«Фундаментальные принципы цивилизаций Старого и Нового Света»

lotus flower symbol, 379;

Polaris, sphinx, pyramid, Middle, 379;

mummy, Polaris, 380, 383;

Ursa Major, used as a measurer of time, 384;

bull, used as astronomical sign of Ursa Major, king entitled “The Bull,” 385;

Amen-Ra, the supreme, dual god;

king associated with sun, and queen with moon, 389;

hawk-headed god, An, compared with Assyrian, Greek and Mexican gods of the circle or wheel, 401;

Egyptian queen analogous in position to Mexican Quilaztli, 428, 429;

festival of Tekhu, 439;

becomes a Roman province, 440;

cult of dual principles of nature, 441;

summary, 483;

the sacred and tribal tree, 499;

the symbolical use of the column, 513;

Aha-Mena, first historical ruler, was a builder, 532;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Faber, 516.

Fauna and flora of the tertiary period, in Old and New World, 476-479.

Feather, symbol of divinity (Mexican and Maya), 69, 70;

names signify something divine, 129;

Egyptian symbol, 390, 409, 410.

Feathered serpent, origin of use as symbol, 69;

effigies of in Mexico, 70;

used as rebus to express Supreme Being and his earthly representative, 208

(see also Serpent).

Feet of Chinese women, deformation of, 287.

Féjérvary Codex, 178, 187, 235, 250.

Ferlini, 427.

Fewkes, J. Walter, 130, 199, 200.

Figueredo, Padre Juan de, 164.

Finger and toe count=20: 175, 295, 296, 297.

Fire, sacred, Pleiades in connection with kindling, 53;

new, kindling of, 56;

festival of god of, 57;

earliest form under which deity was worshipped, 58, 64, 70;

in Peru, 83;

lighting of, by means of mirror, 83;

god of, associated with sceptre having gold disk, 87;

kindled on body of human victim, 91, 95;

lord of, 127, 128, 214;

feast of in Mexico, 240;

name of one of the four eras since the creation of the world, 253;

symbolical meaning of, 280;

means of producing in Mexico and India, 318;

in connection with cult of Polaris, 319;

worship of in India, 320, 321;

in Parsee religion, 326;

in Babylonia-Assyria, 362;

ceremonial rite, in ancient Egypt, 442;

at New Year festival in Scandinavia, 474;

(in Old World) sacred fire, fire-drill, fire-socket, fire-altars, lord of fire, 494-504, 519, 520, 521;

(in New World) sacred fire, fire-drill, fire-socket, fire-altar, fire-drill god, 504-509;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Five elements in China, 293, 301, 309;

in India and in Greece, 484, note.

Five-day periods, year divided into in Mexico, 292;

in Japan, 310.

Five-dot groups, idea of, 256;

on monolith “Divine Twin,” 260;

on coin found in island of Crete, 457;

on the cenotaph of king Midas, 459.

Fletcher, Alice C., 196, 511.

Flint, Earl, 195.

Flint knife, Tecpatl, in wrappings, symbol of earth-mother, used as sacrificial knife, 55, 56;

on head dress in B. N. MS., 57;

in connection with emblematic vase, 103;

sacred among the Hupa Indians of California, 105;

on sacrificial stone of Mexico, 258;

emblem of generation, 521

(see Tecpatl).

Flood and destruction myths and traditions, 88, 240, 253, 270-275

(see Myths and Traditions).

Flower, as symbol, 101;

four petals, two leaves and stalk, 191;

on Tablet of the Cross, 236;

symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, 278;

recapitulation of meaning of, 284;

lotus in Hindu religion, 314;

or rosette, in Assyrian symbolism, 366;

seven petalled flower on Phœnician tablets, 395;

Egyptian word for=ankh means also “life,” 413;

emblem of Middle, axial rotation and life, 413-420.

Footsteps, in circle, indicating rotation, 90, 279.

Forrer, R., 460.

Förstemann, E., 107, 109, 112.

Four Elements, in ancient religion and symbolism: union of, in sacred rites, 97;

regarded as attributes of Supreme Divinity, 99;

Mexican and Zuñi beliefs and ceremonies, 99-102;

symbolized by calendar signs, 182;

symbols of, on Mexican Calendar Stone, 249-251, 253, 254;

classification of among the Mexicans, Zuñi, and Chinese, 293, 294;

Creator, in Peru and Mexico, named Earth, air, fire and water in One, 494, 510, 529.

Four Quarters, in ancient religion and symbolism: 38, 41, 46;

on shell gorgets, 48, 49;

colors of, represented on feathered serpent, 70;

represented in Mexico by four executive officers, 75, 76;

ancient Yucatan divided into, 85, 86;

in Vienna Codex, 90, 91;

in Borgian Codex, 91;

represented in Caracol or Round Temple of Chichen Itza, 97;

all things divided into, for an indefinite period, finally subdivided, 99;

figured as single sign, 124;

in plan of capital and form of government among Incas, 136, 144;

represented on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;

represented by four limbs of human figure, 174;

symbolized in ancient American games 176, 178;

in Féjérvary Codex, 178;

represented by 20-day period, 179, 180;

lords of, among the Quiches, 182;

colors of, 192;

among Zuñi, 201;

in pyramid temple at Chichen Itza, 208;

idea of, carried out by Quetzalcoatl in the Mexican temples, 209;

ruler of, on Copan stelæ, 220;

meaning of symbol as used among the Maya, 223;

on Copan swastika, 224;

on Palenque tablets, 243;

in Mexican calendar-stone, 250;

designated by colors on monuments in Mexico, 251;

symbolized on monolith “Divine Twin,” 260;

cult of, in Mexico and Peru, 264;

Cortes regarded as Lord of, 266;

in connection with pyramid, 273;

list of symbols connected with, 278;

expressed by pyramid, 282;

in flower symbol, 284;

in Chinese calendar system, 285, 291;

associated with color and the elements, 293;

with parts of the body by Chinese, 294;

with form of quadruped by Zuñi, 295;

in China, 298;

[pg 585] in Japan, 311;

in India, 313;

in Persia, 325;

in Assyria and Babylonia, 332, 333, 337, 357;

in Egypt, 369, 372, 386, 394, 395, 415;

in ancient Ireland, the five kings assigned one to the middle and the others to the cardinal points, 468;

in ancient Britain, 470;

in ancient Scandinavia, 472;

table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, 480-494;

in religious ideas of Old and New World, 517, 539;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Gage, Thomas, 75, 84.

Gallatin, 196.

Gama, Leon y, 96, 186, 246, 252, 256, 260.

Game of ball, represented idea of perpetual motion of the heavenly bodies, 82;

of patolli, description of, 87;

tlachtli and patolli in Mexico, 176, 177, 178.

Garcia, 150.

Garcilaso de la Vega, 132, 133.

Gaul, divided into seven provinces, 493.

Gesenius, 518.

Gensler, Dr., 395.

Ghizeh Museum, 427.

Gibbon, 150.

Gilgamesh epic, 366.

Gillies, John, 487.

Globus, 52.

God C, Maya divinity, 108, 111;

not identical with Polaris, 112.

God L, Maya divinity, 108.

God M, Maya divinity, 108.

Godman, F. Ducane, 120.

Godman and Salvin, 216.

Gomara, 26, 39, 90, 150.

Goodyear, William H., 314, 395, 413, 414, 415, 418, 420, 424, 460.

Goose, in Egyptian symbolism, 398;

in Egyptian, Sanscrit and Hindu religious art, 418;

in the prehistoric art of Greece, Italy, Hallstatt, Gaul, Sweden;

name for in different languages, 419.

Gordon, G. B., 512.

Gottfriedt, J. L., 63.

Government (see Quadruple organization, and Social organization).

Great Plan, stone of, 506.

Great temple of Mexico, 53, 80;

recumbent stone figure on summit of, 96;

contains forty high towers to hold effigies of lords of the Above, 107, 225.

