«Закат Европы: Форма и действительность»

Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, painting, 283;

ease, 292

Time, and historical morphology, 6;

and history, problems, 49, 95, 103, 158;

and direction, 54, 56;

and mathematics, 64, 125, 126;

enigma, as word, effect of naming, 79, 121-123;

direction and extension, 99, 172;

and destiny and causality, 119, 120;

unawareness, 122;

mechanical conception, 122;

“space'“space of time”, 122n.;

and Relativity, 124n., 419;

and space, scientific explanation, counter-concept, 124-126, 170;

ahistoric and historic drama, cultural basis, 130;

cultural symbolism of clock, 131, 134;

and cause and incident, 142;

as feeling, 154;

and nature, 158, 387-391;

past and transience, 166;

direction and dimension, 169n.;

and depth, 172, 173;

and imitation and ornament, 193-195, 197;

direction and will, 308;

direction and aim, 361.

См. также Становление; Судьба; История; Пространство

Time of day, cultural attitude, 324, 325

Tintoretto, background, 239

Tiresias, cult, 185

Tirso de Molina, and unities, 323

Tiryns, funeral customs, 135

Titian, period, 108;

technique, brushwork, 221, 249;

and Raphael, 227;

and colour, 242, 252;

and popularity, 243;

portraits as biography, 264;

and body, 271;

Baroque, 274;

impressionism, 286;

современники, табл. ii

Title, symbolic importance, 408n.

Toleration, cultural attitude, 343, 404, 410, 411

Tolstoi, Leo, and Europe, 16n.;

provincialism, 24;

on notion of death, 166;

philosophy, 309

Totem, side of art, 128. See also Religion; Taboo

Трагедия. См. Драма

Trajan, analogy, 39;

and Arabian art, 211;

forum, 215;

современники, табл. iii

Transcendentalism, Western, 311

Transience, notion, 166

Trecento, so-called Renaissance, 233n.

Trent, Council of, Jesuit domination, 148;

and Western Christianity, 247;

and church music, 268n.;

and Western morale, 348

Тригонометрия, современники, табл. i. См. также Математика

Trinity, as physical problem, 383

Trojan War, and Crusades, 10n., 27

Troubadours, imitative music, 229

Truth, relativity, cultural basis, xiii, 41, 46, 60, 146, 178-180, 304, 313, 345

Чарвака, современники, табл. i

Tsin, contemporaries, 37, table iii

Turfan, Indian dramas, 295

Turgot, Anne R. J., economic theory, 417

Тоскана. См. Флоренция; Возрождение

Tusculum, battle, 349n.

Twelfth Night, 325

Twilight of the Gods, Christian form, 400

Tyche, as deity, 146

Tzigane music, improvisation, 195

Uhde, Fritz K. H. von, and religious painting, 288n.

Ulm Minster, as model, 224

Unities, dramatic, Classical and Western attitude, 323

Вселенная, культурное отношение, 330-332

Упанишады, современники, табл. i

Usefulness, cult, 155, 156

Uzzano bust, Donatello’s, 272

Vaishnavism, 136n.

Валкашика, современники, табл. i

Valhalla, conception, 186, 187;

history, 400;

and unitary space, 403

Valkyries, and unitary space, 403

Valmy, battle, Goethe and significance, 149

Van Dyck, Anthony, musical expression, 250

Varangians, movement-stream, 333n.

Varro, M. Terentius, classification of gods, 11;

on religions, 394

Varyags, movement-stream, 333n.

Vasari, Giorgio, on imitation, 192

Vase-painting, Classical, and time of day, 226, 325;

Renaissance, 237

Vatican, Raphael’s frescoes, 237, 279;

Michelangelo’s, 263, 275, 395

Vaux-le-Vicomte, park, 241

Vector, concept and Baroque art, 311;

and motion, 314

Vedanta doctrine, 352, 355;

современники, табл. i

Vedas, homology, 111;

современники, табл. i

Vegetarianism, and Civilization, 361

Velasquez, Diego, musical expression, 250;

and body, 271;

period, 283;

as religious, 358

Venice, and Arabian Culture, 211, 216, 235;

art ascendency, 224;

school of painting, 227, 281;

music, 230, 236, 282;

and Renaissance, 273.

См. также Тициан

Venus and Rome, temple, 211

Verlaine, Paul, autumnal accent, 241

Vermeer, Jan, technique, 221;

colour, 251, 253;

period, 283

Веронезе, Паоло. См. Паоло

Verrocchio, Andrea, sculpture, Colleone statue, 235, 238, 272;

goldsmith, 237;

and portrait, 271;

anti-Gothic, 275n.

