Family, 95 Mist Flower, 121 Mistletoe, Dwarf, 25 Mistletoe Family, 25 Mitchella, 108 Mitella, 51 Mitrewort, False, 51 Mocker-nut Hickory, 21 Mollugo, 31 Monarda, 96 Moneses, 85 Moneywort, 87 Monkey Flower, 104 Monkey Flower, Yellow, 102 Monotropa, 84 Moonseed, 40 Moonseed Family, 40 Morning Glory, 92 Morning Glory Family, 91 Morus, 24 Moss Pink, 92 Motherwort, 98 Moth Mullein, 101 Mountain Alder, 22 Mountain Ash, 52 Mountain Holly, 69 Mountain Maple, 70 Mountain Mint, 98 Mouse-ear Chickweed, 33 Mouse-ear Cress, 47 Mud Plantain, 10 Mudwort, 103 Mugwort, 119 Muhlenbergia, 5 , 6 Mulberry, 24 Mullein, 101 Mullein Pink, 33 Muscari, 14 Musk Flower, 102 Mustard, 43 , 44 Mustard Family, 42 Myosotis, 94 Myrica, 20 , 21 Myricaceae, 20 Myriophyllum, 79 Naiad, 2 Naias, 2 Najadaceae, 2 Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, 2 Nelumbo, 35 Nemopanthus, 69 Nepeta, 98 Nettle, 24 Nettle, Dead, 99 Nettle Family, 23 Nettle, Hedge, 99 Nettle, Hemp, 99 Nettle, Horse, 100 Nicandra, 101 Nicotiana, 101 Nigella, 38 Nightshade, 100 Nightshade, Enchanter's, 78 Nightshade Family, 100 Ninebark, 53 Nipplewort, 115 Nodding Pogonia, 18 Norway Pine, 1 Nut Grass, 8 Nyctaginaceae, 31 Nymphaea, 35 Nymphaeaceae, 35 Nymphoides, 88 Nyssa, 83 Oak, 22 , 23 Oakesia, 12 Oats, 6 Oenothera, 78 Oleaceae, 88 Oleaster Family, 77 Olive Family, 88 Onagraceae, 78 One-flowered Wintergreen, 85 Onion, Wild, 13 Onosmodium, 93 Opuntia, 77 Orache, 29 Orchard Grass, 6 Orchidaceae, 15 Orchis, 17 Orchis, Crane-fly, 16 Orchis Family, 15 Orchis, Showy, 17 Ornithogalum, 14 Orobanchaceae, 106 Orobanche, 106 Orpine Family, 48 Osmorhiza, 82 Ostrya, 22 Oswego Tea, 96 Oxalidaceae, 64 Oxalis, 64 Ox-eye, 123 Ox-eye Daisy, 131 Oxybaphus, 31 Oxypolis, 81 Painted Cup, 102 Painted Trillium, 12 Pale Violet, 76 Panax, 80 Panic-grass, 5 Panicum, 5 Pansy, 76 Papaveraceae, 41 Papaver, 41 Papaw, 40 Paper Birch, 21 Parietaria, 24 Parnassia, 50 Parsley Family, 80 Parsley, Hemlock, 83 Parsnip, Cow, 82 Parsnip, Meadow, 81 Parsnip, Prairie, 81 Parsnip, Water, 81 Parsnip, Wild, 81 Partridge Berry, 108 Partridge Pea, 60 Pasque Flower, 38 Pastinaca, 81 Patience Dock, 26 Pea, 59 Peach-leaved Willow, 20 Pear, 54 Pear, Prickly, 77 Pearlwort, 32 Pearly Everlasting, 120 Pedicularis, 102 Pellitory, 24 Peltandra, 9 Penny Cress, 46 Pennyroyal, 95 Pennywort, Water, 80 Penthorum, 49 Pentstemon, 104 Pepper Family, 19 Pepper Grass, 46 Peppermint, 98 Perfumed Cherry, 54 Periwinkle, 90 Petalostemum, 60 Petasites, 130 Petunia, 101 Phacelia, 93 Phleum, 4 Phlox, 92 Phragmites, 6 Phryma, 107 Phrymaceae, 107 Physalis, 101 Physocarpus, 53 Physostegia, 99 Phytolacca, 30 Phytolaccaceae, 30 Picea, 1 Pickerel-weed, 10 Pickerel-weed Family, 10 Picris, 115 Pignut Hickory, 21 Pigweed, 30 Pilea, 24 Pimpernel, 87 Pimpernel, False, 104 Pimpernel, Water, 87 Pinaceae, 1 Pin Cherry, 54 Pine, 1 Pine Drops, 84 Pine Family, 1 Pineweed, 