«История евреев. Том 6»

death of, 4, 596.

Son of God, epithet adopted by Jesus, 2, 159, 162, 163.

Son of man, epithet adopted by Jesus, 2, 158.

Soncin family, the, of printers, 4, 586.

Soncino, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Сончино. См. Коэн, Гершон.

“Song of Deborah, The,” celebrates the victory over Jabin, 1, 61.

“Song of Songs, The,” a product of Greek influences, 1, 430–1.

rebukes the evils of the times, 1, 432.

holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion, 2, 343–4.

commentary on, by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 70.

“Songs of Glory,” by Wessely, 5, 404.

“Songs of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The,” by Steinheim, 5, 603–4.

Sopher, keeper of the lists, 1, 122, 305, 313, 314.

Sopheric age, the development of the Law in, 1, 395–7.

the divine service in, 1, 398–400.

Sopherim (Scribes), the, wise men, activity of, 1, 396.

make a “fence” about the Law, 1, 397.

new institutions of, 1, 397–8.

divine service arranged by, 1, 308–401.

prophetic writings collected by, 1, 400.

traditional customs ascribed to, 2, 19.

Hillel justifies the laws introduced by, 2, 327.

as described by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.

Sophia, Nathan Ghazati dies at, 5, 161.

Sophocles, Judæan doctrines attributed to, 2, 204.

Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders the city to Omar, 3, 87.

Sora, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

Sora (Mata-Mechassia), frontier town of Babylonia in the most limited sense, 2, 504.

on the lake of Sora, 2, 506.

honesty of the inhabitants of, 2, 506.

assemblies at, 2, 514–15.

Chasda’s school in, 2, 553.

homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 606–7.

center of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 607.

destroyed under Firuz, 2, 629.

the Exilarch holds annual court at, 3, 95.

Sora, the academy of, established by Abba-Areka, 2, 513–14.

devotion of Rab to, 2, 518.

superior to that of Nahardea, 2, 522.

superior to the Palestinian academies, 2, 532.

supremacy of, under Huna, 2, 548.

method of, a continuation of that pursued in Judæa, 2, 574–5.

numerical strength of, 2, 576.

principals of, wealthy, 2, 579–80.

decline of, 2, 583.

prosperity of, under Ashi, 2, 605.

rebuilt, 2, 606.

closed under Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.

re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, 3, 9.

prosperity of, under Chosru II, 3, 9–10.

principal of, receives the title Gaon, 3, 90.

districts under the jurisdiction of, 3, 98.

quarrels in, about the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 156.

without a Gaon, 3, 156–7.

decline of, in the ninth century, 3, 183.

pays homage to David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.

rise of, in the tenth century, 3, 186.

decadence of, 3, 192.

Kohen-Zedek proposes to close, 3, 192.

restored by David ben Zaccaï, 3, 192.

raised by Saadiah, 3, 193, 201.

members of, side with Saadiah, 3, 195.

questions sent to, under Saadiah, 3, 201.

decline of, after Saadiah’s death, 3, 202.

abandoned by Joseph ben Satia, 3, 202–3.

unsuccessful attempt to restore, 3, 203, 208.

emissaries from, 3, 208.

place of, taken by the Spanish schools, 3, 236.

the last Gaon of, 3, 253.

См. также Академии, вавилонские.

Sora, the academy of, the Gaon (principal) of, of equal rank with the Exilarch, 3, 93.

deference paid to, 3, 93.

privileges of, 3, 93–4.

at the installation of a new Exilarch, 3, 94.

pays homage to the Exilarch, 3, 95.

rank of, 3, 96.

appoints the judges of his district, 3, 98.

Сура, академия, гаоны, список:

Ханинаи Кахана бен Хуна,

Яков бен Натронай,

Иосиф бен Сатия,

Иегуда Слепой,

Мар-Амрам бен Шешна,

Нахшон бен Цадок,

Натан бен Иегудаи (титулярный),

Натронай II,

Саадия бен Иосиф,

Самуил бен Хофни,

Йом-Тов Кахана бен Яков.

Сура, академия, главы, список:

Аши, сын Симаи,

Хананья,

Хасда из Кафри,

Гиза,

Хуна,

Иегуда бен Иезекииль,

Мар бар Аши,

Мар бар Хуна,

Рабба бар Хуна,

Рабина.

Sora, lake in the Euphrates, 2, 506.

Соранцо, Якопо, венецианский агент в Константинополе, добивается отмены изгнания евреев из Венеции, 4, 606.

Soreg, screen between the outer and the inner court of the second Temple, 1, 492.

Sorai, the cortes of, deprive the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.

Sosius, Antony’s general, sent to help Herod, 2, 87.

invades Judæa, 2, 88.

army of, ravages the Temple, 2, 88.

Sostrates, officer of Antiochus Epiphanes, deposes Jason, 1, 447.

Soul, the, theory of, in the Zohar, 4, 16–18.

Souls, doctrine of, held by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619–22.

transmigration of, explained by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.

impregnation of, 4, 621.

sexes of, 4, 621–2.

Spain, settlement of Jews in, 2, 620; 3, 42–3.

intermarriages between Jews and Christians in, 3, 44.

Karaites spread to, in the tenth century, 3, 207.

Talmud schools established in, 3, 208, 210.

Moslem culture in, under the Ommiyyade Caliphs, 3, 214.

the center of Judaism from the time of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 229.

split into parties in the twelfth century, 3, 316.

characteristics of the rabbis of, in the age succeeding Nachmani, 3, 609.

Talmudists of, use the works of Maimonides, 3, 624.

entirely Christian, 4, 346.

effect of the Inquisition on, 4, 356.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

war with, contemplated by Solyman, 4, 594.

rebellion against, in the Netherlands, 4, 601.

condition of, at the accession of Philip III, 4, 668.

autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.

the Jews in, 5, 727–8.

Spain, the Jews of, forbidden to trade with Christians, 2, 620.

held in high esteem in the sixth century, 3, 43–4.

well treated by the early Visigoths, 3, 45.

defend the passes of the Pyrenees, 3, 45.

orthodoxy of, under the Visigoths, 3, 45.

under the Catholic Visigoths, 3, 46–52.

under Reccared, 3, 46–7.

under Sisebut, 3, 47–9.

emigrate, 3, 48–9, 51–2.

under Swintila, 3, 49.

under Sisenand, 3, 49–50.

refute Isidore of Seville, 3, 50–1.

under Chintila, 3, 51–2.

enthusiastic for science and culture, 3, 214–15.

cultivate their own individuality, 3, 215.

not permitted to hold offices under the Mahometans, 3, 216–17.

the first persecution of, 3, 279, 281.

as diplomats at Mahometan and Christian courts, 3, 281–2, 291.

devote themselves to the study of the Talmud, 3, 282.

culture of, in the first half of the twelfth century, 3, 313, 317–18.

politics of, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.

culture of, at its zenith, 3, 343.

active in the struggle between the Christians and the Almohades, 3, 363.

history of, in Abraham Ibn-Daud’s work, 3, 366.

struggle against Jew badges, 3, 513.

Maimunists, 3, 526–7, 536.

philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.

higher culture of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 615.

superior to the Jews of other countries, 3, 618.