Versailles, park, 241

Vesta, materiality, 403

Viadana, Lodovico, music, 230

Vienna, master-builders, 207;

chamber music, 232

Vieta, François, significance of algebraic notation, 71

Vignola, Giacomo, architecture, liberation, 87, 313, 412

Village Sheikh, statue, 265

Violin, as Western symbol, 231, 252n.

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene E., and restorations, 254n.

Virtue, cultural concepts of manly, 348. See also Truth

Vishnu, and Krishna, 136n.

Vision, and history and art, 95, 96, 102, 142

Vitruvius, and arch and column, 204

Völuspá, unitary space, 185. See also Eddas

Voltaire, contemporary mathematics, 66;

and imperialism, 150;

современники, табл. i

Voluntas, meaning, 310n.

Vulturnus, materiality, 403

Wagner, Richard, sensuousness, 35;

and popularity, 35, 327;

foreshadowing by, 111;

modernity, 111;

and imagination, 220;

end-art, 223, 425;

impressionism, and endless space, 282, 286, 292;

and form and size, 291, 352;

striving, 292;

and psychology, 319;

and Civilization, 352;

character of Nihilism, 357;

irreligion, 358;

nebulous aim, 363, 364;

and lie of life, 364;

and Nietzsche, 370;

and socio-economic ethics, 370, 372, 373;

forest-longing, 397

Wallenstein, Albrecht von, horoscope, 147;

современники, табл. iii

Walther von der Vogelweide, lyrics, 324

Ван-Чэн, современники, табл. iii

Wang Hü, imperialism, 37

Вашингтон, Джордж, современники, табл. iii

Washington, D. C., contemporaries, 112

Wasmann, Rudolf F., act and portrait, 271n.;

and grand style, 289

Watteau, Jean A., period, 108;

“singing” picture, 219, 232, 283;

colour, 246, 247, 253;

современники, табл. ii

Way, as Egyptian prime symbol, 174, 189, 201

Wazo of Liége, Bishop, as warrior, 349n.

Wedgwood ware, and Sèvres, 150n.

Weierstrass, Karl T. W., on poetry in mathematics, 62;

and time, 126

Weimar, culture city, 29, 139

Weininger, Otto, position in Western ethics, 374

Western Culture, clock and bell as symbols, 14, 15n., 131, 134;

mathematic, function, 15, 62, 68, 74-78, 87-90;

irrational idea of historical culmination in, 16-20, 39;

provincialism, 22-25, 39;

Classical contemporary of present period, 26;

destiny, acceptance, 32, 37-41, 44, 336;

philosophy of decline, 45, 46;

Мировая война как тип перемен, 46-48;

бесконечное пространство как прасимвол, выражение в искусстве, 81, 86, 87, 89, 174-178, 184-187, 198-201, 224, 229-232, 239-242, 281-285, 337;

and popularity, 85, 243, 326-328, 362;

historic basis, destiny-idea, 97, 129, 130, 133-135, 143, 145, 363;

morphological aspect, 100;

dramatic form, 129;

expression of soul, portrait, 130, 260-266, 304;

and care and sex, 136;

attitude toward state, 137;

economic organization, 138;

religious expression, 140, 185-188, 312, 398-401;

Franco-Spanish period of maturity, 148, 150n.;

English basis of Civilization, 151, 371;

final test of foreseeing destiny, 159;

birth of soul, attributes, 167, 183;

литературное выражение, 185-188;

art-work and sense-organ, imagination, 220;

secularization of arts, 230;

form and content, 242;

position of sculpture, 244;

colour symbol, 245-247, 250;

brushwork as symbol, 249;

unity, 252;

и материнство, 266-268;

languages, 302n.;

как культура воли, 308-312;

and time of day, 324;

значение астрономии, 330-332;

и открытие, 332-337;

аспекты этики, 367-369;

culture and dogma, 410;

духовные эпохи, табл. i;

эпохи искусства, табл. ii;

политические эпохи, табл. iii.

См. также Искусство; Цивилизация; Культуры; История; Природа; Политика; Дух

Вейден, Рогир ван дер. См. Рогир

Wilhelm, Meister, painting, 263

Will, free will and destiny, 140, 141;

unexplainable, 299;

as Western concept, 302, 304, 308-313;

and reason, 308;

and Western concept of God, 312;

and character, 314;

and life, 315;

and Western morale, 341-345, 373

Willaert, Adrian, music, in Italy, 236, 252

Winckelmann, Johann J., narrow Classicalism, 28n.

