«Климат и время в их геологических отношениях»

Astronomy and geology, supposed analogy between, 355

Atlantic, atmospheric pressure on middle of, 33

〃 inability of, to heat the south-west winds without the Gulf-stream, 34

〃 mean annual temperature of, 36

〃 mean temperature of, raised by Gulf-stream, 36, 40

〃 isothermal lines of, compared with those of the Pacific, 46

〃 area of, from equator to Tropic of Cancer, 194

〃 inquiry whether the area of, is sufficient to supply heat according to Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 194

Atlantic, North, heat received by, from torrid zone by currents, 194

〃 according to Dr. Carpenter’s theory ought to be warmer in temperate regions than in the torrid zone, 195

〃 great depth of warm water in, 198

〃 North, an immense whirlpool, 216

〃 above the level of equator, 221

〃 probable antiquity of, 367

〃 from Scandinavia to Greenland probably filled with ice, 451

Atmosphere-pressure in Atlantic a cause of south-west winds, 33

Atmosphere, on difference between black-bulbed and shaded thermometer in upper strata of, 547

Australia, evidence of ice-action in conglomerate of, 295

Ayrshire, ice-action during Silurian period in, 293

Bakewell, Mr. R., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540

Banks’s Land, discovery of ancient forest in, 261

〃 Professor Heer, on fossilized wood of, 309

Ball, Mr., objection to Canon Moseley’s results, 501

Baltic current, 171

Baltic, glaciation of islands in, 448

Baltic glacier, passage of, over Denmark, 449

Bath, grooved rock surfaces of, 464

Bay-ice grinds but does not striate rocks, 277

Belcher, Sir E., tree dug up by, in latitude 75° N., 263

〃 carboniferous fossils found in arctic regions by, 298

Belle-Isle, Strait of, observations on action of icebergs in, 276

Bell, Mr. A., on Mediterranean forms in glacial bed at Greenock, 254

Belt, Mr. Thomas, theory of the cause of glacial epochs, 415

Bennie, Mr. James, on surface geology, 468

〃 on deposits filling buried channel, 486

Blanford, Mr., on ice-action during Carboniferous age in India, 297

Borings, evidence of inter-glacial beds from, 254

〃 examination of drift by, 467

〃 journals of, 483, 484

Boulder clays of former glacial epochs, why so rare, 269

〃 a product of land-ice, 284

〃 if formed from icebergs must be stratified, 284

〃 scarcity of fossils in, 285

〃 formed chiefly from rock on which it lies, 285

〃 of Caithness a product of land-ice, 435

〃 on summit of Allermuir, 441

Boulders, how carried from a lower to a higher level, 527

Boussingault on absorption of carbon by vegetation, 428

Britain, climate of, affected most by south-eastern portion of Gulf-stream, 33

Brown, Dr. R., cited on Greenland ice-sheet, 378, 380

〃 on inland ice of Greenland, 284

〃 on cretaceous formation of Greenland, 305

〃 on Miocene beds of the Disco district, 310

Brown, Mr. Robert, on growth of coal plants, 421

Brown and Dickeson, on sediment of Mississippi, 330

Buchan, Mr., on atmosphere-pressure in the Atlantic, 33

〃 on force of the wind, 220

Buchanan, Mr. J. Y., on vertical distribution of heat of the ocean, 550

Buckland, Dr., observations by, on occurrence of red chalk on Cotteswold hills, 459

