Ом. См. Электрические меры.
Op. cit., italicized, 64.
“Open punctuation,”
favored by best usage, 3–4;
и «закрытая пунктуация», 3–4.
“Or,” correct use of, 108.
Orders, monastic, capitalization of, 20.
Ordinals, capitalization of, 29.
Orthography:
rules of, 33–36;
final f, l, or s, 33;
final consonant following diphthong, 33;
added terminations after final accented syllable, 33–34;
after diphthong or two vowels, 34;
after final syllable ending in two consonants, 34;
after final silent e, 34–35;
after ce or ge, 35;
after final e in participles, 35;
after final ie, 35;
after final y, 35–36;
of French endings in -re, 36;
of possessives of proper nouns, 36;
of -sion and -tion, 36;
of -or and -our, 34.
“Ought,” never combined with had, 109
-our, words ending in, 34.
“Out loud,” never used for aloud, 109.
“Over” compounds with, 50.
Panama, postal rates to, 135.
Paper measure, table of, 151.
Parables, biblical, capitalization of titles, 20.
Paragraphs,
explanation of, 57;
rules for, 55–58;
unity, 57;
emphasis, 57, 58;
length, 57;
coherence, 57;
connective words between related sentences, 58;
space used proportional to importance, 58;
length, 58;
indention of, 55, 57, 58, 60.
Parcel post,
domestic, 131, 162;
foreign, 136.
“Parent,” compounds of, 47.
Parentheses:
substitution of dashes for, 14;
use of, with interrogation-point, 16;
placing of period with, 11;
defined, 18;
use of, in figures or letters to mark divisions in enumerations, 18;
subdivided by brackets, 18.
Вводные придаточные предложения. См. Придаточные предложения.
Parks, capitalization of names of, 23.
“Partake of,” never used for eat, 109.
Participles: list of, how spelled, 37;
не использовать дефис с наречиями, оканчивающимися на «-ly», 46;
ending in -ing, distinguished from verbal nouns, 106.
Particles, in French, German, Italian, and Dutch, capitalization of, 25–26.
Parties, political, capitalization of names of, 27.
“Party,” never used for person, 109.
Passim, italicized, 64.
Пенсы. См. Шиллинги.
Peoples, capitalization of names or epithets of, 27.
“Per,” correct use of, 109.
Percentage, use of figures in, 31.
“Perception,” correct use of, 109.
Periodicals:
titles of, definite article not to be treated as part of, 30;
use of italics for, 62;
postal rates, etc., 129.
Periods:
placing of, in connection with quotation-marks, 11;
rules for use of, 11–12;
omitted after running-heads, 12;
after box-heads in tables, 12;
after cut-in side notes, 12;
after centered head-lines, 12;
after legends, 12;
after subheads, 12;
after date-lines, 12;
after signatures, 12;
after titles, blocked headings, etc., 12;
after roman numerals, 12;
use of, after abbreviations, 12;
after a complete sentence, 12;
to indicate an ellipsis, 12.
Personifications: abstract ideas, capitalization of, 23.
Phrases:
inverted, use of comma, 5;
in apposition, use of comma, 6;
salutatory, use of comma, 7;
foreign, italicization of, 62–63.
“Pilgrim Fathers,” capitalization of, 22.
Plays, rule for references to, 66.
Plurals, of foreign words: cherub, memorandum, datum, donna, stratum, addendum, and rubai, 109.
P.M. (post meridiem):
set in small capitals, 30;
spacing of, 59.
Poetry:
rules for quotation alignment, in setting, 17;
titles of poems, to be quoted, 17;
omission of apostrophe in poems when word is contracted for meter, 19;
capitalization of first word of each line, 29;
indention of, 55;
italicizing of, 62.
Points of compass:
capitalization of, 22, 23, 24;
hyphenization, 49.
Political alliances, parties, divisions, capitalization of names of, 27, 28.
Political divisions, capitalization of, 28.
Possessive case, how designated, 19.
Possessives of proper nouns ending in s, how formed, 36.
“Post,” compounds with, 50.
Postal cards, use of, 125.
Postal regulations, 129–141.
Pounds (£), no space between symbol and preceding figures, 60.