Wind instruments, colour expression, 252n.

Window, cultural significance, 199, 210, 224

Woermann, Karl, on catacomb Madonna, 137n.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, world-outlook, 142;

forest-longing, 186, 397;

and Grail, 213n.;

and popularity, 243;

tragic method, 319, 324

Woodwind instruments, colour expression, 252n.

Word, relation to number, 57.

См. также Язык; Имена

Work, Protestant works, 316n.;

and deed, 355;

and Socialism, 362;

Western concept, 413

World, and soul and life, 54

World-Ash Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396

World conceptions, historical and natural, overlapping, 98-100, 102, 103, 119, 153, 154, 158;

(diagram), 154;

символическое, 163-165;

happening and history, 153.

См. также История; Макрокосм; Природа

World-end, as symbol of Western soul, 363, 423

Страх перед миром, творческое выражение, 79-81

Тоска по миру, развитие и страх перед миром, 78-81

World War, and Spengler’s theories, ix, xv;

as type of historical change of phase, 46-48, 110n.;

современники, табл. iii

Writing, alphabet and historical consciousness, 12n.;

as ornament, 194n., 197n.

См. также Язык

Würzburg, Marienkirche and style, 200;

master-builders, 207

У-ди, современники, табл. iii

Yahweh, dualism, 312, 402

Yang-chu, practical philosophy, 45

Yellow, symbolism, 246

Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396

Yoga doctrine, 355;

современники, табл. i

Youth, and future, 152

Zama, as marking a period, 36

Заратустра. См. Зороастр

Zarlino, Giuseppe, music, 230, 282

Zend Avesta, dualism, 306, 307;

and nature, 393;

современники, табл. i

Зенон Элейский. См. Элейская философия

Zeno, the Stoic, ethic, 347, 354;

character of Nihilism, 357;

and mathematics, 366;

современники, табл. i

Zenodorus, as Arabian thinker, 63

Zero, Classical mathematic and, 66-68;

and theory of the limit, 86;

cultural conception, 178

Zeuxis, painting, light and shadow, 207, 242n., 283, 325n.

Zola, Emile, journalism, 360

Zoroaster, Nietzsche’s “Zarathustra”, 30, 342, 363, 370, 371;

unimposed mystic benefits, 344n.;

Arabian epic, 402.

См. также Зенд-Авеста

Zwinger, of Dresden, in style history, 108, 207, 285

ТАБЛИЦЫ

TABLE I. “CONTEMPORARY” SPIRITUAL EPOCHS

INDIAN CLASSICAL ARABIAN WESTERN

(from 1500) (from 1100) (from 0.) (from 900)

SPRING. I. BIRTH OF A MYTH OF THE GRAND STYLE, EXPRESSING A NEW GOD-FEELING.

WORLD-FEAR. WORLD-LONGING

(Rural-intuitive. Great creations of the newly-awakened dream-heavy Soul. Super-personal unity and fulness) 1500-1200 1100-800 0-300 900-1200

Vedic religion Hellenic-Italian “Demeter” religion of the people Primitive Christianity (Mandaeans, Marcion, Gnosis, Syncretism (Mithras, Baal) German Catholicism

Edda (Baldr)

Bernard of Clairvaux, Joachim of Floris, Francis of Assisi

Homer Gospels. Apocalypses Popular Epos (Siegfried)

Aryan hero-tales Heracles and Theseus legends Christian, Mazdaist and pagan legends Western legends of the Saints

II. EARLIEST MYSTICAL-METAPHYSICAL SHAPING OF THE NEW WORLD-OUTLOOK

ZENITH OF SCHOLASTICISM

Preserved in oldest parts of the Vedas Oldest (oral) Orphic, Etruscan discipline Origen (d. 254), Plotinus (d. 269), Mani (d. 276), Iamblichus (d. 330) Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), Duns Scotus (d. 1308), Dante (d. 1321) and Eckhardt (d. 1329)

After-effect; Hesiod, Cosmogonies Avesta, Talmud. Patristic literature Mysticism. Scholasticism

SUMMER. III. REFORMATION: INTERNAL POPULAR OPPOSITION TO THE GREAT SPRINGTIME FORMS

(Ripening consciousness. Earliest urban and critical stirrings) Brahmanas. Oldest parts of Upanishads (10th and 9th Centuries) Orphic movement. Dionysiac religion. “Numa” religion(7th Century) Augustine (d. 430)