74 Pinguicula, 105 Pink, Deptford, 34 Pink Family, 31 Pink, Fire, 33 Pink, Meadow, 34 Pink, Moss, 92 Pink, Mullein, 33 Pink, Rose, 89 Pin Oak, 23 Pinus, 1 Pinweed, 74 , 75 Piperaceae, 19 Pipewort, 9 Pipewort Family, 9 Pitcher Plant, 48 Pitcher Plant Family, 48 Plane Tree Family, 51 Plantaginaceae, 107 Plantago, 107 Plantain, 107 Plantain Family, 107 Plantain, Indian, 122 Plantain, Mud, 10 Platanaceae, 51 Platanus, 51 Plum, 54 Poa, 7 Podophyllum, 40 Podostemaceae, 48 Podostemum, 48 Pogonia, 18 Poison Hemlock, 83 Poison Ivy, 69 Poison Sumach, 68 Pokeweed, 30 Pokeweed Family, 30 Polanisia, 47 Polemoniaceae, 92 Polemonium, 92 Polemonium Family, 92 Polygala, 65 , 66 Polygalaceae, 65 Polygonatum, 11 Polygonaceae, 25 Polygonum, 26 - 28 Polymnia, 123 Polytaenia, 81 Pond Lily, 35 Pondweed, 2 Pondweed Family, 2 Pontederia, 10 Pontederiaceae, 10 Poplar, 19 Poppy, 41 Poppy, Celandine, 41 Poppy Family, 41 Poppy Mallow, 73 Populus, 19 Portulaca, 34 Portulacaceae, 34 Potamogeton, 2 Potentilla, 52 , 55 - 57 Prairie Clover, 60 Prairie Dock, 122 Prairie Fringed Orchis, 19 Prairie June-grass, 6 Prairie Parsnip, 81 Prenanthes, 116 Prickly Ash, 65 Prickly Pear, 77 Primrose, 87 Primrose Family, 87 Primula, 87 Primulaceae, 87 Prince's Feather, 27 Prince's Pine, 85 Proserpinaca, 79 Prunella, 97 Prunus, 54 Psedera, 71 Ptelea, 65 Pterospora, 84 Puccoon, 94 Pulse Family, 58 Purple Avens, 57 Purple Coneflower, 131 Purple Fringed Orchis, 19 Purslane, 34 Purslane Family, 34 Purslane, Water, 78 Putty Root, 16 Pycnanthemum, 98 Pyrola, 84 , 85 Pyrus, 52 , 54 , 55 Quack Grass, 6 Quaking Aspen, 19 Quassia Family, 65 Queen of the Prairie, 57 Quercus, 22 , 23 Radicula, 43 , 45 , 46 Radish, 45 Radish, Horse, 46 Radish, Wild, 44 , 45 Ragged Fringed Orchis, 19 Ragweed, 114 Ragwort, 127 , 128 Ram's Head Lady's Slipper, 18 Ranunculaceae, 35 Ranunculus, 35 - 38 Raphanus, 44 , 45 Raspberry, 53 , 54 Rattlebox, 59 Rattlesnake Master, 80 Rattlesnake Plantain, 17 Rattlesnake Root, 116 Red Ash, 88 Redbud, 58 Red Cedar, 1 Red Clover, 61 Red Currant, 50 Red Maple, 70 Red Mulberry, 24 Red Oak, 23 Red Raspberry, 53 Red-root, 71 Red Sorrel, 25 Red-top, 6 Reed, 6 Reed Grass, 5 Rein Orchis, 18 Reseda, 48 Resedaceae, 48 Rhamnaceae, 71 Rhamnus, 71 Rhexia, 77 Rhus, 68 , 69 Ribes, 49 , 50 River Weed, 48 River Weed Family, 48 Robinia, 58 Rock Cress, 46 , 47 Rocket, Sea, 45 Rock-rose Family, 74 Rosa, 52 Rosaceae, 51 Rose, 52 Rose Family, 51 Rose Mallow, 72 Rose Pink, 89 Rosin Weed, 123 Round-leaved Orchis, 17 Round-leaved Violet, 75 Rowan Tree, 52 Rubiaceae, 108 Rubus, 53 , 54 Rudbeckia, 128 Rue Anemone, 39 Rue Family, 65 Ruellia, 107 Rumex, 25 , 26 Rush, 10 Rush Family, 10 Rush, Twig, 8 Russian Thistle, 28 Rutabaga, 43 Rutaceae, 65 Sabbatia, 89 Sagina, 32 Sagittaria, 3 Salicaceae, 19 Salix, 20 Salmonberry, 54 Salsify, 115 Salsola, 28 Sambucus, 109 Samolus, 87 Sandalwood Family, 24 Sand Bur, 