“Pre-,” compounds with, 47–48.
Preface, use of italic in, 62.
Prefixes, “co-,” “pre-,” and “re-,” hyphenization of, 47–48.
Prepositions, capitalization of, in titles of books and essays, 26.
“President,”
capitalization of, 25;
when spelled in full, 68.
“Pretty,” correct use of, 109.
“Professor,” when spelled in full, 68.
Pronouns:
used with noun for emphasis, comma omitted, 8;
referring to Deity, capitalization of, 21.
Pronunciation, correct, influence of, in division of words, 52–54.
Proper names:
capitalization, of, 22–24;
abbreviation of, 66;
derivatives from, familiarly used, not capitalized, 24.
Proper nouns: formation of possessive, 36.
“Propose,” distinguished from purpose, 109.
Prox., not used, 65.
Psalms:
capitalization of titles of, 21;
capitalization of, 22.
“Pseudo,” compounds with, 51.
Publications:
use of colon in titles of literary references, 11;
use of italics for, 62.
Publishers: use of colon separating city of publication and name of, in literary references, 11.
Punctuation:
origin and purpose of, 3;
rules for, 3–19;
of headings of letters, 115;
«открытая» и «закрытая», 3–4.
Punctuation marks:
list of, 2;
after italics to be italic, 64.
Q, inseparable from u, 53.
“Quarter,” compounds with, 47.
“Quasi,” compounds with, 48.
Queries, when bracketed, 18.
Вопросительный знак. См. Знак вопроса.
“Quite,” correct use of, 109.
Quotation-marks:
use of, 16–17;
double and single, 16–17;
in poetry, 16;
in ellipses, 17;
repetition in paragraph beginnings, 17;
in titles of poems, books, etc., 17;
serial titles, 17;
names of ships, 17;
titles of works of art, 17;
слова и фразы, сопровождаемые определениями и специально выделенные, или предназначенные для передачи необычных, технических или иронических значений, 17;
use of colon with, 10;
substitution of dash for, 14;
use of comma with, 7;
use of colon and dash before, 14;
use of exclamation-point with, 15;
capitalization of first word in, 29;
following colon, 30;
use of hair-space inside, 59.
Quotations: indention of, 55.
Races, capitalization of names of, 27.
“Railroad,” to be spelled out, 66.
“Raise,” never used as noun, 109.
“Rarely ever,” vulgarism for rarely, 109.
Rates, postal, 129–132.
“Re-,” compounds with, 47–48.
-re, French ending not used, 36.
Реомюр. См. Термометры.
“Reference,” used with with not in, 109.
References,
capitalization of, nouns, 28;
literary references, 28;
use of colon in scriptural, 11;
italics used in words, phrases, and abbreviations of literary and legal, 64.
«Regard». См. в разделе «Reference».
Regiments, capitalization of names of, 29.
Regions, or parts of the world, proper capitalization of, 22–23.
Registered mail, domestic and foreign, regulations for, 138.
“Relative,” use of the word, 99.
Relative clauses, use of comma with, 6.
Religious terms, capitalization of, 20–22, 26.
Residence, use of comma before “of” in connection with, 7.
Resolutions:
word “Resolved” in, italicized, 64;
слова «Whereas», 26.
“Resolved,” in resolutions,
word following, to be capitalized, 26;
italicization of, 64.
Respect, capitalization of titles of, 25.
«Respect». См. в разделе «Reference».
“Reverend,” always preceded by the, 110.
Reverse indention, 55.
“Revolutionary,” capitalization of, 22.
Roman:
used in medical terms, 64;
in certain words and phrases, literary and legal, 64.
Roman numerals:
use of period after, 12.
См. Числительные.
“Rubaiyat,” plural of rubai, 109.
Running-heads, period not used following, 12.
Salutatory phrase:
of letters, business, formal and informal, 116–118;
use of comma, 7.
См. Фраза.
“Same,” not used as pronoun, 110.
“Same as,” distinguished from just as, 110.
Sarcasm, indicated by use of exclamation-point, 15.
«Scarcely». См. в разделе «Hardly».
“School,” compounds with, 51.
Scientific terms,
capitalization of, 23;
italicizing of, 64.