Nestorians (about 430)

Monophysites (about 450) Mazdak (about 500) Nicolaus Cusanus (d. 1464)

John Hus (d. 1308)

Savonarola, Karlstadt,

Luther, Calvin (d. 1564)

IV. BEGINNING OF A PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL FORM OF THE WORLD-FEELING. OPPOSITION OF IDEALISTIC AND REALISTIC SYSTEMS

Preserved in Upanishads The great Pre-Socratics (6th and 5th Centuries) Byzantine, Jewish, Syrian, Coptic and Persian literature of 6th and 7th Centuries Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Bruno, Boehme, Leibniz. 16th and 17th Centuries

V. FORMATION OF A NEW MATHEMATIC CONCEPTION OF NUMBER AS COPY

AND CONTENT OF WORLD-FORM

(lost) Number as magnitude (proportion) The indefinite number (Algebra) Number as Function (analysis)

Geometry. Arithmetic

Pythagoreans (from 540) (development not yet investigated) Descartes, Pascal, Fermat (ca. 1630)

Newton and Leibniz (ca. 1670)

VI. PURITANISM. RATIONALISTIC-MYSTIC IMPOVERISHMENT OF RELIGION

(lost) Pythagorean society (from 540) Mohammed (622) English Puritans (from 1620)

Paulicians and Iconoclasts (from 650) French Jansenists (from 1640) Port Royal

AUTUMN. VII. “ENLIGHTENMENT.” BELIEF IN ALMIGHTINESS OF REASON. CULT OF “NATURE.”

“RATIONAL” RELIGION

(Intelligence of the City. Zenith of strict intellectual creativeness) Sutras; Sankhya; Buddha; later Upanishads Sophists of the 5th Century Mutazilites English Rationalists (Locke)

Sufism French Encyclopaedists (Voltaire) Rousseau

Socrates (d. 399) Nazzam, Alkindi (about 830)

Democritus (d. ca. 360)

VIII. ZENITH OF MATHEMATICAL THOUGHT. ELUCIDATION OF THE FORM-WORLD OF NUMBERS

(lost) Archytas (d. 365) (not investigated) Euler (d. 1763), Lagrange (d. 1813), Laplace (d. 1827)

Plato (d. 346)

(Zero as number) (Conic Sections) (Theory of number. (The Infinitesimal problem)

Spherical Trigonometry)

IX. THE GREAT CONCLUSIVE SYSTEMS

Idealism Yoga, Vedanta

Schelling

Plato (d. 346) Alfarabi (d. 950) Goethe

Epistemology Valcashika Hegel

Aristotle (d. 322) Avicenna (d. ca. 1000) Kant

Logic Nyaya Fichte

WINTER. X. MATERIALISTIC WORLD-OUTLOOK. CULT OF SCIENCE, UTILITY AND PROSPERITY

(Dawn of Megalopolitan Civilization. Extinction of spiritual creative force. Life itself becomes problematical. Ethical-practical tendencies of an irreligious and unmetaphysical cosmopolitanism) Sankhya, Cynics, Cyrenaics Communistic, atheistic, Epicurean sects of Abbassid times. “Brethren of Sincerity” Bentham, Comte, Darwin

Tscharvaka Last Sophists Spencer, Stirner, Marx

(Lokoyata) (Pyrrhon) Feuerbach

XI. ETHICAL-SOCIAL IDEALS OF LIFE. EPOCH OF “UNMATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY.”

SKEPSIS

Tendencies in Buddha’s time Hellenism Movements in Islam Schopenhauer, Nietzsche

Epicurus (d. 270)

Zeno (d. 265) Socialism, Anarchism

Hebbel, Wagner, Ibsen

XII. INNER COMPLETION OF THE MATHEMATICAL FORM-WORLD. THE CONCLUDING THOUGHT

(lost) Euclid, Apollonius (about 300) Alchwarizmi (800) Gauss (d. 1855)

Ibn Kurra (850) Cauchy (d. 1857)

Archimedes (about 250) Alkarchi, Albiruni (10th Century) Riemann (d. 1866)

XIII. DEGRADATION OF ABSTRACT THINKING INTO PROFESSIONAL LECTURE-ROOM PHILOSOPHY. COMPENDIUM LITERATURE

The “Six Classical Systems” Academy, Peripatos, Stoics, Epicureans Schools of Baghdad and Basra Kantians.