Great Turtle at Quirigua, 234, 240.

Greece, use of checker-board design, 124;

primitive government of, 445;

Athenian culture, 454-459;

summary, 484;

Greek colonies in Egypt, 491;

the symbolic use of the column, 513;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Greek fret, evolution of, on the American continent, 121;

formed by upright and reversed tau, 121.

Griffis, W. E., 310.

Grote, 484, 485, 486, 491, 492, 527.

Guatemala, cult of Polaris, 44;

Cakchiquel Indians, 79, 171;

obsidian mirror as oracle, 82;

ancient capital of, divided into two and four parts, 85;

ancient civilization in, 89;

mushroom-shaped stone figures from, 114;

sculptured slabs resembling image in Inca fable, 153;

Nahuatl language spoken in, 155;

caste division associated with left hand, evidence that Nahuatl was spoken in, 165;

Nahuatl names of four provinces, 172;

stela with symbol of open hand, 184;

numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, 226;

summary, in table of countries, 494.

Gubernatis, Angelo de, 318, 544.

Gudea, 357.

Guiana, symbolism, etc., compared with that of other ancient American civilizations, 224.

Guillemin, Amedée, 162, 163.

Habel, Dr., 154, 156.

Hagar, Stansbury, 480, 510.

Hakluyt, 140, 161.

Hale, Horatio, 196, 198.

Haliburton, R. G., 339, 469.

Hammurabi, 349.

Hamy, Ernest, 114, 174.

Hanan-ayllu, upper lineage in Peru, 133.

Hanan Cuzco=the Above, ruled by the Inca, 133;

division of Inca capital including those of upper class, 140, 164.

Hathor-Isis, Egyptian goddess of whom the queen was the living image, 429-437.

Hawk god, in Egyptian zodiac, 400;

on inscriptions in temple of Denderah, 401;

Egyptian god Horus represented with head of hawk, 402;

used as image of Amen-Ra, 412.

Heaven, or “the Above,” in ancient religion and symbolism:

in conception of cosmos in ancient Mexico, in secret beliefs of Zuñi priests, associated with rising of celestial bodies, 41;

male region, 42, 54, 62, 65;

sacrifices to, 66;

Montezuma living representative of, 71, 72;

in Zuñi ceremonies, 100;

symbolized as air, light and water, 103;

lords of, buried in wooden effigies placed in high towers, 107;

associated with rounded form;

temples were circular, 113;

on lentil-shaped altar at Copan, 114;

in mushroom-shaped stone figures from San Salvador and Guatemala, 115;

peaked mitre worn by lord of, 116;

represented in Mexican ollin-sign by cone, 118;

symbolized by conical stone on which human victims were sacrificed, 118;

Chinese emblem of, 118;

in Moki Indian dance, 119;

in ancient architecture, 119-121;

on clubs from Brazil and British Guiana, 121;

in Peru, 130-146;

in Tiahuanaco, 166;

in Bogota, 171;

represented by human head, 174;

associated with human figure, 184, 185;

in Mexican tree symbolism, 188, 189;

color associated with, 192;

priests represented with beards on sculptures at Copan and Quirigua, 231;

in Mexican calendar-stone, 249;

in “Divine Twin,” 260;

list of symbols connected with, 278, 282;

in China, 284-290, 298, 299, 301, 306, 307, 344;

Hebrew Jehovah called “God of Heaven,” 304, 323, 351;

in India, 314;

in Persia, 325;

in Assyria and Babylonia, 334, 336, 338, 339;

in Egypt, 429;

in Scandinavia, 474;

table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, 480;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Heaven and Earth, union of:

symbolized by human face, 46, 47;

expressed by cross-symbols, 48;

illustrated by double tau-shaped figure, 86;

in connection with Toxcatl festival, 97;

in ancient architecture, 120;

in ancient symbolism 130;

typified by shape of irrigating canals of Peru, 132;

on Copan stelæ, 221;

[pg 586] on summits of high mountains, 283;

in China, 286;

by figure of ocelot and eagle combined, 296;

in Babylonia, 330, 334-346;

in Egypt, 425, 429-438.

Hebrews, 304, 305, 327, 350, 351, 352, 364.

Heliopolis, seat of learning and monotheism in ancient Egypt, 444.

Heraclitus of Ephesus, 452.

Hercules, twelve labors of, 511.

Herodotus, 300, 328, 329, 361, 375, 399, 412, 437, 442-492.

Herrera, 77, 86, 132.

Hesiod, 453.

Hewitt, 453, 480-482, 494-509, 517-524, 565-575.

Hiawatha, 197.

Hieroglyphs, and symbols, on stone monuments of Central America, 218-233;

Yucatan, 234-244;

Mexico, 245-275.

Hilavi, 134.

Hipparchus, 452.

Hippodamus, 486, 516.

Historical Exposition at Madrid, 23.

Ho, ancient name for Merida, on ancient map from Codex Chumazel, 86, 90.

Hochelaga, kingdom of, 197;

Iroquois central capital, 198.

Holcan, title given to war chiefs in Mexico, signifies literally the head of four, 209;

relates to rulership of Four Quarters, 209.

Holmes, W. H., 39-48, 49, 69, 97, 131, 213, 235, 240.

Homer, 451, 452.

Honduras, ancient civilization in, 89, 218;

Peabody Museum Expedition, 512

(see Copan).

Hopi, ceremonial having affinities with the Nahuatl and Maya, 209.

Horizon, western, Nahuatl symbol for=calli, the house, 38.

Horse, sacred animal in Egypt, 409.

Horse-shoe symbol, 106, 107, 108.

Horus, Egyptian God identified with Polaris, 402.

House of the Doves at Uxmal, symbolism of, 131.

Huaca, tribal or household “idol” among the Peruvians, origin of, 138, 139, 140.

Huaxtecans, 64, 125;

Maya colony on Mexican coast, 160, 207, 208.

Huitzilopochtli, tradition concerning, 12;

represented as humming-bird, 26;

connected with Above, the male region, 42;

the traditional leader of the Aztecs, 57;

tradition concerning sister of, 60;

associated with blue color, 62;

represented by Montezuma, 71;

title of, “Heart of the Heaven,” 72;

companion idol to that of Tezcatlipoca in great temple of Mexico, 80;

monolith in Mexico, 245;

statue of, 265.

Human arm, symbol of one of the divisions of state in Mexico, 175.

Human bones, used as rebus, 183;

reason of decoration, 184.

Human breath, symbolism of, 9, 10

(see also Breath).

Human face, used symbolically, 47;

in centre of ollin sign, 54;

on sculpture at Tiahuanaco, 169;

in Mexican calendar, 169;

in Central American sculptures, 221;

in Copan sculpture, 222;

in Mexican calendar-stone, 248;

summary, 281.

Human faces, of silver and mosaic, on necklace of statue, 265.

Human figure, in sacrifice regarded as symbolic of Middle and Four Quarters, 91;

in mushroom-shaped stone figure, 114;

in Vienna Codex, 123;

statue of man and woman, symbolized duality in Peru, 134;

Inca gold image of Creator and of the sun, 135;

image of the State in Mexico, 174;

associated with Four Quarters of the Above, 184;

combined with animal figure, symbol of dual State, 185;

on Copan stelæ, 219-227;

at Quirigua, 231, 232, 233, 234;

in sculpture at Palenque, and in Mexican Féjérvary chart, 235-240;

recapitulation of meaning of symbol;

image of constitution and calendar system;

calendar signs identified with, 282;

seated cross-legged, emblem of stable Centre, 283;

parts of, assigned to cardinal points in China, 294;

in Zuñi, 295;

significance of, in sculpture, 295;

on stela, represented the chief and his term of office, 295;

summary of its use as symbol, 296;

statue of Buddha conveys idea of swastika, also of Centre, 315;

combined with animal in Babylonian symbolism, 335;

winged, bird-headed human figure on Assyrian bas-relief, 366;

in Egypt, 378, 379, 400, 437, 438;

in the island of Crete, 457, 458.