5 Sand Cherry, 54 Sand Rocket, 42 , 43 Sand Spurrey, 32 Sand Violet, 76 Sanguinaria, 41 Sanguisorba, 57 Sanicula, 82 Santalaceae, 24 Sapindaceae, 70 Saponaria, 34 Sarracenia, 48 Sarraceniaceae, 48 Sarsaparilla, 80 Sarsaparilla Family, 80 Sassafras, 41 Satureja, 97 Saururus, 19 Saxifraga, 50 Saxifragaceae, 49 Saxifrage, 50 Saxifrage Family, 49 Saxifrage, Golden, 50 Scarlet Oak, 23 Scheuchzeria, 3 Schneck's Oak, 23 Scirpus, 7 Scleranthus, 31 Scorpion Grass, 94 Scrophularia, 103 Scrophulariaceae, 101 Scrub Oak, 23 Scutellaria, 96 Sea Rocket, 45 Sea-side Crowfoot, 36 Sedge, 8 Sedge Family, 7 Sedum, 48 , 49 Self-heal, 97 Seneca Snakeroot, 66 Senecio, 127 , 128 Senna, Wild, 60 Setaria, 4 Shag-bark Hickory, 21 Sheep-berry, 111 Sheep Laurel, 85 Shepherdia, 77 Shepherd's Purse, 46 Shingle Oak, 22 Shin-leaf, 84 , 85 Shooting Star, 87 Showy Lady's Slipper, 18 Showy Orchis, 17 Sicyos, 112 Sida, 72 , 73 Silene, 33 , 34 Silphium, 122 , 123 , 127 Silver Maple, 70 Silver Weed, 55 Silvery Cinquefoil, 66 Silybum, 117 Simarubaceae, 65 Sium, 81 Sisymbrium, 43 - 45 , 47 Sisyrinchium, 15 Skullcap, 96 Skunk Cabbage, 8 Skunk Currant, 49 Slender Nettle, 24 Slippery Elm, 24 Slough Grass, 5 Small-flowered Crowfoot, 36 Small-fruited Hickory, 21 Small Snapdragon, 103 Small Solomon's Seal, 11 Smartweed, 27 , 28 Smilacina, 14 Smilax, 11 Smooth Alder, 22 Snake Mouth, 18 Snakeroot, Black, 82 Snakeroot, Seneca, 66 Snakeroot, Virginia, 25 Snapdragon, 103 Sneezeweed, 127 Sneeze Weed, 128 Sneezewort, 131 Snowberry, 85 , 111 Soapberry Family, 70 Soapwort, 34 Solanaceae, 100 Solanum, 100 Solidago, 125 - 127 Solomon's Seal, 11 Sorbaria, 57 Sorrel, Red, 25 Sorrel, Green, 25 Sorrel, Wood, 64 Sour Dock, 26 Sour Gum, 83 Southernwood, 119 Sparganiaceae, 2 Spartina, 5 Spear Grass, 7 Spearmint, 98 Spearwort, 36 Speckled Alder, 22 Specularia, 112 Speedwell, 105 Spergula, 32 Spergularia, 32 Spice Bush, 41 Spiderwort, 9 Spiderwort Family, 9 Spikenard, 80 Spike Rush, 7 Spiraea, 53 Spiranthes, 16 Spirodela, 9 Spotted Wintergreen, 85 Spurge, 67 , 68 Spurge Family, 66 Spurred Gentian, 89 Spurrey, 32 Spring Avens, 56 Spring Beauty, 34 Spring Vetch, 59 Spruce, 1 Squashberry, 111 Squaw-root, 106 Squaw Weed, 128 Squirrel Corn, 41 Squirrel-tail, 4 Stachys, 99 Staff Tree Family, 69 Staphylea, 69 Staphyleaceae, 69 Star Flower, 87 Star Grass, 14 Star of Bethlehem, 14 Starry Campion, 33 Steironema, 88 Stellaria, 32 , 33 Stemless Lady's Slipper, 18 Stickseed, 94 Stinging Nettle, 24 Stitchwort, 32 St. John's-wort, 73 , 74 St. John's-wort Family, 73 Stone Clover, 61 Stonecrop, 48 Stonecrop, Ditch, 49 Stork's-bill, 64 Strawberry, 56 Strawberry, Barren, 55 Strawberry Blite, 29 Streptopus, 11 Striped Maple, 70 Strophostyles, 58 Stylophorum, 41 Sugar Maple, 70 Sumach, 68 , 69 Summer Grape, 72 Summer Savory, 97 Sundew, 48 Sundew Family, 48 Sundrops, 78 Sunflower, 128 - 130 Sunflower, Tickseed, 124 Swamp