“Logicians” and “Psychologists”

XIV. SPREAD OF A FINAL WORLD-SENTIMENT

Indian Buddhism Hellenistic-Roman Stoicism from 200 Practical fatalism in Islam after 1000 Ethical Socialism from 1900

TABLE II. “CONTEMPORARY” CULTURE EPOCHS

EGYPTIAN CLASSICAL ARABIAN WESTERN

PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD. CHAOS OF PRIMITIVE EXPRESSION FORMS. MYSTICAL SYMBOLISM AND NAÏVE IMITATION

Thinite Period Mycenean Age Persian-Seleucid Period Merovingian-Carolingian Era

(3400-3000) (1600-1700) (500-0) (500-900)

Late-Egyptian (Minoan) Late-Classical (Hellenistic)

Late-Babylonian (Asia Minor) Late-Indian (Indo-Iranian)

EXCITATION

CULTURE. LIFE-HISTORY OF A STYLE FORMATIVE OF THE ENTIRE INNER-BEING. FORM-LANGUAGE OF DEEPEST SYMBOLIC NECESSITY

I. EARLY PERIOD OLD KINGDOM DORIC EARLY-ARABIAN FORM-WORLD. GOTHIC

(Ornament and architecture as elementary expression of the young world-feeling.) (The “Primitives”) (2900-2400) (1100-500) (Sassanid, Byzantine, Armenian, Syrian, Sabæan, “Late-Classical” and “Early Christian” (0-500) (900-1500)

1. Birth and Rise. Forms sprung from the Land, unconsciously shaped

Dynasties IV-V. 11th to 9th Centuries 1st to 3rd Centuries 11th to 13th Centuries

(2930-2625) Cult interiors

Basilica, Cupola (Pantheon as Mosque) Romanesque and Early-Gothic vaulted cathedrals

Geometrical Temple style Timber building

Pyramid temples Doric column Column-and-arch Flying buttress

Ranked plant-columns Architrave Stem-tracery filling blanks Glass-painting, Cathedral

Rows of flat-relief Geometric (Dipylon) style Sarcophagus sculpture

Tomb statues Burial urns

2. Completion of the early form-language. Exhaustion of possibilities. Contradiction

VI Dynasty (2625-2574) 8th and 7th Centuries 4-5th Centuries 14-15th Centuries

Extinction of pyramid-style and epic-idyllic relief style End of archaic Doric-Etruscan style End of Syrian, Persian, and Coptic pictorial art Late Gothic and Renaissance

Floraison of archaic portrait-plastic painting Proto-Corinthian-Early-Attic (mythological) vase Rise of mosaic-picturing and of arabesque Floraison and waning of fresco and statue. From Giotto (Gothic) to Michelangelo (Baroque). Siena, Nürnberg. The Gothic picture from Van Eyck to Holbein. Counterpoint and oil-painting

II. LATE PERIOD (Formation of a group of arts urban and conscious, in the hands of individuals) (“Great Masters”) MIDDLE KINGDOM IONIC LATE-ARABIAN FORM-WORLD BAROQUE

(2150-1800) (650-350) (Persian-Nestorian, Byzantine-Armenian, Islamic-Moorish) (500-800) (1500-1800)

3. Formation of a mature artistry

XIth Dynasty. Delicate and telling art Completion of the temple-body (Peripteros, stone) Completion of the mosque-interior (Central dome of Hagia Sophia) The pictorial style in architecture from Michelangelo to Bernini (d. 1680)

(Almost no traces left) The Ionic column

Reign of fresco-painting till Polygnotus (460) Zenith of mosaic painting Reign of oil-painting from Titian to Rembrandt (d. 1664)

Rise of free plastic “in the round” (“Apollo of Tenea” to Hageladas) Completion of the carpet-like arabesque style (Machatta) Rise of music from Orlando Lasso to H. Schütz (d. 1671)

4. Perfection of an intellectualized form-language

XIIth Dynasty (2000-1788) Maturity of Athens (480-350) Ommayads Rococo

Pylon-temple, Labyrinth The Acropolis (7th-8th Century) Musical architecture (“Rococo”)

Character-statuary and historical reliefs Reign of Classical plastic from Myron to Phidias Complete victory of featureless arabesque over architecture also Reign of classical music from Bach to Mozart

End of strict fresco and ceramic painting (Zeuxis) End of classical oil-painting (Watteau to Goya)

5. Exhaustion of strict creativeness. Dissolution of grand form. End of the Style. “Classicism” and “Romanticism”

Confusion after about 1750 The age of Alexander “Haroun-al-Raschid” (about 800) Empire and Biedermeyer

(No remains) The Corinthian column “Moorish Art” Classicist taste in architecture