Human fingers, symbol of four officers, 175.

Human foot, symbol of lower division of State, 175.

Human hand, symbol of supplication, 127, 261;

on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;

meaning of, 174;

wooden sceptre in form of, 174;

symbol of capital of State, 175;

on garment of chieftain at Uxmal;

on stela used as name-sign of ruler in Mexico;

symbol of ancient capital in Yucatan;

sceptre in shape of, 184;

symbol of four lords of the Above, 185;

the idea of many hands guided by one head or central power, 186;

symbol of lord or chief, 190;

expressed numeral five, 279;

Egyptian symbol of Centre and Four Quarters, 394.

Human head, on Tablet of the Cross, 236;

as corn cobs on maize plant, 237;

in serpents' jaws on calendar-stone, 257;

portraits or effigies of the dead, 276;

used as symbol of Centre, 279;

on winged bull, 337.

Human heart, symbol employed by Mexicans, Mayas, Quiches, and Tzendals, 71;

extracted from human victim of sacrifice, 91;

emblem of supplication, 127;

in sacrifice, 173, 296;

between 4 squares, symbol for chieftain, etc., 199;

on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261;

of gold on necklace of idol, 265.

Human eye used as star symbol, 279

(see Eye symbol).

Human mouth and teeth, symbolized earth or Below, 281.

Human nose, mystic union of two streams of breath, consecrated by wearing symbolical nose ornament, 282.

Human sacrifice

(see Sacrifice).

Human skull, artificial deformation of, 143.

[pg 587]

Human stomach, in China symbol of Centre;

death by disemboweling practised, 296.

Human thumb, symbol of central ruler, 175.

Humboldt, 297, 301, 319.

Humboldt Tablet, 506.

Humis-katshina, Zuñi dance, tau symbol used in, 119.

Hunter, Annie, 222.

Hupa Indians, 105.

Hurin-ayllo, lower lineage in Peru, 133.

Hurin Cuzco=the Below, 133;

division of the Inca capital including the lower class, 141, 164.

Huron Indians, 196-199, 493.

Huxley, 526, 534.

Hwang-te, Chinese emperor who introduced calendar system, 298, 301.

Idols, represented attributes of divine power, etc., 8;

tribal and household, 138, 139, 140.

Ik, Maya glyph, 225.

Illinois, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, 44.

Imix, Maya glyph, 108.

Incas of Peru, 133;

cult of, 134;

Great Temple of, 135;

gold images of Creator and of the sun, 135, 136;

form of government, based on Centre and Four Quarters, 136;

ancestor worship, 137;

origin of, 151;

use of tree symbolism, 186;

record of male and female ancestry, 186;

gold associated with male element, silver with female, 187;

associated with golden effigy of sun, 264;

advent into Peru, 539;

summary and conclusions, 546

(see also Peru).

India, divisions of year, 291;

astronomical system, 300;

swastika abounds in, 312;

Mithra, Hindu god of the wheel, 313;

Brahmans, Buddhists, 314;

marriage custom, 316;

numerical divisions, 317;

native maps of, 318;

ceremonial mode of producing fire, 318;

Middle, centrifugal power;

quadruple organization, etc., 320;

tree worship, 321;

worship of Polaris, “the pivot of the planets,” 448, note;

summary, 480;

Pythagoras derived his philosophy from, 484;

sacred fire, fire drill, fire altar, 494;

marriage, 498;

the Maghas and Nahushas compared with the Mayas of Yucatan and the Xahuas of Mexico, 509;

the idea of five elements, 526;

active intercourse with seafarers, 541;

cyclical system of, assigned to same period as Constantine's numerical scheme and the calendrical schemes of the Mayas and Mexicans, 542;

summary and conclusions, 514.

Indra, 312.

Initial scroll, in Central American inscriptions, 221, 233.

Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, 79.

Ireland, numerical divisions;

quadruple organization;

dual ruler;

Middle;

Four Quarters;

cosmical round tower;

Seven Churches;

great hall of Tara (midcourt), 468-470;

summary, in table of countries, 493.

Iroquois, social organization, 196;

wampum belts, 197;

numerical divisions, 198;

linguistic affinities with Mayas, 198, 199.

Irrigation, in ancient Peru, 146.

Ishtar, cult of, 342-350;

ring or circle, symbol of, 359, 360;

“axis of the heavens,” female Polaris, 503.

Isis, Egyptian goddess worshipped under form of cow, 406;

in sculpture and symbolism, 421-434;

called daughter of the sun, 440, 441.

Isokrates, 492.

Israelites, 345;

idea of central power;

star-cult developing into monotheism, 352, 353, 355.

Itza, tribe who occupied Chichen-Itza, 206.

Ixion's wheel, 453.

Ixkun, 210, 215, 244;

bas-relief at, 259.

Ixtlilxochitl, 33, 66, 84, 163, 255.

Izamal, ruins of, 214, 217.

Iz-calli, Mexican 20-day period, 240;

festival of “renovation,” 241.

Iztaccihuatl, giant volcano, 275.

Jade, Nahuatl word for, chalchiuitl, 34, 81;

symbol of;

emblem of water goddess, 91;

placed with dead of upper class in Mexico, 195;

jade celts from Nicaragua, 196;

ancient name for pyramid of Cholula, “the monument or precious jade stone of the Toltecs, etc.,” 269;

Chinese word for, significance of, 563, note.

Jaguar, figure of, represented four lords of the Below, 184, 185;

skeleton of, in Mound 4 at Copan, 233;

compared with ocelot, 233;

on Cross tablets at Palenque, 239

(see Ocelot, Puma, Quadruped and Animal form).

Janus, double-faced, probably symbol of double state in Rome, 463.

Japan, junks, 309;

organization founded on plan derived from Corea;

“great Centre of the Earth;”

tradition about North Pole;

compared with China, 310;

Buddhism, 311;

four divisions of population, with Emperor at head;

governed by two rulers, celestial and terrestrial, 311;

swastika;

Shinto religion, 311;

quadruple organization, 311, 312;

summary, 483.

Jastrow, Morris, 327-344, 348, 350, 354, 357, 361-367.

Jensen, 327.

Jerusalem, temples to Baal and altar to Astarte, 350-352;

destruction of, 530.

Jesup expedition to the North Pacific, 534.

Jones, Sir William, 300.

Joyce, 570.

Justinian, 530.

Kaan, Maya word for cord, associated with caan, Heaven, 112.

Kaka or Akaka-kwe, mythic dance drama people, among the Zuñi, 204.

Kan=numeral four, 110;

Maya word for serpent, 112;

Nahuatl word for serpent, 189;

Chinese word for mountain, also for province or ruler, 287.

Kan-asta (Iroquois) frame poles of the council house, 197.

Kanasta-tsi-koma (Iroquois) “the great framework;”

name of Iroquois league, 197.

Katun, period of twenty years marked by sculptured stone, 218, 219, 220, 221.

Kingsborough, 11, 57, 62, 78, 240, 246.

Kin (Maya)=sun, 217.

Kin-ich-ahua, one title of Maya supreme divinity, 36.

Kircher, 485.

[pg 588]

Knight, 470.

Kukulcan, Maya title for Mexican god Quetzalcoatl, 68;

meaning of name=divine serpent, 68, 69;

represented by feathered serpent in Yucatan and Mexico, 69;

tradition concerning, 69;

ruler of Chichen Itza, 69;

assumed offices of four rulers, 69;

established connection between Chichen Itza and Mexico, 93;

compared with culture hero of Bogota, 171;

Maya chief or lord, journeyed to Mexico and was there called, Quetzalcoatl, 206;

actual person, Maya high priest, Mexican culture hero, 207;

brought colony from Yucatan to Mexico, 208;

name signified “divine four,” 208;

title expressed by serpent on Copan stelæ, 220, 223;

represented by monolith “Divine Twin,” 262.