Birch, 22 Swamp Currant, 49 Swamp Dewberry, 53 Swamp Laurel, 85 Swamp Milkweed, 91 Swamp Rose, 52 Swamp Valerian, 111 Swamp White Oak, 23 Sweet Birch, 22 Sweetbrier, 52 Sweet Cicely, 82 Sweet Fern, 20 Sweet Flag, 8 Sweet Gale, 21 Sweet Gale Family, 20 Sweet White Violet, 76 Sweet William, 34 , 92 Sweet William Catchfly, 34 Sycamore, 51 Symphoricarpos, 110 , 111 Symphytum, 93 Symplocarpus, 8 Synthyris, 102 Syringa, 88 Taenidia, 81 Tall Dock, 26 Tamarack, 1 Tanacetum, 119 Tansy, 119 Tansy Mustard, 43 Taraxacum, 115 Taxaceae, 2 Taxus, 2 Tear-thumb, 28 Teasel, 112 Teasel Family, 112 Tephrosia, 60 Teucrium, 97 Thalictrum, 39 Thaspium, 81 Thistle, 117 , 118 Thistle, Canada, 118 Thistle, Cotton, 118 Thistle, Globe, 117 Thistle, Milk, 117 Thistle, Russian, 28 Thistle, Sow, 117 Thlaspi, 46 Thorn-apple, 100 Thorny Amaranth, 30 Three-seeded Mercury, 66 Three-square, 7 Thuja, 1 Thymelaeaceae, 77 Thyme, Wild, 97 Thymus, 97 Tiarella, 51 Tickseed, 123 , 124 Tickseed Sunflower, 124 Tick Trefoil, 62 , 63 Tilia, 72 Tiliaceae, 72 Timothy, 4 Tipularia, 16 Toad-flax, 24 , 103 Tobacco, Indian, 113 Tobacco, Wild, 101 Tofieldia, 14 Toothwort, 44 Touch-me-not, 71 Touch-me-not Family, 71 Tradescantia, 9 Tragopogon, 115 Trailing Arbutus, 85 Tree of Heaven, 65 Trientalis, 87 Trifolium, 60 , 61 Triglochin, 3 Trillium, 12 Triosteum, 109 Trollius, 36 Tsuga, 1 Tulip Tree, 40 Tumble Weed, 30 Turk's-cap Lily, 12 Turtlehead, 104 Tussilago, 122 Tway-blade, 17 Twig Rush, 8 Twin-leaf, 40 Twin Flower, 109 Twisted-stalk, 11 Typha, 2 Typhaceae, 2 Ulmus, 24 Umbelliferae, 80 Umbrella-wort, 31 Upland Boneset, 122 Urtica, 24 Urticaceae, 23 Utricularia, 106 Uvularia, 12 Vaccinium, 85 - 87 Valerian, 111 Valeriana, 111 Valerianaceae, 111 Valerianella, 111 Valerian Family, 111 Valerian, Greek, 92 Vallisneria, 3 Velvet Leaf, 72 Venus' Looking Glass, 112 Verbascum, 101 Verbena, 99 - 100 Verbenaceae, 99 Verbena Family, 99 Vernonia, 122 Veronica, 104 , 105 Vervain, 99 , 100 Vetch, 59 Vetchling, 59 Vetch, Milk, 60 Viburnum, 111 Vicia, 59 Vinca, 90 Viola, 75 , 76 Violaceae, 75 Violet, 75 , 76 Violet Family, 75 Violet, Green, 75 Virginia Creeper, 71 Virginia Mallow, 73 Virginia Snakeroot, 25 Virgin's Bower, 35 Vitaceae, 71 Vitis, 72 Wahoo, 69 Waldsteinia, 55 Walnut, Black, 21 Walnut Family, 21 Water Arum, 9 Water Cress, 45 Water Crowfoot, 37 Water Dock, 26 Water Hemlock, 82 Water Hemp, 30 Water Hoarhound, 95 Water-leaf, 93 Water-leaf Family, 93 Water Lily, 35 Water Lily Family, 35 Water Lobelia, 113 Water Loosestrife, 77 Water Marigold, 123 Water Milfoil, 79 Water Milfoil Family, 79 Water Parsnip, 81 Water Pennywort, 80 Water Pimpernel, 87 Water Plantain, 3 Water Plantain Family, 3 Water Purslane, 78 Water Shield, 35 Water Smartweed, 27 , 28 Water Speedwell, 105 Water Starwort, 68 Water Starwort Family, 68 Water-weed, 3 Water Willow, 107 Waterwort, 74 Waterwort Family, 74 Weeping