Lysippus and Apelles Beethoven, Delacroix

CIVILIZATION. EXISTENCE WITHOUT INNER FORM. MEGALOPOLITAN ART AS A COMMONPLACE: LUXURY, SPORT, NERVE-EXCITEMENT: RAPIDLY-CHANGING FASHIONS IN ART (REVIVALS, ARBITRARY DISCOVERIES, BORROWINGS)

1. “Modern Art.” “Art problems.” Attempts to portray or to excite the megalopolitan consciousness. Transformation of Music, architecture and painting into mere craft-arts

Hyksos Period Hellenism Sultan dynasties of 9th-10th Century 19th and 20th Centuries

(Preserved only in Crete; Minoan art) Pergamene Art (theatricality) Liszt, Berlioz, Wagner

Hellenistic painting modes (veristic, bizarre, subjective) Prime of Spanish-Sicilian art Impressionism from Constable to Leibl and Manet

Architectural display in the cities of the Diadochi Samarra American architecture

2. End of form-development. Meaningless, empty, artificial, pretentious architecture and ornament. Imitation of archaic and exotic motives

XVIII Dynasty (1580-1350)

Rock temple of Dehr-el-Bahri. Memnon-Colossi. Art of Cnossos and Amarna Roman Period (100-0-100)

Indiscriminate piling of all three orders. Fora, theatres (Colosseum). Triumphal arches Seljuks (from 1050)

“Oriental Art” of the Crusade period From 2000

3. Finale. Formation of a fixed stock of forms. Imperial display by means of material and mass. Provincial craft-art

XIX Dynasty (1350-1205) Trajan to Aurelian Mongol Period (from 1250) From 2000

Gigantic buildings of Luxor, Karnak and Abydos. Gigantic fora, thermæ, colonnades, triumphal arches Gigantic buildings (e.g. in India)

Small-art (beast plastic, textiles, arms) Roman provincial art (ceramic, statuary, arms) Oriental craft-art (rugs,arms, implements)

TABLE III. “CONTEMPORARY” POLITICAL EPOCHS

EGYPTIAN CLASSICAL CHINESE WESTERN

PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD. PRIMITIVE FOLK. TRIBES AND THEIR CHIEFS. AS YET NO “POLITICS” AND NO “STATE”

Thinite Period Mycenean Age Shang Period Frankish Period

(Menes) (“Agamemnon”) (Charlemagne)

3400-3000 1600-1100 (1700-1300) (500-900)

CULTURE. NATIONAL GROUPS OF DEFINITE STYLE AND PARTICULAR WORLD-FEELING. “NATIONS.” WORKING OF AN IMMANENT STATE-IDEA

I. Early Period. Organic articulation of political existence. The two prime classes (noble and priest).

Feudal economics; purely agrarian values

1. Feudalism. Spirit of countryside and countryman. The “City” only a market or stronghold. Chivalric-religious ideals. Struggles of ideals. Struggles of vassals amongst themselves and against overlord OLD KINGDOM

(2900-2400)

Feudal conditions of IV Dynasty

Increasing power of feudatories and priesthoods

The Pharaoh as incarnation of Ra DORIC PERIOD

(1100-650)

The Homeric kingship

Rise of the nobility

(Ithaca. Etruria, Sparta) EARLY CHOU PERIOD

(1300-800)

The central ruler (Wang) pressed hard by the feudal nobility GOTHIC PERIOD (900-1500)

Roman-German Imperial period

Crusading nobility

Empire and Papacy

2. Crisis and dissolutiondissolution of patriarchal forms

From feudalism to aristocratic State VI Dynasty. Break-up of the Kingdom into heritable principalities. VII and VIII Dynasties, interregnum Aristocratic synoecism

Dissolution of kinship into annual offices

Oligarchy 934-904. I-Wang and the vassals

842. Interregnum Territorial princes

Renaissance towns. Lancaster and York

1254 Interregnum

II. Late Period. Actualizing of the matured State-idea. Town versus countryside. Rise of Third Estate (Bourgeoisie).

Victory of money over landed property

3. Fashioning of a world of States of strict form. Frondes MIDDLE KINGDOM

(2150-1800)

XIth Dynasty. Overthrow of the baronage by the rulers of Thebes.

Centralized bureaucracy-state IONIC PERIOD

(650-300)

6th Century. First Tyrannis. (Cleisthenes, Periander, Polycrates, the Tarquins.) The City-State. LATE CHOU PERIOD

(800-500)

Period of the “Protectors” (Ming-Chu 685-591) and the rulers of Thebes. congresses of princes (-460) BAROQUE PERIOD

(1500-1800)

Dynastic family power, Fronde (Richelieu, Wallenstein, Cromwell) about 1630.