Scriptural terms, abbreviations of, 90.
Scripture, punctuation of:
comma, 9;
colon, 11;
dash, 13;
spacing of, references, 60.
Seasons, capitalization of, 23.
«Seldom ever». См. в разделе «Rarely ever».
“Self,” compounds with, 47.
“Semi,” compounds with, 48, 50.
Semicolon:
defined, 8, 9;
compared with comma, 9;
placing of, in connection with quotation-marks, 9;
rules for use of, 9;
dividing compound sentences, 9;
separating passages in Scripture references containing chapters, 9;
use of hair-space preceding, 59.
“Sensible of,” distinguished from sensitive to, 110.
Sentences:
first word of, capitalized, 29;
first word after colon capitalized in independent, 29;
connection of, in paragraph, 58.
Serial titles, to be quoted, 17.
“Set,” distinguished from sit, 110.
“Sewage,” correct use of, 110.
“Shall,” correct use of, 110.
«She». См. в разделе «Her».
Shillings and pence, abbreviations, s. and d., italics, 64.
Ships:
names of, quoted, 17;
names of, italicized, 62;
time and watch on board, 161.
“Should,” correct use of, 111.
“Show,” correct use of, 111.
“Show up,” vulgarism for expose, 111.
Side-heads:
capitalization of, 29;
italicizing of, 62.
Signatures,
omission of period after, 12;
italicizing of, 62;
general rules for, 122.
“Since,” correct use of, 111.
-sion and -tion, spelling of words terminating in, 39–40.
“Sister,” compounds with, 47.
“Size up,” vulgarism for estimate, 111.
Small capitals:
how indicated in MS., 30;
rules for, 30.
“So,” correct use of, 111.
Social organizations, capitalization of, 25.
Solar system, capitalization of popular names of, 23.
“Some,” correct use of, 111.
“Some one,” not a compound word, 51
“Some place,” written somewhere, 111.
«Sort». См. в разделе «Kind».
“Sort of,” correct use of, 111.
Sovereigns, abbreviation of names of, 69.
Spaces, examples of, 61.
Spacing:
rules for, 59–61;
uniformity of, 59;
hair-spaces in connection with punctuation marks, 59;
of abbreviated titles, 25, 59–60;
of Scripture references, 60;
of A.M., P.M., etc., 59;
symbols and figures, 60;
at end of paragraph, 60;
in regard to turn-overs, 60;
kerned letters, f and j require hair-spaces, 60;
wide spacing, 60;
examples, dashes and spaces, 60–61;
of abbreviations of railroads, 66.
Special delivery, mail system, 139.
Species, scientific names of:
use of capitals, 23;
italicizing of, 64.
Spelling:
rules for, 31–34;
difficulties and choice of usages, 31;
of decades, ages, centuries, dynasties, 32;
of numbers of military bodies, streets, sessions of Congress, 32;
of numbers, 31–32;
of time of day, 32–33;
use of diphthongs, 33;
rules of orthography, 33–36, see Orthography;
lists of words, — accented words, 37;
participles, 37;
variable endings, -ize, 37–38;
ending in -ise, 38;
ending in -ible and -able, 39;
ending in -sion and -tion, 39–40;
pronounced alike, but varying in meaning according to spelling, 40–44.
“Splendid,” correct use of, 111.
Square measure, table of, 150.
Squares, capitalization of names of, 23.
Standard time:
meaning and explanation of, 142–144;
table of, 144.
Stars, names of, italicized, 64.
“Start,” distinguished from begin, 111.
“State,” capitalization of, 24–25.
States:
spacing of abbreviations of, 60–61;
list of abbreviations of, 77–81.
Statistics, treatment of numbers in, 32.
“Stop,” distinguished from stay, 111.
“Strata,” plural of stratum, 109.
Streets:
capitalization of names of, 23;
numbers of, spelled out, 32.
“Sub,” compounds with, 50.
Subdivisions: in literary references, not capitalized, 28.
Subheads,
omission of period after, 12;
italicizing of, 62.
Subject-matter: separation of, by dash, from its authority, 13.
“Sulpho,” compounds with, 51
“Super,” compounds with, 50.