Castilians the leaders of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 75.

neglect Jewish science, 4, 86, 91.

charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 101–2.

humiliated by the civil war between Pedro and Henry de Trastamare, 4, 126.

at the beginning of Henry II’s reign, 4, 136.

intellectual decadence of, 4, 143–4.

selfishness of, 4, 153–5.

informers against, 4, 155–6.

effect of persecution on, 4, 166–7, 172–3.

persecution of, in 1391, 4, 167–73.

existence of, endangered by the forced converts, 4, 179, 180.

recognize Solomon Levi as their enemy, 4, 185–6.

take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197–8.

crusade against, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202–3.

conversion of, planned by Benedict XIII, 4, 206–7.

take refuge in Portugal, 4, 218.

send delegates to Martin V, 4, 219.

intellectual decadence of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 228, 229–30.

hatred of, increases in the fifteenth century, 4, 248.

the object of papal hatred, 4, 254.

privileges of, abolished by Nicholas V, 4, 254.

charged with child murder, 4, 276.

measures proposed against, by Alfonso de Spina, 4, 277.

and the Inquisition, 4, 308.

intimate relations of, with the Marranos, 4, 334–5.

amenities of the position of, under Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 336.

taxed for the war with Granada, 4, 344.

expulsion of, decided on, 4, 346.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.

losses sustained by, on their expulsion, 4, 349–50.

attempts to convert, after the promulgation of the edict, 4, 350.

steadfastness of, 4, 350–1.

solidarity of, 4, 351.

settlement of, in Portugal, negotiated for, 4, 352.

leave Spain, 4, 352–3.

effect of the expulsion of, 4, 353–4.

expulsion of, censured by European princes, 4, 356.

last remnant of, banished, 5, 169.

history of, by S. D. Luzzatto, 5, 624, 625.

См. также под заголовками Арагон, Кастилия и т. д.; Инквизиция; Марраны.

Spain, Andalusian, the Jews of, admitted to state offices under Moslem rule, 3, 234–5.

characteristics of, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235–6.

nobility of, 3, 235–6.

position of, in foreign communities, 3, 236.

heirs of Judæa, Babylonia, and northern Africa, 3, 254.

Spain, Christian, divided against itself in the twelfth century, 3, 316.

the Jews in the kingdoms of, 3, 383–4.

Spain, Jewish, importance of, 3, 41–2.

Spain, Jewish, center of, at Cordova under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.

at Granada under Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

at Seville under Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 284.

Spain, Mahometan, the Jews of, well treated, 3, 110.

sympathize with the false Messiah Serene, 3, 121.

Spain, northern, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, 3, 322.

refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.

taken by Henry de Trastamare, 4, 124.

Spain, northern, the Jews of, exposed to persecution in the fourteenth century, 4, 53.

suffering of, during the Pastoureaux rising, 4, 57.

institute fasts to avert the Black Death persecutions, 4, 100.

Spain, southern, Judæans in, 2, 203.

Spain, southern, the Jews of, devoted to science and poetry in the eleventh century, 3, 281, 289, 290.

intermarry with Christians and Mahometans, 3, 527.

Spain, Visigothic, the Jews of, send names for mention at the memorial services of the Babylonian academies, 3, 101.

forcibly converted under Chintila, 3, 101.

under Chindaswinth, 3, 101–2.

forced to profess Christianity under Receswinth, 3, 102–4.

revolt against Wamba, 3, 104–5.

publish anti-Christian treatises, 3, 105.

under Erwig, 3, 106–7.

under Egica forbidden to possess real estate, 3, 107–8.

conspire against the Visigothic empire, 3, 108.

enslaved, 3, 108.

aid Tarik against Spain, 3, 109.

aid Muza Ibn-Nosair, 3, 109.

Spalding, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on church discipline, 5, 363.

translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” 5, 404.

Spanish America, laws of Alfonso V in force in, 3, 596.

Испанский халифат. См. Омейяды.

Spanish exiles, the, in Navarre, 4, 357–8.

go to Italy, Africa, Turkey, 4, 358, 383, 400.

in Naples, 4, 358–61.

suffer from the plague in Naples, 4, 359–60.

in Pisa, 4, 360.

in Africa, 4, 361–2.

sufferings of, 4, 362, 383.

in Genoa, 4, 362–3.

on the Greek islands, 4, 363–4.

in Turkey, 4, 364, 400–5.

in Portugal, 4, 365–81.

permitted to settle in Portugal, 4, 368.

leave Portugal, 4, 369.

suffering of, on leaving Portugal, 4, 369–70.

in Portugal sold as slaves, 4, 371.

children of, sent to San Thomas, 4, 371.

accept baptism under Manoel of Portugal, 4, 378.

looked upon as the Jewish nobility, 4, 382–3.

distinction of manner of, 4, 387–8.

purity of language of, 4, 388.

love of, for the Spanish, 4, 388, 421.

superiority of, admitted by other Jews, 4, 389.

prominence of, 4, 389.

of distinction in Africa, 4, 389–96.

religious severity of, 4, 395.

in Palestine, 4, 396–9.

in Syria, 4, 399–400.

in Constantinople, split up into national groups, 4, 402.

in Salonica, 4, 404–5.

in Asia Minor, 4, 405–6.

in Italy, 4, 407–10.

do not settle in Germany, 4, 413.

narrow-mindedness of, 4, 479.

carry the Kabbala to Italy and Turkey, 4, 481.

Spanish language, the, spoken by Sephardic Jews after their exile, 4, 387, 388, 421.

Spanish poetry, influenced by Judæo-Christian satirists, 4, 181.

Spanish preachers, sermons of, pedantic, 4, 478.

Spanish satirists, use Hebrew words, 4, 181.

Spanish translation of the Bible, by Abraham Usque, 4, 475.

Speeth, John Peter (Moses Germanus), becomes a Jew, 5, 177, 178.

disproves the blood accusation, 5, 178.

Speyer, Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.

the congregation of, one of the three oldest in Germany, 3, 518.

decisions of, 4, 135.

Reuchlin and Hoogstraten tried at, 4, 454–5.

Speyer, the Jews of, kindly treated by Bishop Rüdiger, 3, 297, 298.

defended by Bishop Johannsen, 3, 300–1.

emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.

persecuted on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 107–8.

Спина, Альфонсо де. См. Альфонсо де Спина.

Spinoza, Baruch (1632–1677), pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud Torah, 4, 682.

fearlessness of, 5, 86.

youth of, 5, 87.

teachers of, 5, 87.

companions of, 5, 87–8.

studies the old Jewish philosophers, 5, 88.

learns Latin, 5, 88.

scientific pursuits of, 5, 89.

scepticism of, 5, 89–90.

renounces Judaism, 5, 90.

tried by the rabbis, 5, 92.

laid under the lesser ban, 5, 93.

refuses the conditions of the rabbis, 5, 93.

life of, attempted, 5, 93–4.

leaves Amsterdam, 5, 94.

laid under the greater ban, 5, 94.

writes a pamphlet justifying himself, 5, 95.

supports himself by polishing lenses, 5, 95.

“The Theologico-Political Treatise” by, 5, 95–107, 108.

finds the source of law in might, 5, 96–7.

hostile to Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 101–3.

on God, 5, 98–9.

on man, 5, 99–100.

on knowledge, 5, 100–1.

on Christianity, 5, 102–3.

on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.

peaceableness of, 5, 107, 109.

refuses a pension, 5, 107.

refuses a professorship, 5, 108.

publishes his “Treatise” anonymously, 5, 108.

attack by, upon Judaism leaves the Amsterdam Marranos unaffected, 5, 117.

compared with Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118.

on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 142.

letter to, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.

publishes his Ethics, 5, 167.

death of, 5, 167.

refuted by Isaac Orobio de Castro, 5, 167.

influences Richard Simon, 5, 178.

system of, repugnant to Mendelssohn, 5, 299.

Spinozism, Lessing charged with, 5, 372.

Spira, Nathan, Palestinian emissary at Reggio, 5, 126.

“Spirit of the Laws,” by Montesquieu, 5, 336.

Sprinz, David, rabbi of Nuremberg, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.

Stambuli, Aaron, of Damascus, accused of ritual murder, 5, 638.

Stamford, the Jews of, persecution of, 3, 412.

Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, of Poland, forbids the meeting of the synod of the Four Countries, 5, 387.

Starodub, the Jews of, massacred by Haidamaks, 5, 10.

States General, the Dutch, forbids the sale of Spinoza’s “Treatise,” 5, 108.

Stättigkeit (статус). См. Judenstättigkeit.