4. Climax of the State-form (“Absolutism”) Unity of town and “Society.” The “three estates”) XIIth Dynasty (2000-1788)

Strictest centralization of power>

Court and finance nobility The pure Polis (absolutism of the Demos). Agora politics

Rise of the tribunate

Themistocles, Pericles Chun-Chiu period (“Spring” and “Autumn”), 590-480

Seven powers

Perfection of social forms (Li) Ancien Régime. Rococo. Court nobility of Versailles. Cabinet politics

Habsburg and Bourbon.

Louis XIV. Frederick the Great

5. Break-up of the State-form (Revolution and Napoleonism). Victory of the city over the countryside (of the “people” over the privileged, of the intelligentsia over tradition, of money over policy) 1788-1680. Revolution and military government. Decay of the realm. Small potentates, in some cases sprung from the people 4th Century. Social revolution and Second Tyrannis (Dionysius I, Jason of Pherae, Appius Claudius the Censor) 480. Beginning of the Chan-Kwo period End of XVIII Century. Revolution in America and France (Washington, Fox, Mirabeau, Robespierre)

Alexander 441. Fall of the Chou dynasty

Revolutions and annihilation-wars Napoleon

CIVILIZATION. THE BODY OF THE PEOPLE, NOW ESSENTIALLY URBAN IN CONSTITUTION,

DISSOLVES INTO FORMLESS MASS. MEGALOPOLIS AND PROVINCES. THE FOURTH

ESTATE (“MASSES”), INORGANIC, COSMOPOLITAN

1. Domination of Money (“Democracy”) Economic powers permeating the political forms and authorities 1680 (1788)-1580. Hyksos period. Deepest decline. Dictatures of alien generals (Chian) 300-100. Political Hellenism. From Alexander to Hannibal and Scipio royal all-power; from Cleomenes III and C. Flaminius (220) to C. Marius, radical demagogues 480-230. Period of the “Contending States” 1800-2000. XIXth Century. From Napoleon to the World-War. “System of the Great Powers,” standing armies, constitutions. XXth-Century transition from constitutional to informal sway of individuals. Annihilation wars. Imperialism

288. The Imperial title

After 1600 definitive victory of the rulers of Thebes The imperialist statesmen of Tsin

From 289 incorporation of the last states in the Empire

2. Formation of Cæsarism. Victory of force-politics over money. Increasing primitiveness of political forms. Inward decline of the nations into a formless population, and constitution thereof as an Imperium of gradually-increasing crudity of despotism 1580-1350. XVIIIth Dynasty 100-0-100. Sulla to Domitian

250-0-26. House of Wang-Cheng and Western Han Dynasty

Thuthmosis III Cæsar, Tiberius 221. Augustus-title (Shi) of Emperor Hwang-Ti 1000-1200

140-80. Wu-ti

3. Maturing of the final form. Private and family policies of individual leaders. The world as spoil. Egypticism, Mandarinism, Byzantinism. History less stiffening and enfeeblement even of the imperial machinery, against young peoples eager for spoil, or alien conquerors. Primitive human conditions slowly thrust up into the highly-civilized mode of living 1350-1205. XIXth Dynasty

Sethos I

Rameses II 100-300. Trajan to Aurelian

Trajan, Septimius Severus 25-220 A.D. Eastern Han Dynasty

58-71. Ming-ti

after 1200

Transcriber’s Note

Использование дополнительной буквы «S» в названии «Hagia S Sophia» на стр. 200 сомнительно. Если это сокращение от «Saint», как это было строкой ранее, то оно здесь излишне, учитывая слово «Hagia», означающее то же самое.

На стр. 407 сноски 508 и 509 ссылаются на одну и ту же работу, Religion und Kultus der Römer. Однако цитирование в первой сноске искажено: Kult. und. Relig. d. Römer.

В указателе ссылка на влияние теории относительности на естествознание была искажена как «19;4». Правильная страница — 419, ссылка исправлена.

Ссылка на сноску о Гёте и материализме должна была указывать на стр. 111, а не 211.

Ссылки на страницы в сноске 486, скорее всего, относятся ко второму тому, поскольку две упомянутые страницы не содержат соответствующего материала.