“Supra,”
compounds with, 48;
italicized, 64.
Surveyors’ measure, table of, 151.
s.v., italicized, 64.
Symbols:
monetary, 90–91;
mathematical, 91–92;
medical, 93;
spacing of monetary, 60.
Tables: box-heads in, omission of period, 12.
“Take,” correct use of, 111.
“Take stock in,” slang expression, 112.
Technical:
use of figures in, matter, 32;
words or phrases, use of quotation-marks for, 17.
Tense, common errors of, 112.
Text of letters: business, formal, and informal, 118–120.
«That». См. в разделе «Which».
“The,” not part of title of magazines and papers, 30.
“Them,” distinguished from they, 112.
“Thermo,” compounds with, 51.
Thermometers, comparative table: Réaumur, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, 148.
«They». См. в разделе «Them».
“This,” not used as adverb, 112.
Thoroughfares: capitalization of names of, 23; numbers of, spelled out, 32.
“Through,” distinguished from finished, 112.
Timber and wood, measures of, 157.
Time:
use of colon between hours and minutes, 11;
of day, when spelled out, 32;
standard, explanation of, 142–144;
on board ship, 161.
Time measure, table of, 151.
-tion и -sion. См. -sion.
Title-pages, capitalization of certain words, 30.
Titles:
capitalization of, 24–26;
of poems, series, and works of art, to be quoted, 17;
of parables (biblical), capitalization of, 20;
of psalms, capitalization of, 20;
use of colon in literary references, 10–11;
capitalization of compounded, 22;
use of comma separating, from names, 6;
of honor, nobility, and respect, capitalization of, 25;
civil and military, capitalization of, 25;
foreign, capitalization of, 25–26;
of books or essays, capitalization of, 26;
of treaties, laws, and acts, capitalization of, 27;
definite article not treated as part of, in newspapers or magazines, 30;
“ex,” “vice,” “general,” “elect,” etc., use of hyphen in connecting, 47;
italicizing of books, newspapers, and periodicals, 62;
abbreviations of, with lists, 68–75;
капитализировать при использовании отдельно, 68–69;
of sovereigns, 69.
“To,” compounds with, 50.
“Too,” correct use of, 112.
“Treat,” followed by of, 112.
Treaties, capitalization of names of, 27.
“Tree,” compounds with, 49.
“Tri-,” compounds with, 50.
Tribes, capitalization of names of, 27.
Troy ounce, uses of the, 154–155.
Troy weight, table of, 150.
“Try,” followed by to, 112.
Two-letter syllables, avoid division of, 53.
“Ugly,” correct use of, 112.
Ult., not used, 65.
“Ultra,” compounds with, 48.
“Un-” (negative prefix), compounds with, 50.
“Under,” compounds with, 50.
“United States,” when abbreviated, 66.
Units of measure, not capitalized, 29–30.
Unity of paragraphs, 57.
“University,” capitalization of, 27.
Unknown quantities: algebraic, geometric, etc., italicized, 64.
v. (versus), set in roman, 64.
“Van,” capitalization of, 25–26.
Verbal nouns, ending in -ing, distinguished from participles, 106.
Verbs, not to be omitted from sentence, 112.
Versions of Bible, capitalization of, 20.
“Very,” correct use of, 112.
“Vice,” compounds with, 46.
Vide, italicized, 64.
“Visitor,” distinguished from visitant, 113.
“viz.,” set in roman, 64.
“Vocation,” distinguished from avocation, 113.
Vocative words,
comma separating, 7;
«O» в отличие от восклицательного «oh», 15.
Вольт. См. Электрические меры.
“Von,” capitalization of, 25–26.
Vowels, rules for division of words based upon, 52–53.
“Want,” correct use of, 113.
Watch on board ship, the, 161.
Ватт. См. Электрические меры.
“Way,” not to be used for away, 113.
Week, days of:
capitalization of, 23;
abbreviation of, 65–66.
Weights:
метрическая система, таблица, 149;
apothecaries’, 150;
avoirdupois, 150;
British, 153;
the Troy ounce, 155;
Indian, 159;
foreign, 160;
and measures, tables and rules for, 149–160.