Steel, Lord Chief Baron, on the commission for the Jewish question, 5, 43.

Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig (1790–1866), physician, emphasizes the mission of the Jew, 5, 602–3.

first work by, 5, 603–4.

deplores the estrangement of the Jews, 5, 603–4.

second work by, 5, 604–6.

contrasts heathenism and Judaism, 5, 604–5.

keeps aloof from the Jewish community, 5, 606.

externally faithful to Judaism, 5, 607.

expounds Jewish religious philosophy, 5, 699.

Stephanus, governor of Palæstina Prima, oppresses the Jews, 3, 16.

killed by the Samaritans, 3, 17.

widow of, reports his death at Constantinople, 3, 17.

Stephen, of England, protects the Jews from the crusaders, 3, 356.

Stephen, Greek Judæan, stoned for blasphemy, 2, 221.

Stern, lecturer in Berlin, founds the Reform Association, 5, 683.

Stoic system, the, and Meïr, 2, 438.

Strabo, geographer, friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179–80.

Strasburg, the Jews of, protected by the councilors during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106.

the representatives of, plead the cause of the Benfelden Jews, 4, 107.

the Jews of, burnt, 4, 108.

the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.

Jews under restrictions in, 5, 349.

Jews not allowed to live in, 5, 430.

Jews drawn to, by Cerf Berr, 5, 431.

objects to the presence of Jews, 5, 447, 476.

the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, 5, 451.

culture of the Jews of, 5, 476.

citizens of, prejudice Napoleon against the Jews, 5, 476–7.

Straton, the tower of, scene of Antigonus’ murder, 2, 38.

beautified by Herod, 2, 106.

См. Кесария.

Strauss, David, predecessor of, 5, 179.

Streckfuss, opponent of the Jews, 5, 602.

“Strengthening of Faith, The,” by Isaac Troki, 4, 648–9.

“Stübel,” the Zaddik’s room, 5, 382.

Sturm, Gosse, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106.

deposed, 4, 108.

Styria, the Jews of, urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.

expelled by Maximilian I, 4, 427.

Suabia, the Jews of, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.

during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

persecuted, 4, 163.

expelled, 4, 307, 413.

find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

Suabian League, the, Reuchlin counselor of, 4, 435.

Suasso, Isaac (Antonio), advances money to William III, of England, 5, 205.

Suevi, the, antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44.

Suger, Abbot, prevents a persecution of the Jews of France, 3, 351.

Сулами, Самуил. См. Самуил Сулами.

Sulchat (Solgat, Eski-Crimea), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.

a Karaite community in, in the ninth century, 3, 182.

Karaite center, 4, 71.

Suleiman, Barbary chieftain, takes Cordova, 3, 255, 262.

Suliman, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.

patron of learning, 3, 110.

Sullam, Jacob, husband of Sarah, 5, 69.

Sullam, Sarah Copia (1600–1641), poetess, education of, 5, 69.

addresses Ansaldo Ceba, 5, 69.

resists attempts to convert her, 5, 69–70.

accused of denying the immortality of the soul, 5, 70.

honored by Leo Modena, 5, 70.

Sully, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, 3, 356.

Sulzer, musician in Vienna, 5, 581.

“Summons,” addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael Berr, 5, 460.

Sumptuary laws, against the Jews of Castile, 4, 138–9, 203–4, 205–6, 275–6.

Sunna, Mahometan tradition, 3, 110.

Superstitious usages, among Jews, 5, 201–2.

Surenhuysius, William, translates the Mishna into Latin, 5, 193–4.

enthusiasm of, for the Jews, 5, 194.

Suriel, name of an angel, 1, 403.

Susa, the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

the inhabitants of, force Antiochus Epiphanes to retreat, 1, 477.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434–5.

Susannah, the Book of, translated into Greek, 2, 359.

admitted into the canon by Christians, 2, 488.

Susiana, Armenian Jews colonized in, by Shabur II, 2, 591.

Suson, Diego de, Marrano, burnt at the stake, 4, 317.

Süsskind (Süzkint) of Trimberg, minnesinger, poetry of, 3, 420.

Suwailim, of Medina, harbors conspirators against Mahomet, 3, 84.

Sviatislav, of Kief, drives the Chazars from their land, 3, 222.

Swaber, Peter, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106.

deposed, 4, 108.

Sweden, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

Swedes, the, treat the Jews of Mayence well, 4, 707.

Swieden, van, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 453–4.

Swintila, Visigothic king, repeals anti-Jewish laws, 3, 49.

dethroned, 3, 49.

Switzerland, the Black Death persecutions in, 4, 103–5.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, 5, 344.

Sylvester, bishop of Rome, asperses Judaism, 2, 562.

Symmachos, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, 2, 489.

Symmachos ben Joseph, disciple of Meïr, a sophist, 2, 440.

Синагогальная поэзия. См. Литургическая поэзия.

Synagogues, established in the Sopheric age, 1, 401.

service at the, 1, 401.

for foreigners in Jerusalem, 2, 201.

desecration of, punished by the emperors, 2, 193, 614, 616, 621–2.

turned into churches, 3, 26; 4, 196, 354.

destroyed under Hakim, 3, 248.

the desecration of, forbidden by Martin V, 4, 220.

Synagogues, building of, forbidden by Theodosius II, 2, 617; 3, 28.

by Justinian I, 3, 10.

by Theodoric, 3, 30.

by Gregory I, 3, 34.

by Omar I, 3, 87.

by Omar II, 3, 120.

in England, 3, 516.

by Alfonso X, 3, 595.

by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

in Hamburg, 4, 688.

Synagogues, noteworthy, in Alexandria, 2, 183.

in Cordova, 3, 360.

in Toledo, 3, 384; 4, 119.

of Moses, 3, 445.

on Mt. Zion, 4, 273–4.

in Amsterdam, 4, 667, 671, 678, 680; 5, 166–7.

in Hamburg, 4, 689, 691.

Synagogues, private, in Berlin, 5, 191, 563.

Synhedrion, a, established in five towns of Judæa, 2, 71.

at Nahar Pakod, 2, 443–4.

the establishment of, a condition of the Messianic time, 4, 530.

necessity for the establishment of, 4, 530, 535.

importance of, 4, 532.

the revival of, antagonized, 4, 534–5.

Synhedrion, the French, the convening of, proposed by Napoleon, 5, 493.

constitution of, similar to that of the ancient body, 5, 493.

approved by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 493.

composition of, 5, 493.

proclaimed by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 494.

creates interest in Europe, 5, 494.

the assembling of, 5, 495.

officers of, 5, 495.

second sitting of, 5, 496.

addresses and messengers to, 5, 496.

powers and justification of, 5, 496.

speeches delivered before, 5, 497.

decisions of, 5, 497.

action of, displeases Jews in general, 5, 497.

dissolution of, 5, 498.

Synhedrion, the Great, reorganized, 2, 49, 50.

the traditional code introduced into, 2, 50.

divorce law of, 2, 50.

institutes the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple treasury, 2, 52.

forbids the breeding of swine, 2, 60.

under Aulus Gabinius, 2, 71.

summons Herod to answer for the execution of Ezekias, 2, 78.

discusses the Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath, 2, 99.

tries and condemns Jesus, 2, 163–4.

authority of, wanes under the Roman rule, 2, 129.

under Gamaliel I, 2, 192–3.

power of, diminished under Herod II, 2, 198.

the legislative body for the dispersed Judæans, 2, 201.

transferred from Jerusalem to Bethany, 2, 239–40.

re-established after the defeat of Cestius, 2, 268–9.

supremacy of, under Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 271.

decrees the deposition of Josephus, 2, 281.

envoys of, deceived by Josephus, 2, 282.

envoys of, sent back in chains, 2, 283.

aid asked of, by Josephus against Vespasian, 2, 286.

suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 293–4.

formed by the Zealots, 2, 296.

ceases with the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 322.

meetings of, interrupted after the fall of Bethar, 2, 423.

seats of, after its dissolution at Usha, 2, 452.

completeness of, at Sepphoris, 2, 452.

invests Judah I with sovereign power, 2, 452–3.

in Galilee, 2, 458.

pronounces the Samaritans heathens, 2, 534.

resolutions of, announced to distant communities, 2, 535.

end of, under Constantius, 2, 567.

members of, favor a fixed calendar, 2, 573.

and the smaller in Babylonia, 3, 96.