Kulkun, mountain in China, called king of mountains, summit of the earth, etc., 287.

Kushites, myth regarding origin of life, etc., 495.

Kwakiutl Indians, social organization and secret societies, 147;

compared with Maya, Mexican and Peruvian, 148.

Lacedæmon, ancient philosophy of, 487.

Lacouperie, T. de, 300, 302.

Land, conventional symbol of, 123.

Landa, Fra Diego de, 35, 69, 86, 191, 192, 206-220, 242, 281.

Language, differed in male and female communities, 193;

influence on ancient American symbolism, 284

(see Linguistics).

Laoutsze, founder of Taouism, 298, 534.

Laplace, 319.

Las Casas, 67.

Layard, 360.

Lea, Chinese word for Below, 118.

Left-hand;

left-handed was attribute of Mexican god, 12;

consecration of, in Mexico and Peru, 163, 164;

honorific title, 165;

on Copan altar, 228.

Legge, 286, 289, 290, 292, 296, 298, 299.

Lenormant, 566.

Leon, Cieza de, 136, 150.

Le Plongeon A., 93, 95, 184, 214.

Lepsius, 379, 460.

Levier, Emile, 477, 478.

Life of the Indians (same as Hispano-Mexican MS., Biblioteca Nazionale MS., or B. N. MS.).

Linguistics, traces of words associated with archaic set of ideas in Old and New World, 531;

comparative tables of words, Appendix I, 549; and Appendix III, 563.

Lion, sacred symbol in Egypt, 408.

Lizard, skin of, in connection with human sacrifice, and with goddess of earth and underworld, 91, 96, 98.

Lizana, 210.

Lloque Yupanqui, third Inca, 133.

Lockyer, Norman, 13, 14, 20, 162, 252, 376, 377, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386, 400.

Lorenzana, 68.

Lorillard City (see Menché), 210;

sculpture and art of, 234.

Lotus, as symbol in Egypt and India, 314, 320, 379, 413.

Loubat, Duc de, 230, 504.

Luna, Don Jose, 50.

Lunar year, 254.

Lunar periods, 256.

Lunar calendar in Mexico, 297;

in China, 297, 298.

Luschan, Felix von, 332, 356, 357.

Lysicrates, choragic monument of, 127.

Lycurgus, 457, 487.

Maghadas of India, 497.

Maghas of India compared with Mayas, 509;

a Finnic race, 519.

Maghi of Persia, 497.

Magnus, P., 477, 478.

Mahaffy, J. P., 417.

Maize, ceremonial, 78;

symbol of goddess of Earth, 91, 98;

used in ceremonial offerings by Californian Indians, 105;

on earth symbol in codices, 109, 117, 123;

on sculptures at Palenque and Copan, 237, 239, 243;

in Mexican New Year festivals, 241;

cultivation of, in very early times, 272, 275;

legacy of Corn Maidens and Daughters of Earth, 276;

as year symbol, 291.

Maler, Teobert, 184, 212, 213, 214.

Maltaya bas-relief, 359, 360.

Manco, Capac, 133;

founder of Cuzco, 156, 161, 186.

Manché, a tribe of Menché and Palenque, 235.

Mandaite pole-star worship, 321, 322, 556.

March, H. Colley, 23, 24.

Marcianus, 530.

Market stone of the City of Mexico, 245

(see Mexican Calendar Stone).

Marinus, 452.

Maritime intercourse between Old and New World, interrupted for many centuries by interregnum of Polaris, 531;

equatorial currents favoring migrations to New World, 524, 525;

evidence of Græco-Egyptian contact with Mexico, 538

(see Pre-Columbian contact).

Markham, Clements B., 132, 136, 142, 152, 160, 168, 510.

Marriage, in Mexico, sacred rites in connection with, 102;

laws governing, 176;

among the Hindu, 316;

on New Year's day in Babylonia and Assyria, 331, 346;

in ancient Egypt, 441;

festivals, in India and in Mexico connected with worship of Pleiades, 498

(see Heaven and Earth, union of).

Marroquin, 80.

Maspero, 437, 518.

Master builders, ah-men, Maya name for;

aman-teca, Mexican name for, 234;

kinship between those of Central America and Mexico, and the trained builders of cosmical structures in the Old World, 517, 529, 532, 533.

Maudslay, Alfred P., 120, 121, 170, 172, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 227, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239, 504.

Mayapan, capital of confederacy of Mayas, 69;

ancient capital of Yucatan, 86;

Ho, another name for, 206;

Ichpa, another name for, 206;

ancient chronicles, 209, 211;

Cocomes, people of, 211-216.

Mayer's Manual, 285.

Mazahuas or deer people, of Guatemala, 165.

McGee, W. J., 101.

Mecca, “the mother of cities;”

the grave of Mother Eve, 323.

Medhurst, W. H., 285, 289.

Melchites, 530.

Memorial stones, in Copan, 219.

[pg 589]

Men, name of dog in Maya calendar;

means master-builder, artisan, etc., 234.

Menché, ancient ruins of, 215;

“Lorillard City,” 234;

ancient civilization of, 244.

Mendieta, 44, 67, 76.

Merida, modern capital of Yucatan, 68;

ancient name, “Ho,” 85;

figured in ancient map, 86.

Mesopotamia, pole-star worship, 321, 557;

quadruple organization, stable Centre, 322;

seat of various empires, 334.

Mexican Calendar Stone

(see Calendar Stone of Mexico).

Mexican Calendar system

(see Calendar Systems).

Mexican MSS. unpublished, 90.

Mexican Sacrificial Stone

(see Sacrificial stone).

Mexico, number of deities;

same god under several names, 7;

idols, 8;

worship of supreme Creator, 8;

calendar-swastika, 9;

calendar-stone, 12, 13, 95, 245-258, 280;

system of government, origin of, 15;

game, symbolizing axial rotation, 24, 25;

calendar system, 25, 35, 53, 100, 145, 176, 179, 182, 221, 245, 282, 297, 528, 529, 530;

Great Temple of, 58, 83, 90, 96, 107, 225, 507;

City of, divided into four quarters, 83;

built on dual island in dual lake, 84;

ancient map of, 88;

ancient capital of, divided into two halves, 89;

recumbent stone figures bearing circular vessel, 93;

tribal and household “idols,” origin of, 139;

native arms of, 157;

caste division associated with left hand, 165;

origin of human sacrifice, 173;

numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, etc., identical with Peru, Copan, Guatemala, Yucatan, Zuñi, etc., 226;

map of, to be published, 230, 231;

compared with other ancient cultures of America, 235-244;

sun cult and moon cult existing at same time, 264;

dual government at time of Conquest, 266;

cradle of American civilizations, 276;

names of symbols translated from Maya, 278;

swastika symbol found associated with calendar signs, 280;

spider's web as symbol of numerical divisions, 293;

summary, in table of countries, 494;

the sacred and tribal tree, 499;

lighting the sacred fire, 504;

symbols and plan of government compared to those of Old World, 506-524;

numerical divisions on which the cosmical scheme was based, 528;

date when calendar was instituted, 530;

ruder forms of culture, 531;

civilization at time of Conquest indicative of contact with Old World, 538;

period of warfare, pestilence, etc., 539;

resemblance between name of capital (Temistitan), and of Greek philosopher, Themistius, 543;

summary and conclusions, 546.

Meyer's Lexikon, 288.

Micmac Indians, myths about Ursa Major, 510.

Mictlampa, Nahuatl name for the North, 8.

Mictlan, land of the dead, 40, 245.

Mictlantecuhtli, identical with Tezcatlipoca, 8;

lord of the North, 9, 11;

symbols of, 37, 42, 44, 47, 57, 185, 186, 249, 260, 295.

Midas, king of Phrygia, 459.