“What,” distinguished from that, 113.
“Whereas,” in resolutions, use of capital, 26.
“Which,” correct use of, 113.
“Who,” correct use of, 113.
«Will». См. в разделе «Shall».
“Woman,”
compounds with, 49;
правильное использование, См. Джентльмен.
“Womanly,” distinguished from womanish, 113.
Words:
accompanied by definition, to be quoted, 17;
of unusual, technical, or ironical meanings, to be quoted, 17;
specially desired to attract attention, to be quoted, 17;
contraction of, omission indicated by apostrophe, 19;
derived from proper names, capitalization of, 24;
with special meaning, capitalization of, 29;
accented, 37;
произносятся одинаково, но различаются по значению в зависимости от написания, список, 40–44;
foreign, italicizing of, 62–63.
“World,” compounds with, 47.
«Would». См. в разделе «Should».
Wrapping, of mail matter, 132.
X, do not divide on, 53.
Yard measures, table of, 158.
Years, numbers preceding, spelled out, 32.
Zoölogical terms:
capitalization of, 23;
italicizing of, 64.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE.
Транскрибатор создал изображение обложки и настоящим передает его в общественное достояние.
Оригинальное написание и грамматика в целом сохранены, за некоторыми исключениями, отмеченными ниже.
Оригинальные номера печатных страниц показаны справа, например: {52}.
Сноски были перенумерованы 1–32.
Большие фигурные скобки «}», использовавшиеся как графические элементы для объединения информации в двух или более строках текста, были удалены с соответствующей переработкой структуры для сохранения исходного смысла.
В этой книге много необычных символов Unicode; для их просмотра в простом текстовом издании могут потребоваться специализированные шрифты. Изображения многих из них заменены в изданиях html, epub и mobi. Примеры —
На странице 91 математический знак «Разница между» показан в оригинальной книге как глиф, похожий на тильду, воспроизведенный здесь в изданиях html/epub/mobi как изображение из печатной книги. В текстовом издании этой транскрипции используется «≏» (U+224F DIFFERENCE BETWEEN).
На странице 92 глиф «Знак факториала» показан в оригинальной книге как прямой угол, примерно L-образный, с «5», вписанной в угол (печатный пример означает конкретно «факториал 5»). Эта форма явно устарела, и транскрибатору не удалось найти метод представления в Unicode. Поэтому в текстовом издании подставлен код «[∟5]», а в изданиях html/epub/mobi используется изображение.
В фразе на странице 95 «one of those figures, CI, CD, ∞,», оригинальная книга содержала унциальную m, воспроизведенную здесь в изданиях html/epub/mobi как изображение. В простом текстовом издании этой транскрипции вместо нее подставлено «ⅿ» (U+217F, SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND). Этот глиф повторяется на странице 98.
К оглавлению
Страница 60. Второй абзац был напечатан примерно так: «[ . . . ] II Sam. 1:2–6; 2: 8–12.», а именно, с равным пробелом по обе стороны от двоеточия в первом случае и неравными пробелами во втором случае. В этой транскрипции использованы равные пробелы, U+200A (волосяной пробел).
Страницы 65–92. Глава под названием ABBREVIATIONS содержит несколько разделов: по порядку, «DATES», «PROPER NAMES», «TITLES», «6. COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS», «7. GEOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS» и т. д. В этой транскрипции им присвоен код заголовка html «<h3>». К сожалению, в оригинальной книге не было пронумерованных заголовков, соответствующих номерам 1–5, поэтому они отсутствуют и в этой транскрипции. (Там были и остаются пронумерованные абзацы 1–5 без заголовков, но все они относятся к разделу «TITLES»)
Страница 149. В оригинальной таблице «Weights and Measures» первый и пятый столбцы напрямую не связаны с остальными тремя и, возможно, не должны находиться в таблице. Поэтому эти столбцы были удалены из таблицы и переработаны в виде вложенного списка перед таблицей.
Страница 152. Фраза «1 lite» была изменена на «1 liter».
Страница 168, запись в указателе «Compounds, with:»; была добавлена ссылка на страницу 50 для подзаписи «“in”».
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Writer's Desk Book, by William Dana Orcutt