Buff, Professor, on oceanic circulation, 145

Buried river channels, 466

〃 channel from Kilsyth to Grangemouth, 468

〃 section at Grangemouth, 474

〃 from Kilsyth to Clyde, 481

〃 not excavated by sea nor by ice, 469

〃 другие примеры, 488−494

Caithness, difficulty of accounting for the origin of the boulder clay of, 435

Caithness, boulder clay of, a product of land-ice, 435

〃 boulder clay not formed by icebergs, 437

〃 theories regarding the origin of the boulder clay of, 437

〃 why the ice was forced over it, 444

〃 Professor Geikie and B. N. Peach on path of ice over, 453

Cambrian conglomerate of Islay, 292

Campbell, Mr., observations of, on icebergs, 276

〃 on supposed striation of rocks by large icebergs, 278

〃 evidence that river-ice does not striate rocks, 279

Canada, change of climate less complete than in Scotland, 71

Carboniferous period of arctic regions, 298

〃 свидетельства ледниковой эпохи в течение, 296−298

〃 temperate climate of, 422

Carboniferous limestone, mode of formation, 433

Carpenter’s, Dr., objections examined, 141

〃 theory, mechanics of, 145

〃 idea of a 〃vertical circulation〃 stated, 153

Carpenter’s, Dr., radical error in theory of, 155

〃 on difference of density between waters of Atlantic and Mediterranean, 168

〃 theory, inadequacy of, 191

〃 estimate of thermal work of Gulf-stream, 199

Charpentier’s, M., theory of glacier-motion, 513

Carse clays, date of, 405

Cattegat, ice-markings on shore of, 446

Cave and river deposits, 251

Chalk, erratic blocks found in, 304

〃 débris, conclusion of Mr. Searles Wood, 460

Challenger’s temperature-soundings at equator, 119

〃 crucial test of the wind and gravitation theories, 220

Chambers, Dr. Robert, on striated pavements, 255

〃 observations on glaciation of Gothland, 446

Champlain Lake, inter-glacial bed of, 241

Chapelhall, ancient buried channel at, 491

〃 inter-glacial sand-bed, 244

Chart showing the agreement between system of currents and system of winds, 212

Christianstadt, crossed by Baltic glacier, 450

Circulation without difference of level, 176

Climate, Secular changes of, intensified by reaction of physical causes, 75, 76

〃 affected most by temperature of the surface of ground, 88

〃 ocean-currents in relation to, 226

〃 cold conditions of, inferred from absence of fossils, 288

〃 cold condition of, difficulty of determining, from fossil remains, 289

〃 warm, of arctic regions during Old Red Sandstone period, 295

〃 rough sketch of the history of, during the last 60,000 years, 409

〃 of Coal period inter-glacial in character, 420

〃 alternate changes of, during Coal period, 426

Climates, Mr. J. Geikie on difficulty of detecting evidence of ancient glacial conditions, 289