Migration, from the north, to South America, 224;

caused by desire to find stable centre of the earth, 275;

in Mexico and Central America in twelfth century, 539

(see Migration myths).

Migration myths and traditions: in connection with cult of Polaris, 43;

Peruvian, Mayan, Mexican, 149, 150, 151;

motive of, explained by Zuñi, 201, 202;

Kukulcan driven out of Chichen Itza and journeyed to Mexico, 206;

three brothers came from the West and settled in Chichen Itza, 207;

into Yucatan from the South, 210, 211;

the Mayas came from Tollan in Zu-iva, 217;

the Mexican culture hero came from the East, “the ancient red land,” 525, 528-530

(see Myths and Traditions).

Mikado, 311.

Mill-stone, as symbol, 494-509.

Milne, J. G., 425.

Minotaurus, ruler of island of Crete, 457.

Mirror, of obsidian, 10;

used as oracle among the Cakchiquel Indian of Guatemala, 80;

in sacred edifices;

in great temple of Mexico;

eyes of image of Tezcatlipoca, 80;

symbol of Tezcatlipoca;

oracle of judgment in Mexico and Guatemala;

aid to astronomical observations, 82;

of obsidian, symbol of star-cult;

of polished pyrites, symbol of sun-cult, 83;

in connection with symbolical tree and serpent, 110;

bowl of water, preceded use of, 225;

in Shinto symbolism, 311;

in Egypt, 409.

Mississippi valley, cult of Polaris, 44;

earth-work builders, 50;

early peoples of, in contact with Mayas, 112;

names of cities and tribes showing Maya influence, art resembling that of Mayas, 199.

Missouri, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, 44.

Mit (Egyptian)=death, or the dead, 381.

Mithra, Aryan god of the wheel, 313.

Mitimaes, Peruvian colonists, 149.

Mitla, 244;

recent excavations at, 513.

Moabites, 351.

Mohammedans, 305.

Mol, glyph on Copan altar, 227.

Molina's dictionary, 8, 93, 132, 138, 139, 141, 145, 146, 147, 152, 154, 158, 165, 168, 186, 189, 192, 553.

Monarquia Indiana, 95.

Mongolia, Buddhists of, 315.

Monkey=Ozomatli, Mexican day-sign, 112.

Monophysite doctrine of Eutyches, 530.

Montagua river, 215, 230.

Montesinos, 146, 150.

Montezuma, 34, 43, 54, 60, 61, 67-75, 83, 106, 125, 150, 183, 208, 231, 245, 265, 266, 540, 547.

Moon, associated with cult of night, Earth Mother, the Below, 104;

in Peruvian cult of the Below, 134, 135, 148;

in Bogota, 171;

astronomical attainments of priests of, 180;

in Mexican calendar stone, 250;

image in silver on pyramid at Teotihuacan, 264, 267;

in China, 286, 287, 292;

lunar calendar, 297;

in religion of Persia, 325;

in Babylonia and Assyria, 332, 344, 347;

in Egypt, 389, 424, 438.

Moqui Indians, tau symbol used by, 119.

Morien, 471.

Morse, Edward T., 473, 478.

Mortillet, Gabriel de, 19.

[pg 590]

Mortuary customs in Mexico, placing jade with dead of upper class, and texaxoctli with dead of lower class, 195;

carried northward from the south, 196;

body of Mexican ruler covered with raiment of four principal gods, 209.

Moslems, 324.

Motowori, 575.

Motul, dictionary of, 112.

Mound, symbol of Earth, 110;

in symbolic carving from Brazil or Guiana, 224.

Mound-builders (see “Earth-work Builders”).

Mountain, sacred (see “Pyramid or Mountain”).

Mueller, Iwan, 454.

Müller, Max, 459, 484, 564.

Muluc, Maya division of 4 years assigned to the north, 218.

Mummy, in Egyptian symbolism, 380, 394, 403, 404, 410.

Museums: American, of New York, 234;

Berlin, 380, 417, 423, 424, 426, 427, 457, 460, 507;

Bonn, 464; British, 151, 166, 234, 353, 355-357, 366, 457, 459;

Dresden, 129, 155;

Ghizer, 427;

National, Mexico, 9, 13, 86, 93, 98, 256, 260;

National, Washington, 19, 51;

New Haven, 507;

Peabody, 34, 48, 61, 153, note, 195, 218, note, 512;

South Kensington, 216, 227, 234, 239, 313;

Stockholm, 48; Trocadero, 104, 174, note.

Mushroom-shaped stone figures, from San Salvador and Guatemala, 114;

represent native idea of Above and Below with central ruler of both, 114;

indicate belief in one supreme ruler, 115.

Mussulman, 324.

Muyscas of Bogota, 171.

Myths and traditions: Creation myths

(see separate heading), 54, 55, 56, 105, 138, 200, 223, 313-318, 334, 340, 353, 495;

flood and destruction myths

(see separate heading), 88, 240, 253, 270-275;

migration myths

(see separate heading), 43, 149, 150, 201, 202, 206, 207, 210, 211-217, 525-530;

star cult myths,—Mexican, 11, 12, 25, 26;

American Indian, 511, note;

Turanian, 517, 518;

Mexican, life after death and relative position of man and woman, 38, 39;

Tezcatlipoca cast down from Heaven and arose as an ocelot, 44, 45;

Quilaztli, “woman serpent,” 60-62;

Maya, culture hero, Kukulcan, 69;

suggesting worship of Polaris, 159;

relating to 7-day period among the Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, 182;

Peruvian, concerning the Inca Yupanqui who introduced the worship of the Creator, 152, 153;

relating to ancestors of Manco Capac and the “royal eagle,” 156;

concerning contest between serpent and eagle, compared with similar Mexican tradition, 159;

Japanese, concerning birthplace of Japanese race, 310;

Arabian, Moslem tradition about Heavenly and earthly Kaaba, 324;

astronomical, 465;

Assyrian, relating to planet Venus and god Ishtar, 344;

Greek, about fire-drill, 496, and Ixion, 500;

Rig Veda, origin of fire, 521.

Nahr-el-Kelb, bas-reliefs at, 357;

Esarhaddon stela, 359.

Nahuas of Mexico compared with Nahushas of India, 509, 519.

Nahui-ollin, Mexican symbol, “four movements,” 170;

represents four movements of constellations, 250;

summary of the four-fold divisions of which it was a symbol, 251;

commemorated the four epochs of the world's history, 253;

common to the various ancient peoples of America, 256, note

(see also Ollin).

Nakhunte, king of Susiana, 299.

Naming of children in Mexico and Yucatan, 242.

Navel, name of cosmical centre where human victims were annually sacrificed by Mexican priests=“Navel of the Earth,” 64;

Cuzco called “Navel of the Earth,” 133;

symbol in ancient American art, 296;

in Arabia, 323;

in India, “Navel of the heaven,” 520;

“Navel of the world,” 521.

Navigation, primitive crafts and charts, Ceylon and Karashee, 159, 160;

Peruvian fishing boats of seal skin;

Quetzalcoatl's twin raft of serpent or seal skin;

illustrations in native codices and sculptures, 160

(see also Boat and Maritime intercourse).

Nebuchadnezzar, 365.

Necklace of hearts and hands, on Mexican idol, indicative of supplication, 128.

Neo-platonism, 527.

Nepantla, the zenith, 38.

Nest, in Egyptian symbolism, 398.

Nestorian Tablet, 304.

New Year's Day, in ancient Mexico and Central America, 240-244;

in China, 292;

in Mesopotamia, 321, 557;

in Babylonia and Assyria, 331, 346;

in ancient Egypt, 419, 425-437;

in Scandinavia, 473.

Nezahual coyotl, ruler of Texcoco who erected temple to “Unknown God,” 33, 163;

title, Ome Tochtli=2 rabbit, 180.