См. также Совет, Великий, из семидесяти.

Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia, established by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 325.

called Beth-Din, 2, 325.

tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 337–8.

revises Gamaliel II’s laws, 2, 342.

members of, 2, 357.

supremacy of, 2, 359, 360.

order of proceedings in, 2, 361–2.

the unity in, admired by Peter, 2, 367–8.

discusses the Jewish-Christians, 2, 379–80.

destroyed by Lucius Quietus, 2, 400.

Synhedrion, the, of Usha, ordinances of, 2, 405.

provides against the spread of the worship of Jesus, 2, 413.

dissension in, 2, 444–6.

dissolved, 2, 448.

Synhedrion, the, presidents of, the family of Bene Bathyra, 2, 90.

the descendants of Hillel, 2, 130.

reverence paid to, 2, 360.

rights of, 2, 360–1.

duties of, 2, 361.

fix the calendar, 2, 362–3.

См. Патриархи.

Синедрион, президенты, список:

Авталион,

Гамлиэль I,

Гиллель,

Иешуа бен Хананья,

Иегуда бен Таббай,

Менахем,

Шаммай,

Шемая,

Шимон I,

Шимон II,

Шимон бен Шетах.

См. Патриархи, список.

Синод четырех земель. См. Четыре земли, синод.

Synod, the Galilean, the second assembly of teachers of the Law at Usha, 2, 434.

Синоды. См. Раввинские синоды.

Syria, conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.

end of the Seleucidæan dynasty of, 2, 6.

Judæans in, make the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 52.

Judæa part of, under Roman rule, 2, 128.

number of Judæans in, 2, 201.

rights of Judæans in, 2, 202.

Judæans of, go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

devastated by the king of Parthia, 2, 447.

depredations in, by Odenathus, 2, 527.

succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.

the Karaites spread to, in the ninth century, 3, 182.

part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426–7.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 399–400.

См. Дамаск; цари Арама и династия Селевкидов и т. д.

Сирия, римские наместники (легаты, преторы), список:

Цезарь, Секст

Кассий Лонгин, Гай

Кассий Лонгин, Гай

Корнелиан, Атидий

Красс,

Флакк,

Габиний, Авл

Галл, Цестий

Марс, Вибий

Муциан, Лициний

Петроний,

Квадрат, Умидий

Квириний,

Скавр,

Вар, Квинтилий,

Вителлий.

См. также Иудея, римские наместники; Прокураторы Иудеи.

Syriac, despised by Judah I, 2, 461.

Syroes, son of Chosru II, revolts against his father, 3, 22.

makes peace with Heraclius, 3, 22.

T

Tabæ, Antiochus IV dies at, 1, 477.

Taberistan, home of Jewish physicians in the ninth century, 3, 146.

David Alrui in prison in, 3, 432.

Tabernacle, the, at Shiloh destroyed by the Philistines, 1, 71.

Tabernacles, the Feast of, celebrated at Jerusalem under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 380.

as celebrated in the Second Temple, 2, 51.

wreath of, abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

confiscation of prayer books on, 4, 430.

Tabi, favorite slave of Gamaliel II, 2, 336.

“Tables of Testimony, The,” defense by Eibeschütz, 5, 270.

Tables of the Seven Planets, by Abraham Zacuto, 4, 367.

Tables of the Testimony, the, 1, 22.

Tabor, mountain, description of, 1, 44.

considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.

Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, defeated at, 2, 73.

fortress of, in possession of the Zealots, 2, 289.

fortress of, taken by the Romans, 2, 290.

fire signals on, 2, 363.

Табьоме. См. Мар бар Аши.

Таб-Йоми. См. Липман из Мюльхаузена.

Tachkemoni, satirical romance by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, 3, 318.

romance by Jehuda Alcharisi, 3, 559.

Tachos, king of Egypt, at war with Artaxerxes II, 1, 408.

Тахпанхес. См. Тафнай.

Tacitus, historian, on the conversions to Judaism, 2, 384.

Тадмор. См. Пальмира.

Tafilet, the Jews of, fortunes of, 5, 168.

Taima, castle of Shoraich, 3, 70.

submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Таку. См. Моше бен Хасдай Таку.

Talleyrand, speaks to the National Assembly in behalf of the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.

reactionary leader, 5, 512.

Talmai, of Geshur, protects Absalom, 1, 134.

Talmas, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Talmide Chachamim, disciples of the wise, 1, 396.

Talmud, the, application of the oral Law to new questions, 2, 328, 329.

the creation of Pumbeditha and Machuza, 2, 591.

the sole object of attention of the disciples of the Amoraim, 3, 5.

stagnation in the development of, 3, 5–6.

made available for practical use by the Sabureans, 3, 6.

committed to writing, 3, 6–7.

teachings of Mahomet borrowed from, 3, 72.

the result of the opposition of Pauline Christianity, 3, 127.

supplants the Bible, 3, 128.

opposition to, without result, 3, 128.

opposed by Anan ben David, 3, 130.

rendered popular and intelligible by the Halachoth Ketuoth, 3, 136.

exposition of, the work of the Geonim, 3, 178–9.

the exclusive subject of the literary activity of the Geonim, 3, 180.

criticised in Saadiah’s time, 3, 198.

copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, 3, 203, 228.

studied carefully by Sherira, 3, 232.

studied by the Jews of Spain in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235.

scientific study of, founded by Jehuda ben Meïr, 3, 242.

civil law of, treated by Haï Gaon, 3, 251.

methodology of, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

work on the civil jurisprudence of, by Isaac Albergeloni, 3, 284.

work on, by Alfassi, 3, 285–6.

studied by the Jews of Maghreb while pretending to be Mahometans, 3, 360.

work on, by Jonathan of Lünel, 3, 397.

work on, by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, 3, 399.

maligned by Donin before Gregory IX, 3, 573–4.

confiscation of, by Gregory IX and in France, 3, 575–8.

disputation on, under Louis IX, 3, 576–8.

defended by Yechiel of Paris, 3, 577.

defended by Jehuda of Melun, 3, 578.

condemned to be burnt, 3, 578.

burnt in Paris, 3, 578–9; 4, 460.

Jesus of Nazareth in, 3, 599.

denounced by Pablo Christiani, 3, 602.

confiscation of, ordered by Clement IV, 3, 602.

subjected to censorship in Aragon, 3, 603.

in the Zohar, 4, 19.

burnt by order of the king of Majorca, 4, 50.

burnt at Toulouse, 4, 55.

guaranteed against confiscation by John of France, 4, 130.

extermination of, planned by Benedict XIII, 4, 209.

accused of blasphemy by Joshua Lorqui, 4, 213–14.

Benedict XIII’s bull against, 4, 215–16.

defended by Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi, 4, 234.

defended by Solomon Duran I, 4, 238.

reading of, forbidden by Eugenius IV, 4, 251.

influence of, on the Protestant Reformation, 4, 423, 467, 468.

the Dominicans desire to confiscate, 4, 425.

attacked by Pfefferkorn, 4, 425–6, 427, 439.

defended by Reuchlin, 4, 442, 466.

decision against, 4, 444.

the watchword of the Reuchlinists, 4, 457.

in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.

printing of, encouraged by Leo X, 4, 468, 565.

attacked by Luther, 4, 549–50.

endangered by the censor, 4, 563.

burnt at Rome and elsewhere, 4, 565.

persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 582.

taught at Cremona, 4, 582.

burnt at Cremona, 4, 582–3.

appearance of, permitted by Pius IV, 4, 589.

printed at Basle, 4, 589.

connected with other ancient writings by Azarya deï Rossi, 4, 614.

as viewed by Solomon Lurya, 4, 635.

confiscation of, ordered by Gregory XIII, 4, 654.

dictionary of, by David de Pomis, 4, 657.

reprinting of, permitted by Sixtus V, 4, 657–8.

reading of, forbidden by Clement VIII, 4, 659.

expurgated edition of, 4, 659.

mutilation of, 4, 659–60.

beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 54–5.

scoffed at by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.

Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 84.

opposed by the Sabbatians, 5, 142, 228.

defended by Richard Simon, 5, 181.

studied by Polish Jews, 5, 206.

privilege of printing, obtained through Eibeschütz, 5, 250.

rejected by the Frankists, 5, 274.

slandered by Frankists, 5, 280–1.

burnt at Kamieniec, 5, 582.

excessive study of, favors Chassidism, 5, 383, 385–6.

neglected in Germany after Mendelssohn’s death, 5, 395.

атакован «Moniteur», 5, 485–6.

an alleged Oriental form of, 5, 651.

exonerated by Zunz, 5, 669.

aspersions upon, permitted by Geiger, 5, 669.

authority of, not recognized by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675, 676.

opposed by Holdheim, 5, 678.

authority of, not recognized by the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.

rejected by the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 683.

development of, 5, 726.

См. также Амораи; Закон устный; Мишна; Талмуд вавилонский.

Talmud, the, commentary on, by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 243–4.

by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

by Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.

by Rashi, 3, 288, 344, 403.

by Jacob Tam, 3, 376.

by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.

by Nachmani, 3, 532.

См. также под заголовком Талмуд.

Talmud, the, the study of, degenerates into a matter of memory, 3, 128.

encouraged in Spain by Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 227–8.

among the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.

in Spain, 3, 282.

pursued by the German Jews after the first crusade, 3, 309.

flourishes in Spain in the twelfth century, 3, 317.

cultivated by the French Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343–5.

divided into two branches by the Tossafists, 3, 345.

at Toledo, 3, 386.

preserves the Jews of northern France from moral decay, 3, 407–8.

in Germany in the twelfth century, 3, 419.

in Bohemia, 3, 420, 421.

facilitated by Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 458.

in the twelfth century described by Maimonides, 3, 492.

the absorbing occupation of the Jews in the thirteenth century, 3, 571–2.

in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 86, 144.

decays in Germany in the fourteenth century, 4, 96.

neglected in France in the fourteenth century, 4, 132–3.

neglected in Germany in the fifteenth century, 4, 227.

neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 230, 231.

by Karaites, 4, 269, 270.

in Thebes, 4, 406.

in Prague, 4, 418.

in Poland, 4, 420.

in Frankfort, 4, 429.

in Poland in the sixteenth century, 4, 634, 639–40, 640–1.

neglected in Germany during the Catholic reaction, 4, 653.

in Poland in the seventeenth century, 5, 4–6.

Polish method of, dominant in Europe, 5, 16–17.

by Frankel, 5, 684, 694–5.

См. также под заголовком Талмуд.

Талмуд Бавли. См. Талмуд вавилонский.

Talmud, the Babylonian, collected by Ashi, 2, 607–9.

not committed to writing, 2, 608.

the study of, disturbed under Theodosius II, 2, 623.

compilation of, finished by Mar bar Ashi, 2, 628.

completed by Rabina and José, 2, 630–2.

uniqueness of, 2, 632.

compared with the literature of the Church Fathers, 2, 632.

blemishes of, 2, 632–3.

diversified character of, 2, 633–4.

as distinguished from the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 634.

intellectual character of, 2, 634–5.

dialectics of, 2, 635.

the preserver of the Jewish nation, 2, 635.

the constitution of the Babylonian Jewish community, 3, 118.

authority of, extended by the Islamic conquests, 3, 118–19.

irksome to the Arabian Jews, 3, 119–20.

printed by Daniel Bomberg, 4, 468.

См. также Талмуд.

Talmud, the Jerusalem (or Palestinian), compiled, 2, 609.

compilers of, unknown, 2, 612.

compared with the Babylonian, 2, 634.

studied at Kairuan in the eleventh century, 3, 249.

commentary on, by David Fränkel, 5, 294.

Талмуд шель Эрец-Исраэль. См. Талмуд иерусалимский.

Талмуд Святой Земли. См. Талмуд иерусалимский.

Talmud Torah, graded Jewish school in Amsterdam, 4, 681–2.

Talmud Torah, synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 689–90.

Talmud Torah, the greatest virtue, according to the Mishna, 2, 473–4.

Talmud Torah schools, contrasted with the rabbinical colleges, 5, 700.

Talmudical Judaism, founded by Hillel, 2, 327.

rejected by Arabian Jews, 3, 120.

opposition to, led by Serene, 3, 120–2.

opposition to, led by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.

opposed by the adherents of Anan ben David, 3, 129.

Anan ben David’s opposition to, inconsistent, 3, 135.

superiority of, over Karaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 334.

as regarded by Maimonides, 3, 469–70.

undermined by Maimonides’ arguments, 3, 529.

becomes Rabbinism in Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 89.

efforts to reconcile the Karaites to, 4, 270.

См. также Раввинский иудаизм.

Талмудический лексикон. См. Лексикон талмудический.

Talmudists, the, dialecticians, 2, 591.

ranged against the Maimunists and the Kabbalists, 3, 558.

of the sixteenth century characterized by Solomon Lurya, 4, 635–6.

disputations of, in Poland, 4, 640–1.

Polish, dominant influence of, 5, 17.

mocked at by the Chassidim, 5, 379.

Талмудисты, список:

Аарон ха-Леви,

Авраам бен Давид,

Авраам бен Исаак,

Авраам Ибн-Шошан,

Авраам Маймони,

Абу-Амр Иосиф бен Цадик Ибн-Цадик,

Ашер бен Иехиэль (Ашери) (Тосафист),

Ашкенази, Яков

Ашкенази, Цви

Барух бен Самуил,

Чагес, Яков

Хананэль бен Хушиэль,

Ханох бен Моше,

Хасдай Крескас,

Хушиэль,

Даниэль бен Саадия,

Давид бен Калонимос (Тосафист),

Давид Ибн-Аби Зимра,

Эдлес, Самуил

Эйбешюц, Ионатан

Эльханан бен Исаак (Тосафист),

Элеазар бен Иоэль ха-Леви,

Элеазар бен Иосиф (Тосафист),

Элиас Мизрахи,

Элиягу из Вильны,

Эмден, Яков

Эфраим бен Яков (Тосафист),

Эскафа, Иосиф

Флорентин, Соломон

Франкель, Захария

Гершом бен Иегуда,

Хал Гаон,

Хеллер, Липман

Гиллель бен Самуил,

Хольдхайм, Самуил

Исаак бен Абба-Мари,

Исаак бен Авраам (Ризба) (Тосафист),

Исаак бен Ашер ха-Леви (Риба) (Тосафист),

Исаак бен Барух Альбалия,

Исаак бен Яков Альфаси,

Исаак бен Яков Кампантон,

Исаак бен Яков Халабан (Тосафист),

Исаак бен Иегуда Ибн-Гиат,

Исаак бен Иосиф (Тосафист),

Исаак бен Меир (Тосафист),

Исаак бен Реувен Альбаргелони,

Исаак бен Самуил (Ри) (Тосафист),

Исаак бен Шешет Барфат,

Исаак Ибн-Сакни,

Яков из Лондона,

Яков из Орлеана (Тосафист),

Яков бен Ашери,

Яков бен Натаниэль Ибн-Альфаюми,

Яков бен Ниссим Ибн-Шахин,

Яков Ибн-Хабиб,

Яков Бераб,

Яков Полак,

Яков Там,

Яфет бен Элия,

Иегуда бен Меир (Леонтин),

Иегуда бен Натан (Рибан) (Тосафист),

Иегуда Ашери,

Иегуда ха-Леви,

Иона бен Авраам Геронди (Старший),

Ионатан Коэн из Люнеля,

Иосиф бен Исаак Ибн-Абитур,

Иосиф бен Меир Ибн-Мигаш ха-Леви,

Иосиф бен Пилат,

Иосиф Ибн-Нагрела,

Иосиф Оттоленги,

Иосиф Каро,

Иегуда Слепой,

Иегуда Менц,

Иегуда сэр Леон бен Исаак (Тосафист),

Калонимос из Рима,

Лагарто, Яков

Леви бен Гершон,

Леви бен Яков Хабиб,

Леви, Давид

Маймун бен Иосиф,

Мар-Цемах I бен Палтой,

Маттафия бен Иосиф Прованси,

Меир бен Барух из Ротенбурга,

Меир бен Иосиф Ибн-Мигаш,

Меир бен Самуил (Тосафист),

Менахем из Мерзебурга,

Менахем бен Аарон бен Зерах,

Мордехай бен Гиллель,

Моше из Куси (Тосафист),

Моше бен Ханох,

Моше бен Хасдай Таку,

Моше бен Исаак Алашкар,

Моше бен Исраэль Иссерлес,

Моше бен Маймон,

Моше бен Нахман,

Моше Менц,

Нахшон бен Цадок,

Натан бен Исаак Коэн,

Натан бен Иехиэль,

Ниссим бар Яков Ибн-Шахин,

Ниссим Геронди бен Реувен,

Петр (Тосафист),

Философ, Иосиф

Самсон бен Авраам (Тосафист),

Самуил бен Али ха-Леви,

Самуил бен Меир (Рашбам) (Тосафист),

Самуил бен Соломон сэр Морель (Тосафист),

Самуил Альваленси,

Самуил Коэн бен Даниэль,

Самуил ха-Леви Ибн-Нагрела,

Самуил Сидильо,

Саспортас, Яков

Серахья ха-Леви Геронди,

Серкес, Иоэль

Шалом Шахна,

Шемария бен Эльханан,

Шешет Бенвенисте,

Симха бен Самуил,

Шимон из Каира,

Шимон бен Исаак бен Абун,

Зинцгейм, Иосиф Давид

Соломон бен Авраам,

Соломон бен Авраам бен Адрет (Рашба),

Соломон бен Авраам Зарфати,

Соломон Лурья,

Соломон Ицхаки (Раши),

Тайтасак, Иосиф

Иехиэль из Парижа,

Цадок.

Таман. См. Фанагория.

Tamar, daughter of David, seduced, 1, 134.

Тамара. См. Цоар.

Tamarica, the Jewish community in, 4, 693.

Tamarite, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 214.

Tamgiz, anti-Karaite work by Saadiah, 3, 192.

Tammuz, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 151–2.

abrogated by the Sabbatians, 5, 159.

Тана. См. Сана.

Tanaites, the, teachers of the Law, 2, 356.

and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

reviled by the Nazarenes, 2, 371–2.

deprecate the influence of the Minæans on Judaism, 2, 378.

protect Judaism from Gnostic-Christian influences, 2, 382.

uphold Gamaliel II’s ordinances, 2, 405.

refuse subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 427.

end of the second generation of, 2, 429.

activity of, culminates in Judah I, 2, 450.

conclude their activity by the compilation of the Mishna, 2, 462, 478.

half, supplement the Mishna, 2, 470–1.

connection of, with the Amoraim, 2, 479.

compared with the Amoraim, 2, 490.

subordinated to the Amoraim by Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 590.

См. также Закон, учителя.

Таннаи, список:

Абба Саул,

Акива бен Иосиф,

Халафта,

Хананья (племянник Иешуа бен Хананьи),

Ханина,

Ханина бен Терадион,

Досса бен Нахман (Архинас),

Элеазар бен Арах,

Элеазар бен Азария,

Элеазар бен Яков,

Элеазар бен Хосе (бен Халафта),

Элеазар бен Шамуа,

Элеазар бен Шимон (бен Йохай),

Элеазар Хасма,

Элиэзер из Модина,

Элиэзер бен Гиркан,

Элиша бен Абуя,

Гамлиэль I,

Гамлиэль II,

Илаи,

Ишмаэль бен Элиша,

Ишмаэль бен Хосе (бен Халафта),

Йоханан из Александрии (сандаляр),

Йоханан бен Гудгада,

Йоханан бен Нури,

Йоханан бен Заккай,

Ионатан,

Ионатан бен Нахман (Архинас),

Хосе Галилеянин,

Хосе бен Халафта,

Иосиф бен Кисма,

Иешуа бен Хананья,

Иешуа бен Карха,

Иосия,

Иегуда бен Бава,

Иегуда бен Батира,

Иегуда бен Илаи,

Иегуда I ха-Наси,

Матия бен Хараш,

Меир,

Нахум из Гимзо,

Нахум Мидянин,

Натан Вавилонянин,

Нехунья бен ха-Кана,

Нехемия,

Пинхас бен Яир,

Самуил Младший,

Шимон (сподвижник Ишмаэля б. Элиши),

Шимон II,

Шимон III,

Шимон бен Азай,

Шимон бен Йохай,

Шимон бен Нанос,

Шимон бен Зома,

Симмахос бен Иосиф,

Тарфон из Лидды,

Цадок.

Tanchuma bar Abba, Amora, Agadist, 2, 611–12.

Tangermünde, projected university at, 5, 174.

Tangier, Jews taken prisoners at, by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 286.

“Tantalus in the Lawsuit,” comedy by Frederick the Great, 5, 339.

Taphath, daughter of Solomon, 1, 177.

Taphnai (Tachpanches), Judæans take refuge in, after Gedaliah’s murder, 1, 324.

Jeremiah summons the Egyptian Judæans to, 1, 326–7.

Тапуах. См. Типсах.

Tarazona, Jews of Navarre settle in, 4, 142.

the cortes at, cancel the privileges of Aragon, 4, 326.

the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.

Tarentum, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Targum, the, declared not authoritative by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

Targum Onkelos, the, Aramæan translation of Akylas’ Greek version of the Scriptures, 2, 387, 581–2.

Тарихея. См. Магдала.

Tarik, Mahometan conqueror of Visigothic Spain, aided by the Jews, 3, 109.

Тарки. См. Семендер.

Tarnopol, beginnings of culture among the Jews of, 5, 612.

school founded by Joseph Perl in, 5, 612.

Tarphon, teacher of the Law, on Akiba, 2, 353.

member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

on the influence of the Minæans on Judaism, 2, 378.

at Lydda, 2, 423.

Tarragona, the city of the Jews, 3, 42.

Tarshish, ships of, fitted out under Uzziah, 1, 231.

Tarsus, birthplace of the apostle Paul, 2, 223.

Tartars, the, in Armenia, converted to Judaism, 3, 440.

devastate Jerusalem, 3, 605–6.

kingdom of, in Persia, 3, 637–8.

plundered by the Cossacks, 5, 2.

allies of the Cossacks, 5, 7.

Jews as captives of, 5, 8.

defeat the Poles, 5, 11.

Taska, land tax paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.

Тавс. См. Яков Тус.

Taytasak, Joseph, Talmudist and Kabbalist, 4, 405.

the circle of, and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496.

letter to, from Molcho, 4, 506.

Tax, the, levied on the daily sacrifice by Bagoas, 1, 409–10.

on the Judæans levied by the Macedonians, 1, 413.

levied by the Egypto-Macedonian dynasty on the Judæans, 1, 418.

levied by Syria upon the Judæans removed by Demetrius II, 1, 497.

levied on Jerusalem by Pompey, 2, 67.

paid by Judæa to Rome, 2, 87.

levied by Augustus in Judæa, 2, 129–30.