Willow, 20 White Ash, 88 White Campion, 33 White Cedar, 1 White Clover, 61 White Elm, 24 White Fringed Orchis, 19 White Ground Cherry, 101 White Lady's Slipper, 18 White Mulberry, 24 White Oak, 23 White Pine, 1 White Poplar, 19 White Snakeroot, 122 White Spruce, 1 White Sweet Clover, 61 Whitlow Grass, 42 , 46 Whorled Pogonia, 18 Wild Bean, 58 Wild Bergamot, 96 Wild Camomile, 130 Wild Carrot, 82 Wild Chives, 13 Wild Columbine, 36 Wild Comfrey, 94 Wild Crab, 54 Wild Cucumber, 112 Wild Flax, 63 Wild Geranium, 64 Wild Ginger, 25 Wild Gromwell, 94 Wild Indigo, 61 Wild Leek, 13 Wild Lettuce, 115 , 116 Wild Lily of the Valley, 13 Wild Mint, 98 Wild Onion, 13 Wild Pansy, 76 Wild Parsnip, 81 Wild Pea, 59 Wild Plum, 54 Wild Potato Vine, 92 Wild Radish, 44 , 45 Wild Rice, 5 Wild Rose, 52 Wild Rye, 6 Wild Sarsaparilla, 80 Wild Senna, 60 Wild Thyme, 97 Wild Tobacco, 101 Wild Yam, 14 Willow, 20 Willow Family, 19 Willow Herb, 79 Willow, Water, 107 Winter Cress, 44 Wintergreen, 86 Wintergreen, Flowering, 65 Wintergreen, One-flowered, 85 Wintergreen, Spotted, 85 Witch Grass, 5 Witch Hazel, 51 Witch Hazel Family, 51 Withe-rod, 111 Wolfberry, 110 Wolffia, 9 Wood Anemone, 38 Wood-grass, 6 Wood Lily, 12 Wood Nettle, 24 Wood Rush, 10 Wood Sage, 97 Wood Sorrel, 64 Wood Sorrel Family, 64 Wood Strawberry, 56 Wood Violet, 76 Wormseed, 29 Worm-seed Mustard, 43 Wormwood, 119 Xanthium, 114 Xyridaceae, 9 Xyris, 9 Yam Family, 14 Yam, Wild, 14 Yard Grass, 6 Yarrow, 130 Yellow Alyssum, 42 , 46 Yellow Birch, 21 Yellow Cress, 43 Yellow-eyed Grass, 9 Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 9 Yellow Foxtail, 4 Yellow Fringed Orchis, 19 Yellow Ironweed, 128 Yellow Lady's Slipper, 18 Yellow Lily, 12 Yellow Mignonette, 48 Yellow Monkey Flower, 102 Yellow Oak, 23 Yellow Sweet Clover, 61 Yellow Violet, 76 Yellow Willow, 20 Yew Family, 2 Zannichellia, 2 Zanthoxylum, 65 Zizania, 5 Zizia, 81 ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ: [1] У большинства цветков венчик представляет собой заметную часть околоцветника и состоит из сросшихся или свободных лепестков, в зависимости от случая. У некоторых цветков венчик отсутствует, а заметной частью является чашелистик. [2] В Мичигане встречается около 30 видов рдеста (Potamogeton), среди которых наиболее заметен Potamogeton natans с эллиптическими плавающими листьями. Для определения видов следует использовать Мануал. Примечания переводчика: Страница xlv: «lobel» изменено на «lobed» Страница 10: «ocntains» изменено на «contains» Страница 39: Второй «38a» изменен на «38b» Страница 89: Второй «4a» изменен на «4b» Страница 94: «augustifolium» изменено на «angustifolium» Страница 108: Второй «1a» изменен на «1b» Страница 109: «--21.» изменено на «--20.» Страница 122: «(springi)» изменено на «(spring)» Страница 130: «autum» изменено на «autumn» Страница 146: «Eveyrlasting, Pearly» изменено на «Everlasting, Pearly»