Nicaragua, star-symbol on pottery from, 50;

ancient occupation by Nahuatl-speaking race, 158;

jade celts from, 195.

Niebuhr, 514.

Night, priest of, lord of, 82;

sons of, 83;

Egyptian symbol of, a star suspended by thread, 387.

Nimroud bas-reliefs, 366.

Nirvana, in Hindu religion, 315.

Nordenskjöld, Baron Gustav, 119, 230, note.

Norsemen, Eddas, symbolism, celestial tree, 502, 503.

North, symbols of, 10;

sign of, 35;

underworld, 39;

in Cosmos, associated with Tecpatl=flint, red, fire, warmth, 42;

symbol of, 56, 57;

color of, red, 57;

lord of, 57;

female region, 64;

symbol of, in Mexican calendar-stone, 250;

region of the dead, 267;

Maya name and symbol of, 278;

Buddha associated with, 316;

veneration of, in India, 317;

in Egyptian pyramid symbolism, 381;

Babylonian word=akkad, 400.

Nose, grotesque, on sculptures at Copan, Quirigua and Palenque, 240.

Nose ornament, religious idea associated with, 103.

Nott and Gliddon, races of men recognized by ancient Egyptians, 373.

Numbers, sacred, 29, 30

(see Numerical divisions).

Numerical divisions, in sociological and calendrical systems:

[pg 591] in Mexico and Central America, 29, 62;

in Peru, 144, 147, 167;

in Guatemala, 164, 171, 179;

represented by human figure, 174, 175;

in Mexican government, 179, 181;

carried northward from the south, 196;

in Huron Confederacy, 198;

among the Zuñi, 201;

in Yucatan, 209, 218, 223;

at Chichen Itza, 212, 213;

in Copan, 221, 226, 228, 229;

in symbolic carving from South America, 224;

in Quirigua, 232, 233;

in Mexican Calendar stone, 248, 256;

on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261;

in China, 286, 292, 302;

Mexican compared with Chinese, 297;

in Japan, 310;

in India, 313, 320;

in Persia, 325;

in Assyria, 328, 348, 358, 360;

in Egypt, 368-376;

in cyclical systems of Egyptians, Hindus, Chinese, Mexicans, Mayas and Greeks, 450;

in ancient Rome, 464;

and Greece, 484;

in ancient Ireland, 468-470;

Britain, 470;

Wales, 471;

Scandinavia, 471, 472;

table of countries in which used, 480-494;

Plato's “divine polities” compared with scheme of organization in Mexico and Peru, 509;

summary, as shown in Yucatan and Mexico, 528;

chief ruler called “Four in One,” 529;

apparent survival in early Christian religion, 536-538;

in Plato's and Inca's scheme of state, 539;

in Constantine's plan, and in Maya and Mexican calendars, 542, 543;

analogies and divergences, American divisions agree with Greek but differ from Chinese, 546.

Nutt, David, 451.

Nuttall, Zelia, work on the Atlatl, 34;

on the Mexican Calendar system, 7, 53, 244-247.

Obsidian mirror

(see “Mirror”).

Ocelot, Tezcatlipoca took shape of, 8;

in Mexican mythical drama, 12;

of nocturnal sky, 35;

in Mexican codices, 44;

at Tiahuanaco, 166;

title of one division of Mexican warriors, 167;

man with beast (ocelot or jaguar,) symbol of dual State in Yucatan, 185;

title of minor rulers in Yucatan, 185;

man-ocelot and man-bird, represented rulers of two divisions of state in Mexico, 185;

or tiger, warrior-caste of Mexico, 212;

skin of, worn by high-priest in Copan and Quirigua, 231, 233;

totem of the Fire people in Mexico, 254;

symbolized cult of Earth, as opposed to bird, symbol of cult of Heaven, 282;

symbol of State in ancient America, 295, 296

(see also Jaguar, Puma and Quadruped).

Ocna, a Maya festival, 242.

Octli, name of native wine, 78;

pulque, 101;

earth-wine, indicated by figure of rabbit, 103.

Octli-gods, agents of the Cihuacoatl, 78;

rain gods, 96;

rain-priests, 101;

priests of the earth, emblem of=vase filled with rain or earth-wine, 107;

monkey intimately connected with, 112.

Odin, Scandinavian king and deity, 471;

Norse “ruler of Heaven,” 473.

Ohio valley, ancient earth-work builders in contact with ancient Mexicans, 50;

art resembles Maya, 199;

swastika symbol associated with serpent symbol, 280.

Ojibway Indians, 511, note.

Oldenburg, 484.

Old World, fire-drill, fire altar, sacred fire, oil press, millstone, axial rotation, etc., 494-504;

civilizations compared with New World, 504-609, 525;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Oliva, Padre Anello, 132, 150, 154, 156, 157, 164.

Oliver, G., 484, 485.

Ollin, in Calendar-stone, 12, 13, 14, 15, 54

(see also Nahuiollin).

Olmos, Friar Andreas de, 54, 189, 190, 195.

Olympic Games, marked cycle or period, 485.

Omacatl, associated with water, 81.

Omaha Indians, measured time by Ursa Major, 511, note.

Ome Tochtli Ixtlilxochitl, 163.

Ondegardo, Polo de, 132, 141, 148.

O'Neil, 448, 449, 451, 468, 469, 471, 472, 547, 568, 570, 572, 574.

Oriental Congress, 544.

Orientation, 42;

of Copan and Quirigua the same, 230;

of temples at Palenque, 235;

diagonal, in Egypt and Central America, 372, note;

Egyptian pyramids faced the north, and the pole-star, 382;

temples in Lower Egypt faced to the North; in Upper Egypt to the South, 383.

Origin of American civilizations, 543;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Orizaba, giant volcano, 275;

ancient name, Citlal-tepetl=Star Mountain, 275, note.

Ozomatli, monkey;

Mexican day-sign, 112.

Pacha-Yachachi, Inca name for Creator, 135.

Painting, in connection with symbolism, 114;

of body and face in Peru, Mexico and Yucatan, 192, 193

(see Color).

Palenque, Palace House with tau-shaped recesses, 121, note;

character of stelæ, 215;

study of monuments, 234-239;

same cult as Quirigua and Copan, 240;

tablets, tribal registers, 243;

tablet, in “Temple of the Sun,” likened to Mexican Sacrificial stone, 259.

Palestine, cult of Astarte and Baal, and monotheism of the Israelites, 345.

Pan, feast of, 442.

Pantheon, 515.

Panuco, Maya colony established at, 125, 207, 208, note.

Papa, name of Mexican Priest, 39.

Papakhu, name of inner sanctuary of Babylonian and Assyrian temple, 330, 331.

Papalotl, butterfly, 39.

Parry, Francis, 104.

Parsee religion, worship of fire as outcome of pole-star worship, 326.

Parturition, symbolized by shell, 95;

by snail, 111.

Path of the Dead, ancient road leading to Pyramid of the Moon, 267.

Patolli, native Mexican game, 87;

symbolized social organization, 176, 177.

Paz Solden, 150.

Peabody Museum, 34, 48, 61, 153, note, 195.

Peabody Museum Honduras Expedition, 218, note, 512.

Pedregal de San Augustin, ancient lava-field in City of Mexico, 271.

Peking, contains temple to North Star God, 284

(see China and Polaris).

[pg 592]

Peñatiel, Antonio, 262.

Perez, 109.

Perrot and Chipiez, 421.

Perry, John, 547.

Persia, ancient religion of;

swastika;

seven divisions of Cosmos, four-fold rule, 325, 484.