Judæan, lightened by Tiberius, 2, 135.

imposed by Albinus, 2, 249.

Roman, not paid by Judæa, 2, 258.

paid by Judæans to the Capitoline Jupiter (fiscus Judaicus), 2, 316.

levied on the Jews by Hadrian, 2, 420.

imposed on Judæa under Judah I, 2, 463.

paid by the Jews in the Sabbatical year under Caracalla, 2, 469.

on land remitted by Gregory I in the case of converts, 3, 33.

imposed upon Jews and Christians by Omar, 3, 88.

levied by the Exilarchs, 3, 96.

paid by the Jews of Spain to the Mahometan conquerors, 3, 110.

imposed upon Jewish merchants by Charles the Bald, 3, 172.

imposed upon the Jews by the Carlovingian and Saxon emperors, 3, 243.

paid by the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.

paid by the Jews to the emperors of Germany, 3, 357.

levied on money transactions in northern France, 3, 407.

imposed on the Jews of the Byzantine empire, 3, 425.

imposed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.

exacted from the Jews by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.

upon the German Jews discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.

imposed on Jews enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.

levied on Jewish immigrants by Frederick II in Sicily, 3, 569.

imposed on the Jews by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.

levied by Henry III upon the Jews of England, 3, 589.

on the Jews of Castile regulated by Sancho, 3, 617.

on the Jews of England decreed by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.

imposed on the Jews by Emperor Louis IV, 4, 96–7.

levied on the Jews of Burgos, 4, 123, 124.

levied on the French Jews under John the Good, 4, 130–1.

exacted from the Jews by Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.

imposed on Marranos in Algiers, 4, 199.

imposed on the Spanish Jews for the war with Granada, 4, 344.

imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.

paid by the Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 673.

levied on the Jews of Vienna, 5, 170.

paid by the Jews of Brandenburg, 5, 173.

paid by the Jews of Prussia, 5, 191.

См. Подушный налог; Налоги; Десятина.

Tax, the Patriarch’s, levied from the time of Judah II, 2, 486–7, 536.

forbidden by Honorius to be collected, 2, 617.

collected by the imperial officials under Honorius, 2, 622.

Сборщики налогов. См. Налоги, откупщики.

Taxes, paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.

imposed upon the Jews under Constantius, 2, 569, 572.

laid upon the Jews by Louis the Pious, 3, 161.

imposed upon the German Jews burdensome, 3, 517.

the payment of, discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.

paid by the Jews of Poland, 4, 632.

imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 652, 702.

imposed on the Frankfort Jews, 4, 700.

paid by the Jews of Metz and Alsace, 5, 348.

discussed by the National Assembly, 5, 446.

removed from the Jews of Metz, 5, 446.

imposed on the Jews of Austria, 5, 508.

См. Подушный налог; Налог; Десятина.

Налоги, откупщики (сборщики налогов, генеральные приемщики), евреи выступают в этой роли, 1, 425; 2, 253; 4, 80–1, 132, 138, 150, 156, 275, 618.

Taxes, the farming of, by Jews, forbidden by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.

in the Frankish empire, 3, 161.

in Hungary, 3, 521.

forbidden by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

objected to in Burgos, 4, 125.

in Portugal, 4, 160, 339.

in Poland, 5, 3.

Teacher, title of the members of the Synhedrion in Babylonia, 3, 96.

Учителя Закона. См. Закон, учителя.

Tebeth, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 143.

Tekanoth Shum, decisions of Speyer, Worms, and Mayence, 4, 135.

Tekanoth Usha, ordinances of the Synhedrion at Usha, 2, 405.

Tekoah, the woman of, employed to plead for Absalom, 1, 135–6.

home of Simon ben Jochai, 2, 441.

Telesina, a Jew of, the friend of Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.

Teller, consistorial councilor, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on Church discipline, 5, 363.

letter addressed to, by Jews, 5, 421–2.

Тамплиеры. См. Реформистский храмовый союз в Гамбурге.

Temple, the first (Solomon’s), the site of, 1, 162.

materials for, 1, 162–4.

internal decoration and arrangement of, 1, 164–6.

transfer of the ark to, 1, 166.

consecration of, 1, 166–7.

service of, 1, 167–8.

breaches of, repaired by Josiah, 1, 218–19.

ransacked by Jehoash of Israel, 1, 225.

the people of Israel permitted to make pilgrimages to, 1, 232.

the ornaments of, removed, 1, 274.

image of Mylitta in, 1, 282.

decay of, under Josiah, 1, 288–9.

idol-worship in, under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.

Jeremiah’s prophecies read in, 1, 304.

the treasures of, taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.

burnt by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.

the treasures of, taken to Babylon, 1, 315.

the slaves of, live together in Babylon, 1, 330.

the vessels of, restored by Cyrus, 1, 351.

Temple, the second, beginnings of, under Zerubbabel, 1, 356–7.

difficulties in the way of building, 1, 359.

consecration of, 1, 359.

spared by the Samaritans, 1, 372.

the service of, neglected during Nehemiah’s absence, 1, 383–4.

the service of, restored by Nehemiah, 1, 386.

the form of prayer used in, 1, 399.

Joshua slain by his brother in, 1, 409.

renovated by Simon the Just, 1, 421.

Hyrcanus stores his wealth in, 1, 437–8.

despoiled by Menelaus and Lysimachus, 1, 448, 449.

desecrated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.

abandoned, 1, 454.

the statue of Jupiter placed in, 1, 455.

re-consecrated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 472.

fortified by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 473.

attacked by the Hellenists, 1, 478.

besieged by Lysias, 1, 479.

the fortifications of, razed by Lysias, 1, 480.

occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.

the sacrifices in, maintained by the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.

taken by Aristobulus II, 2, 58.

a tower of, falls on Pompey’s attack, 2, 66.

entered by Pompey, 2, 66.

votive offerings of, taken by Flaccus, 2, 68.

robbed by Crassus, 2, 74.

ravaged by Sosius, 2, 88.

remodeled by Herod, 2, 109–11.

courts of, 2, 110.

gates of, 2, 111.

dedication of, 2, 111.

placed under the protection of Rome, 2, 111.

besieged by the Romans, at the instigation of Sabinus, 2, 123–4.

the treasures of, taken by the Romans, 2, 124.

polluted by the Samaritans, 2, 135.

offerings sent to, by Roman proselytes, 2, 136.

the treasures of, used for an aqueduct, 2, 139–40.

Jesus in, 2, 161.

Vitellus sacrifices in, 2, 173.

Caligula orders, to be desecrated, 2, 188.

the bringing of first fruits to, in the time of Agrippa I, 2, 194.

the center of the dispersed Judæans, 2, 201.

portal presented to, by Helen of Adiabene, 2, 218.

golden vessels given to, by Monobaz II, 2, 219.

despoiled by the high priests, 2, 237.

Cumanus places a cohort in, 2, 242.

watched by Agrippa II, 2, 247–8.

the treasures of, demanded by Gessius Florus, 2, 253.

attacked by Gessius Florus, 2, 255.

occupied by the Zealot chief Eleazar ben Ananias, 2, 259.

barred against the Peace party, 2, 260.

besieged by Anan, 2, 295.

the western colonnade of, destroyed, 2, 305.

siege of, begun by Titus, 2, 306–7.

fire-brand thrown into, 2, 307.

burnt to the ground, 2, 308.

the vessels of, in Titus’ triumph, 2, 314.

the vessels of, deposited in the Temple of Peace, 2, 315.

contribution to, changed into the fiscus Judaicus, 2, 316.

the restoration of, attempted under Hadrian, 2, 401–3, 411.

the vessels of, seen in Rome by Eleazar ben Joseph, 2, 449.

preparations for rebuilding, by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597, 598, 599.

the rebuilding of, superintended by Alypius, 2, 599.