Существует ряд записей в указателе, которые ссылаются на сноски на определенной странице, в то время как темы появляются в основном тексте. Это, по-видимому, указывает на то, что подготовка указателя не была пересмотрена после завершения окончательной версии текста. Эти ссылки были исправлены, чтобы направить читателя на правильную страницу:

Межкультурная современность (несколько раз) (стр. 112), Фрески (стр. 225), Тассо (стр. 325),

Ссылка на святого Иоанна и всемирную историю как примечание на стр. 18 кажется неверной. Сноска 13 на этой странице относится к апостолу Павлу. Ссылка оставлена без связи.

На стр. vi указателя отсутствует перекрестная ссылка на тему «Родина».

Незначительные пунктуационные ошибки в указателе были исправлены без дополнительного уведомления.

Другие ошибки, которые, скорее всего, являются опечатками типографии, были исправлены и отмечены здесь. Ссылки относятся к странице и строке в оригинале.

xvii.18 Geometry and arith[e]metic Removed.

8.4 lead to a naturalistic[,] Chronology Removed.

8.27 there is certain[t]ly no world-history Removed.

12.29 unparallel[l]ed in art-history Removed.

25.19 all these arbit[r]ary> and narrow schemes Inserted.

26.39 occurring f[u/o]r us Replaced.

37.20 and theor[i/e]tically Replaced.

62.42 de [s]oudaineté et de certitude absolue Added.

82.30 The Greek m[e/a]thematicians Replaced.

126.35 approached these question[s] Added.

128.18 a glad materialization of the sp[i]ritual. Inserted.

129.39 κακῶς [ἐί/εἴ]ληφα τ[ὀυ/οὐ]μὸνσῶμα σ[υ/ὺ]ν τέχνῃ κακῇ. Replaced.

129.41 μαντεῖα ... [ἅ/ἃ] τοῦδ’ Replaced.

133.43 (παρὰ τοσ[όu/oῦ]τον μ[ε/ὲ]ν [ἥ/ἡ] Μυτιλήνη ἦλθε κινδύνου) Replaced.

134.36 “Handbook of Early Christian Antiquities)”[.] Added.

134.43 “Handbook of May on Antiquities.[”] Added.

150.41 was th[o]roughly English in spirit Inserted.

191.22 (mitschwingen i[n/m] Lebenstakte) Replaced.

200.16 Hagia [S ]Sophia in Constantinople Removed.

212.30 Here there was no brill[i]ant instant Inserted.

213.42 Ency. Brit., XI Ed.[)] Added.

227.28 to the harp[is/si]chord Transposed.

269.24 absorbed philos[o]pher Inserted.

269.38 impor[t]ant and significant Inserted.

270.34 comp[a]re his unbridled dynamism Inserted.

271.43 Oldach, Wasmann[,] Rayski and many another Inserted.

277.18 he shattere[e]d the canon Removed.

288.39 it is so th[o]roughly irreligious Inserted.

290.31 something of Rembrandt’s p[ro/or]traiture Transposed.

299.6 Every professed philos[o]pher Inserted.

302.27 the essen[s/c]e of the soul Replaced.

307.16 of our Nature-picture[.] Added.

307.40 Ges[s/c]h. d. neueren Philosophie Replaced.

313.42 οὔκουν ἂν[ ]εκφύγοι γε τὴν πεπρωμένην Inserted.

318.6 ἀνθρώπ[ῶ/ω]ν ἀλλὰ πρ[[α/ά]ξεων καὶ βίου. Replaced.

330.25 that would not i[n/m]pugn the primacy Replaced.

333.43 quite independently of gunpow[d]er Inserted.

355.8 oppressive actualiti[t]es Removed.

360.18 sp[i]ritual prostitution Inserted.

363.31 what should be dest[r]oyed Inserted.

373.30 der politischen [O/Ö]konomie Replaced.

400.36 Mo[v/r]eover, it is only Replaced.

410.2 in its attitude to[r]wards toleration Removed.

a.iii.20 See Bart[h]olommeo Removed.

a.v.41 Calculus, and Classical astro[mon/nom]y Transposed.

a.vi.17 ancest[o]ral worship Removed.

a.xii.33 Western math[e]matic and term Inserted.

a.xiii.47 wi[ds/sd]om and intellect Transposed.

a.xxv.45 intellect and wi[ds/sd]om Transposed.

a.xxviii.38 Tartini, G[ui/iu]seppe Transposed.

a.xxix.42 [‘/“]space of time” Replaced.

a.xxxi.11 Wey[ ]den, Rogier van der. Removed.

t3.20 dis[s]olution of Inserted.