Peru, worship of Pleiades, 53;

sacred fire, 83;

use of checker board design, 124;

light and dark colors used to designate the Above and Below, 130;

irrigating canals in symbolic form, 132, 146;

outline of civilization, 132;

stone monument typifying duality, 134;

knowledge of Creator, 135;

form of government, 136, 137;

tribal and household “idols,” 138, 139, 140;

four rulers, 141;

classification of people, 142;

“white virgins,” title given to upper class maidens;

“black virgins,” lower class;

caste;

deformation of skulls, 143;

ceremony for driving out sickness, 144;

Above, Below, Centre and Four Quarters, 144;

ceremony illustrating rotation, 145;

religious festivals, 146, 147;

civilization from the north, 150;

prehistoric ruins, 151, 156;

Inca fable, 152;

compared with symbolism of sculptured slabs in Guatemala, 153, 154, 155, 156;

linguistic affinities between Quechua and Maya and Nahuatl, 158, 159;

Polaris;

navigation, 159, 160;

worship of “Creator” (Polaris) superseded sun and moon cults, 161, 164;

caste division associated with left hand, 165;

ruins of Tiahuanaco, 165-169;

symbols compared with those of Mexico and Central America, 170;

summary, 494;

scheme of government compared with Plato's “divine polities”, 509, 539;

summary and conclusions, 546.

Petrie, Flinders, 375, 380, 404, 425, 439, 461, 483, 491.

Pheidon of Corinth, 486, note.

Pherecydes, the Phœnician teacher of Pythagoras, 526.

Philolaus, 485, 527.

Phœnicians, cult of Astarte, 345;

a northern race, called Turanians, 517;

navigators, 519;

worshipped serpent, fire-drill and the Pleiades;

called the “red men,” 521;

tradition indicates their migration to the New World, 524, 525, 528-535;

evidence of their influence, 538-541;

allied to Semitic race, 540, note, 541, 543;

summary and conclusions, 546.

Pig, sacred animal in Egypt, 409.

Pigmy races, traditions of, 339.

Pillar, worship of (see Column).

Pilli, Mexican title, 74;

meaning “fingers,” title of minor lords, 282.

Pilquixtia, a Mexican festival, 240.

Pinches, Mr., 357.

Plato, 346, 444-451, 467, 486-490, 509, 527, 529, 539, 546.

Plato's “Divine Polities,” identical with scheme of government in ancient Mexico and Peru, 509, 539.

Pleiades, study of, by primitive peoples, 52;

on Society Islands, 52;

in Mexico, 53;

in southern America, 53, 54;

on Mexican Calendar-stone, 252;

in Chinese calendar, 296;

in Babylonia and Assyria, 338 (see Polaris, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor);

worship of, in India and Mexico;

in connection with New Year and marriage festivals, 498.

Plotinus, 527.

Plutarch, 441, 452, 488.

Polar constellations, chart of, 16.

Polar regions, both hemispheres originally peopled from, 531.

Polaris, the author's observation of, 7;

primitive man's study of, 14, 15;

Draconis, as pole-star;

apparent immovability;

means of determining direction;

supernatural power, 21; worship of;

centre of axial energy, 22;

Mexican Calendar system suggested by, 25;

numerical value of, 30, 31;

centre of cosmic system, 40, 41;

changes in relative positions of, 42;

ceased to be brilliant and immovable about 500 B.C. to 1200 A.D., 43;

cult of;

migrations from south to north, 43;

spread of cult in Mexico, Yucatan, Honduras, Guatemala, Peru;

also, in Mississippi valley, as indicated by carvings on shell gorgets, 44;

symbols of, analogous to cross and star symbols on shell gorgets from Tennessee, 48, 49, 50;

suggestions of cult among the Eskimo, 50;

represented by star symbols and swastika on pottery from Arizona and Nicaragua, 50;

in connection with cult of Earth and Night, 54;

represented by Montezuma on his throne, 72;

not identical with God C, 112;

as centre of rotation in Zuñi emblem, 129;

as a guide in navigation between Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, 159;

between Ceylon and Karachee, 159, 160;

cult superseded sun and moon cults in Peru, 161;

invisible at Cuzco;

Inca worship of the invisible Creator, 161;

Yoal-tecuhtli, Mexican lord of the Night;

title of Polaris, 181;

producer of life and regulator of the universe;

tecpatl (flint knife) symbol of, 183;

in connection with tree symbolism;

title, “Heart Of Heaven,” 189;

among the Zuñi, 202;

at Copan, 222, 224;

reflected in bowl of water=Creator, 225;

in Shakespeare, 247;

represented central face in Mexican calendar-stone, 250;

Calendar-stone based on observation of, 257, note;

in connection with pyramid, 273, 274;

in connection with swastika symbol, 276;

Maya name, Ek-chuah, patron divinity of travellers and traders, 278;

North Star God, temple to, in Pekin;

Chinese name=Teen-hwang-ta-tee, literally the great imperial ruler of Heaven, 284-287, 291, 295;

in work of Confucius, 298;

in Chinese Taouism, 301, 302;

Hebrew Jehovah, having same title, “God of Heaven,” 304;

in India, 316, 318, 319;

in Mesopotamia, 321;

in Arabia, 324;

linguistic affinity between name of Polaris, and word for capital and for north, in Babylonia, 325;

Phœnician name=the serpent, 325;

in Persia, 326;

in Babylonia, “lord or king”, “Great Mountain,” 329;

cult of, in Assyria and Babylonia, 332-339;

among the Israelites, 352;

in Babylonia, highest form developed into monotheism, and lowest form into cult of Ishtar and Bel, 353;

represented in Babylonian temples by a fire in centre of square altar, 362, 363;

Euphratean star-worshippers, 364;

high development of cult in Egypt, 368, 376-382;

Egyptian mummy, image of, 386;

Egyptian names for, 398, 401-403;

in Egyptian religion and symbolism, 403, 404, 409, 410, 415, 421, 423;

in [pg 593] India, called the “pivot of the planets,” 448, note;

in Arabia, “the hole where the earth's axle found its bearing,” 448, note;

in ancient Greece, 450-453;

Greek Polos, a star revolving on itself, 453, 454;

indicated by cross symbol before the use of swastika, 461;

called by early Danes and Icelanders, “throne of Thor” or “smaller Chariot,” 473;

called by Finns “Taehti=star at the top of the heavenly mountain,” 473;

among the ancient Scandinavians and their descendants the Vikings, 474;

circumpolar region, probable birth-place of cult, 475;

table of countries in which traces of cult have been found, 480;

associated with use of fire-drill in Old and New World, 494;

among Hindus, 498;

Greek Ixion, 500;

Assyrian goddess Ishtar called the “axis of the heavens,” female Polaris, 503;

figured by wooden or stone socket from which fire and water flowed to the four quarters, 503;

pole-star god of the Hindus compared with fire-drill god of Mexico, 505;

the Mexican pole-star god compared with the Hindu, Greek, Norse, Russian, etc., 505;

Old and New World, 517;

Phœnicians steered by, from earliest times, 523, 525;

interval of time when the pole star ceased to be conspicuous, 525;

maritime intercourse interrupted, 531;

reappearance of, 538;

summary and conclusions, 544;

Mesopotamian prayer meeting of star-worshippers (Appendix II), 557.

Popocatepetl, volcano, Mexico, 275.

Popol-Vuh, sacred book of the Quichés, 72, note, 113, 270.

Popular Science Monthly, 478.

Porto Rico, stone objects from, 118;

cult of aborigines, 118.

Powell, J. W., 288, note.

Powers, Stephen, 105.

Pre-Columbian contact indicated by same cosmical divisions and scheme of government in Old and New World, 480-504;

same symbolism, etc., 509-544;

traditions indicate, 525, 528, 529, 530;

question of contact between China and America, 534;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Prescott, 541.

Pritchard, W. T., 290.

Proctor, Richard A., 162.

Propitiation, origin of, 177.

Ptolemy, 452.

Pueblo Indians, use of tau, 119;

associate step pyramid with rain, 132;

affinities with Mexican and Maya, 199;

corn maidens, 276.

Pullé, Mr., 318.

Pulque, in connection with cult of earth-mother, 193

(see Octli).