Jews not interested in the rebuilding of, 2, 599–600.

obstacles to the rebuilding of, 2, 600.

the vessels of, in the possession of the Vandals, 2, 611.

the vessels of, taken from Carthage to Constantinople, 3, 26–7.

the vessels of, removed to Jerusalem, 3, 27.

in the Kabbala, 3, 553.

the model of, made by Jacob Jehuda Leon, 5, 114–15.

Temple, the, of Onias, in Heliopolis, built by Onias IV, 1, 508.

appearance and furnishings of, 1, 508.

as regarded by Judæans in Egypt and Judæa, 1, 509–10.

fortified, 1, 510.

closed by Vespasian, 2, 318.

Temple, the, of Peace, the spoils from the Jerusalem Temple deposited in, 2, 315.

Temple, the, on Gerizim, built by the Samaritans, 1, 390.

destroyed by John Hyrcanus, 2, 8.

Темпло. См. Леон, Яков Иегуда.

Ten Categories, the, of the Aristotelian philosophy, compared with the Ten Commandments, 3, 197.

Ten Commandments, the, part of the morning service in the Sopheric age, 1, 399.

commentary on, by Saadiah, 3, 197.

Ten Tribes, the, the dispersion of, 1, 265.

a part of, join the Judæans in Babylonia, 1, 335–6.

the Samaritans declare themselves a remnant of, 1, 390–1.

supposed to be in Chazaria, 3, 141.

the descendants of, around Nishabur, 3, 433.

in Chaibar, 3, 437.

theory of, held by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 30–3.

Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 81.

Десять колен, царство. См. Израиль, царство.

Tenes, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.

Tenth Legion, the, defeated by the Judæans, 2, 303.

Tephillah, the principal prayer in the morning service of the Sopheric age, 1, 399. See Liturgy, the.

Тфилин. См. Филактерии.

Teraphim, the, the Israelites believe in, 1, 75.

Tertullian, Church Father, prohibits intercourse between heathens and Christians, 2, 476–7.

Teruel, opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 328.

“Teshuboth,” by Dunash ben Labrat against Saadiah, 3, 226.

Tetragrammaton, the, pronounced by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 122.

Tetrarch, title of the governors of Judæa, 2, 81.

См. также Ирод I; Ирод Антипа; Фасаэль; Филипп.

Teutomania, retards the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 516.

Texeira, a family of Marranos in Holland, 4, 690.

Texeira, Diego, de Mattos, banker in Hamburg, 4, 690–1; 5, 140.

Texeira, Manoel (Isaac Señor, 1630–1695), diplomat in Hamburg, Sabbatian, 5, 140.

intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.

Texeiras, the, millionaires in Hamburg, 5, 205.

Texel, Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

Thabit, a friend of the Benu-Karaiza, 3, 81.

Тафар. См. Зафара.

Thapsacus (Tiphsah), frontier town of Israel under David, 1, 129.

Theatre, the, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 542.

Thebes, Zealots flee to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 318.

Thebes, the Jews of, occupations of, 3, 425.

fine Talmudists, 4, 406.

Themudo, George, inquires into the life of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 489.

Theobald, count of Chartres, imprisons the Jews of Blois on the blood accusation, 3, 379.

offers to release them for a sum of money, 3, 379.

has them burnt at the stake, 3, 380.

Theodatus, Ostrogoth, supported by the Jews, 3, 31–2.

Theodebert, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.

Theodora, wife of Justinian I, and her Samaritan favorite, 3, 17.

Theodoric, of Burgundy, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.

Jews in the army of, 3, 36.

Theodoric, founder of the Ostrogothic empire, 3, 27.

hostile to the Jews, 3, 29–30.

protects Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.

successors of, 3, 31.

Феодосия. См. Каффа.

Theodosia, the straits of, the Jews of the Byzantine empire settle on, 3, 123.

Theodosius I (the Great, 379–395), emperor, protects the Jews and the Patriarchs from the bishops, 2, 612–13.

orders the rebuilding of a synagogue at Callinicus, 2, 614.

enacts laws for and against the Jews, 2, 615.

division of the Roman empire under, 2, 615.

the laws of, govern the Jews of Italy, 3, 28–9.

Theodosius II, emperor of the East, forbids the building of synagogues, 2, 617.

bestows distinctions on Gamaliel V, 2, 617–18.

orders the Spanish Jews to cease mockery of Christianity, 2, 620.

rebuked by Simon Stylites, 2, 621–2.

anti-Jewish laws of, enforced by Justin I, 3, 10.

expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, 3, 26.

anti-Jewish decree of, revived, 3, 171.

Theodosius, Samaritan champion in the dispute with the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 517.

Theodotion, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, 2, 489.

Theodotus, Egypto-Samaritan poet, extols Shechem, 1, 517.

Theodotus, envoy of Nicanor to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.

Theodus, introduces a substitute for the Paschal lamb, 2, 68.

“Theologico-Political Treatise, The,” by Spinoza, an apology for freedom of thought, 5, 95.

on the source of law, 5, 96.

on the state, 5, 96–7.

on freedom of thought, 5, 97.

displays hatred of Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 100–3.

on God, 5, 98–9.

on man, 5, 99–100.

on knowledge, 5, 100–1.

on Christianity, 5, 102–3.

on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.

published anonymously, 5, 108.

produces a stir, 5, 108.

Theology, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, 2, 327.

“Theorica,” astronomical work translated by Moses Isserles, 4, 638.

Theosophy, in the Kabbala, 3, 550.

Thessalonica, Judæans in, 2, 203.

Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 228.

См. Салоники.

Thessaly, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Theudas, a false Messiah, end of, 2, 198.

Thibaut, of Champagne, agrees to surrender Jews from the Isle de France to Philip Augustus, 3, 406.

Thibaut, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, 5, 531.

Thibet, under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 429.

Thiers, struggle of, with Louis Philippe, 5, 648.

espouses the side of Ratti Menton, 5, 648–9, 650, 658.

questioned by Fould on the Damascus affair, 5, 649.

opposes the Jewish envoys in Egypt, 5, 659.

Thiery, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434.

Thirty Years’ War, the, effect of, on the Jews, 4, 701–2, 707.

Jewish victims of, seek refuge in Poland, 5, 2.

awakens Messianic hopes, 5, 23.

Tholuck, exegete, 5, 695.

Thomas à Becket, rouses fanaticism, 3, 409–10.

Фома Аквинский. См. Аквинский, Фома.

Thomists, the, opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 456.

satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.

Thompson, chairman of the Mansion House meeting, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.

Thonon, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Thrace, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

“Three Communities, The,” Altona, Hamburg, Wandsbeck, 5, 238.

Eibeschütz rabbi of, 5, 254, 256.

espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 260.

Throne Chamber, the, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, 1, 168–9.

Thuringia, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.

Thuringia, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.

assaulted by the imperial army against the Hussites, 4, 225.

Тиббон. См. Яков бен Махир Тиббон; Иегуда бен Моше; Иегуда бен Саул; Самуил бен Иегуда Ибн-Тиббон.

Tibbon family, the, instructors in medicine, 3, 582.

Tibbonide party, the, in favor of the study of science, 4, 32, 34.

appeals to Solomon ben Adret, 4, 33.

obtains the ascendancy in Montpellier, 4, 39.

issues a counter-ban against the opponents of science, 4, 40–2.

appeals to the secular authorities in Montpellier, 4, 41.

defends Maimonides, 4, 42.

emigrates to Perpignan, 4, 50.

Tiberias, built by Herod Antipas, capital of his tetrarchy, 2, 137.

pious Judæans refuse to live in, 2, 137–8.

conference at, called by Agrippa I, 2, 195–6.

given to Agrippa II by Nero, 2, 246.

a focus of insurrection in Galilee, 2, 272.

population of, Zealots, 2, 273–4.

partisans of Rome in, 2, 274.

jealous of Sepphoris, 2, 276.

men of, meet with Josephus at Bethmaon, 2, 279.

ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.