Puma, four heads terminating arms of swastika at Tiahuanaco,

(see Quadruped, Ocelot and Jaguar).

Putnam, F. W., 50, 196, 199, 545.

Pyramid or sacred mountain:

culmination of symbolism of cone, 118;

in mountain worship, 132;

Maya word for, 191;

Lord of the Mountain a sovereign title among the Quiché, 211;

origin and significance of, 251;

typified numerical divisions, 252;

on statue “Divine Twin,” 262;

origin attributed to the Maya speaking people;

at Teotihuacan, 263;

interpretation of affix “can” in names of Mexican and Maya towns, 263, 264, 266, 268;

image of central, dual and quadruple power, 269, note;

of Cholula, ancient name for, means “the monument or precious jade stone of the Toltecs, etc.,” 269;

erected as place of refuge from inundations, 272;

symbol of Central power, and quadruple organization, 274;

same as expressed by swastika, 274;

of Cholula, marks the site of great and ancient Tollan, 275;

as symbol of Centre in Cosmos, 277;

meaning of symbol, 282, 283;

in Chinese symbolism and social organization, 287, 288, 333;

in Japan, 310;

in Hindu religion, 317;

in Babylonia, 328;

star god called “Great mountain,” 329;

identical with god in Babylonia and in Assyria, 333;

Hebrew god, Yahwe, worshipped on Mount Sion, 351;

Jerusalem founded on Mount Zion, 352;

holy mound symbol of god Shamash of Assyria, 356;

central deity of Babylonia called “the great mountain,” 367;

in Egypt expressed a whole divided into four parts, 371;

miniature of cosmos, 379, 380;

seven-storied pyramid of Sakkarah, Egypt, 381, 386;

of Begerauie, 427;

“holy mountain of God” Book of Prophet Ezekiel, 449, note;

the chief idol of Ireland was called Cenn Craich (mound-chief), 469;

form of letter delta in Greek Alphabet, 511;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Pyramid temple at Chichen Itza, 207, 208.

Pyrites, mirror of, used as symbol of sun-cult, 83.

Pythagorean philosophy, 484-488, note, 515, 526;

Neo-Pythagorism, 527.

Quadruped, meaning of use as symbol, 282;

represented Zuñi state and subdivisions, 295;

illustrated by Alligator altar at Copan and by “Great Turtle” at Quirigua, also by tortoise in China, 296, note

(see Ocelot, Jaguar and Puma).

Quadruple organization, in cosmos, and scheme of government:

origin of idea, 15;

Maya, Mexican, and Zuñi, 41, 42;

expressed in cross symbols, 47-54;

Mexico divided into four parts, 83;

at time of Conquest, 75, 76;

in ancient map of Yucatan, 86;

in ancient map of Mexico, 88;

in Inca empire, 136, 144;

in Guatemala, 171, 172;

in Bogota, 171;

among the Tzendals, 180, 181;

Quiché, 182;

in Yucatan sculptures, 185, 186;

in tree symbolism, 187, 192;

carried northward, 196;

in Huron Indian Confederacy, 198;

among Zuñi, 201;

in Maya and Mexican traditions, 208, 209;

in Yucatan, 218, 223;

at Copan, 226, 228;

at Quirigua, 232;

at Palenque, 236;

Palenque, Peru, Guatemala, Yucatan, Mexico and Zuñi compared, 244;

regulated by Calendar Stone, 245, 247, 254;

in connection with pyramid building, 272, 273-282;

in China, 286, 291;

represented by human figure, 296;

China and Mexico compared, 297;

in Japan, 310-312;

in India, 313, 318, 481;

in Mesopotamia, 321;

in Persia, 325;

in Assyria, 332-337, 335;

in ancient Egypt, 371, 372, 399;

in Greece, 454;

indicated first by cross symbol and later by swastika, 461;

in ancient Rome, 463;

in ancient Ireland, 468;

in ancient Britain, 470;

in Scandinavia, 472;

[pg 594] table of countries where traces are found, 480-494;

comparative review, 509, 510;

in cruciform structures at Copan and Mitla, 512, 513;

chief ruler called “Four in One,” 529

(see also, Numerical Divisions).

Quauh-Cihuatl=the Eagle woman, Mexican title, 60.

Quetquetzalcoa, plural of Quetzalcoatl, title of his successors, 70, 97, 98.

Quetzal, feathers of, carved on feathered serpent, 70;

exhibiting colors of Four Quarters, 70;

used as Mexican symbol of beloved chief or child, 190;

totem at Palenque, 236, 237;

totem at Copan, 237;

(see also Bird).

Quetzalcoatl, invocation to;

Creator and maker, twin lord and twin lady, 32;

“wheel of the winds,” 33;

the divine twin, centre of cosmos, 42;

other names for;

myth concerning, 55;

an actual person who came from Yucatan, 67;

ruled in Chichen-Itza, 68;

Maya title=Kukulcan, 68;

in Mexico supreme god, also god of fire, and of the four winds, 70;

successors to, 71;

was driven from Tullan by enemies, 88;

established connection between Chichen-Itza and Mexico, 93;

recumbent figure of, in temple of city of Tula, 95;

sacrifices to, 96;

god of the winds, 96;

built Caracol or Round Temple at Chichen-Itza, 97;

Round Temples in Mexico dedicated to, 97;

divine twin, 126;

on sculptured slabs from Guatemala, 154, 157;

his craft called “serpent or twin raft,” 160;

another name for Maya lord, Kukulcan, 206;

brought colony from Yucatan to Mexico, 208;

important historical person, 208;

Tollan abode of, 217;

compared with figure on Copan sculpture, and with priest in Zuñi creation myth, 223;

figured with beard, in Mexican codices, 231;

monolith “Divine Twin,” 260, 262;

image of, in temple of Cholollan, 270;

temple at Tula, 294.

Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, title of high priest in service of Huitzilopochtli, 71;

also title of Montezuma, 71.

Quiché, Supreme Divinity of, 71, note;

Sacred book of, 72, note;

totems, 164, note;

numerical and social system, illustrated by tradition, 182;

compared with Zuñi, 182;

“Lord of the Mountain” title, 211;

affix in name, ché, Maya word for tree, 235;

used day and year signs as personal and tribal names, 253;

traditions of destruction of earth, 270.

Quilaztli, sister of Huitzilopochtli, myth concerning, 60;

the mother of all, same as Cihuacoatl, 61, 67;

compared with Egyptian queen, 428.

Quirigua, sister city to Copan, 210;

ancient monuments, 215, 216, 218, 223, 229;

social organization same as that of Copan, 230, 231, 232;

totemic animals and symbolic colors, 233;

“Great Turtle,” 234, 240, 296, note;

stelæ as memorial stones of high priest rulers, 512;

remnants of old civilization, 528.

Ra, Egyptian word for God, 409.

Rabbit (tochtli), 78;

Mexican calendar sign;

symbol of earth and reproduction, used to represent sound of word, octli, 78;

figure of, indicates sacred octli or earth-wine, 103;

in Nahuatl picture writing, 125;

the rebus for earth-wine or rain, 506.

Rabinal, 172.

Rain, Tlaloc, god of, 78, 81;

figured with scrolls about the eyes, 95;

symbols, 96;

lords, four hundred in number, sacred vase, emblem of, 102;

Zuñi rain-makers, 132;

rites practised on summits of pyramids, 283;

ancient festival described in the Brahmanas, 496, 497;

symbolized by rabbit, 506.

Rattlesnakes, on monolith “Divine Twin,” 261.

Raven, or summer people among the Zuñi, 201.

Rawnsley, 491.

Rays, carved on Calendar stone the idea of, 255.

Read, C. H., 166.

Recumbent stone statues, 93-96, 185, 214.

Recurved staff or sceptre, 34.

Red land, in name of Mexican city Tlapallan, and of Chichen (Itza), 68;

“the great ancient red land” in the East, 525.

Red man, origin of title, 193;