〃 evidence of, from ancient sea-bottoms, 289

Coal an inter-glacial formation, 420

Coal beds, alternate submergence and emergence during formation of, 424

〃 preservation of, by submergence, 426

Coal period, flatness of the land during, 430

Coal plants, conditions necessary for, preservation of, 423

Coal seams, thickness of, indicative of length of inter-glacial periods, 428

Coal seams, time occupied in formation of, 429

Coal strata, on absence of ice-action in, 429

Coal measures, oscillations of sea-level during formation of, 425

Cold periods best marked in temperate regions, 258

Colding, Dr., oceanic circulation, 95

Confusion of ideas in reference to the agency of polar cold, 179

Continental ice, inadequate conceptions of, 385

〃 absence of, during glacial epochs of Coal period, 432

Contorted drift near Musselburgh, 465

Cook, Captain, description of Sandwich Land by, 60

〃 on South Georgia, 60

Cornwall, striated rocks of, 464

Cotteswold hills, red chalk from Yorkshire found on, 459

Couthony, Mr., on action of icebergs, 275

Coutts, Mr. J., on buried channel, 493

Craig, Mr. Robert, on inter-glacial beds at Overton Hillhead and Crofthead, 247

Craiglockhart hill, inter-glacial bed of, 245

“Crawling” theory considered, 507

“Crevasses,” origin of, according to molecular theory, 521

Меловой период, свидетельства ледникового воздействия в течение, 303−305

Cretaceous age, evidence of warm periods during, 304

Cretaceous formation of Greenland, 305

Crofthead, inter-glacial bed at, 248

Cromer forest bed, 250

Crosskey, Rev. Mr., comparison of Clyde and Canada shell beds, 71

〃 on southern shells in Clyde beds, 253

Croydon, block of granite found in chalk at, 303

Crucial test of the wind and gravitation theories, 220

Crystallization, force of, a cause of glacier-motion, 523

Currents, effects of their stoppage on temperatures of equator and poles, 42

〃 produced by saltness neutralize those produced by temperature, 106

Dalager, excursion in Greenland by, 378

Dana, Professor, on action of icebergs, 275

〃 on striations by icebergs, 275

〃 on thickness of ice-sheet of North America, 381

Darwin, Mr., on alternate cold and warm periods, 231

〃 on migration of plants and animals during glacial epoch, 395

〃 on peat of Falkland Islands, 422

Date of the 40-foot beach, 409

Date when conditions were favourable to formations of the Carse clay, 409

Davis’ Straits, current of, 132

Dawkins, Mr. Boyd, on the animals of cave and river deposits, 251

Dawson, Principal, on esker of Carboniferous age, 296

〃 on habitats of coal plants, 424

Deflection of ocean-currents chief cause of change of climate, 68

De la Beche, Sir H. T., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 539

De Mairan, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 528

Дания, пересеченная балтийским ледником, 449−452

Denudation, method of measuring rate of, 329

〃 as a measure of geological time, 329

〃 measured by sediment of Mississippi, 330

〃 subaërial rate of, 331

〃 law which determines rate of, 333

〃 marine, trifling, 337

Deposition, rates of, generally adopted, quite arbitrary, 360

〃 rate of, determined by rate of denudation, 362

〃 range of, restricted to a narrow fringe surrounding the continents, 364

〃 area of, 365

〃 during glacial epoch probably less than present, 366

Deposits from icebergs cannot be wholly unstratified, 437

Despretz, tables by, of temperature of maximum density of sea-water, 117

Desor, M., on tropical fauna of the Eocene formation in Switzerland, 306

Derbyshire, breaks in limestone of, marks of cold periods, 434

Derbyshire limestone a product of inter-glacial periods, 434

Devonshire, boulder clay discovered in, 463

Diagram illustrating descent of water from equator to poles, 155

〃 showing variations of eccentricity, 313

〃 illustrative of fluidity of interior of the earth, 396

〃 showing formation of coal beds, 426

Dick, Mr., chalk flints in boulder clay, 454

Dick, Mr. R., on buried channel, 491

Difference of level essential to gravitation theory, 176

Dilatation of sea-water by increase of temperature calculated by Sir John Herschel, 116

Disco district, Dr. R. Brown cited on Miocene beds of, 310

Остров Диско, верхнемиоценовый период, 307−308

Distribution, how effected by ocean-currents, 231

Dove, Professor, method of constructing normal temperature tables by, 40

〃 on mean annual temperature, 401

Dover, mass of coal imbedded in chalk found at, 303

Drayson, Lieutenant-Colonel, on obliquity of ecliptic, 410

Drayson, Lieutenant-Colonel, theory of the cause of the glacial epoch, 410

Drift, examination by borings, 467

Drumry, deep surface deposits at, 482

Dubuat’s, M., experiments, 182

〃 experiments by, on water flowing down an incline, 120

Duncan, Captain, on under current in Davis’ Strait, 134

Dürnten lignite beds, 240

Dürnten beds an example of inter-glacial coal formation, 433

Durham, buried river channel at, 488

Earth’s axis of rotation permanent, 7

Earth, mean temperature of, increased by water at equator, 30

〃 not habitable without ocean-currents, 54

〃 mean temperature of, greatest in aphelion, 77, 78

〃 centre of gravity of, effects of ice-cap on, 370, 371

Eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, Mr. Stockwell’s researches regarding, 54

〃 primary cause of change of climate, 54

〃 primary cause of glacial epochs, 77

〃 how it affects the winds, 228

〃 таблицы, 314−321

〃 its influence on temperature, 323

〃 explanation of tables of, 324

〃 De Marian, on influence of, on climate, 528

〃 Sir J. F. Herschel, on influence of, on climate, 529

〃 Œpinus, on influence of, on climate, 529

〃 R. Kirwan, on influence of, on climate, 529

〃 of planetary orbits, superior limits as determined by Lagrange, Leverrier, and Mr. Stockwell, 531

〃 Sir Charles Lyell, on influence of, on climate, 529, 535

〃 M. Arago, on influence of, on climate, 536

〃 Baron Humboldt, on influence of, on climate, 538

〃 Sir H. T. de la Beche, on influence of, on climate, 539

〃 Professor Phillips, on influence of, on climate, 539

〃 Mrs. Somerville, on influence of, on climate, 540

〃 L. W. Meech, on influence of, on climate, 540

〃 Mr. R. Bakewell, on influence of, on climate, 540

〃 M. Jean Reynaud, on influence of, on climate, 541

〃 M. Adhémar, on influence of, on climate, 542

Equator, reduction of level by denudation, 336

Ecliptic, supposed effect of a change of obliquity of, 8

〃 изменения, влияние на климат, 398−417

〃 obliquity of, Lieutenant-Colonel Drayson on, 410

Emergence, physical cause of, 368

England, inter-glacial beds of, 249

〃 glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of, 294

〃 ice-action during Permian period in, 298

〃 North of, ice-sheet of, 456

〃 ice-sheet of South of, 463

Eocene period, total absence of fossils in flysch, 286

〃 glacial epoch of, 305

Eocene and Miocene periods, date of, 357

Equator, heat received per square mile at, 26

〃 temperature of earth increased by water at, 30

〃 and poles, effects of stoppage of currents on temperature of, 42

〃 surface-currents warmer than the under currents, 92

〃 heat transferred by currents from southern hemisphere compared with that received by land at, 93

〃 temperature soundings at, 119

〃 temperature of sea at, decreases most rapidly at the surface, 119

〃 heat received by the three zones compared with that received by the, 194

〃 migration across, 234

〃 glaciation of, 234

Equatorial current, displacement of, 229

Erratic blocks in stratified rocks, evidence of former land-ice, 269

〃 in chalk, 304

〃 why not found in coal strata, 432

Erratics extend further south in America than in Europe, 72

Etheridge, R., jun., on glacial conglomerate in Australia of Old Red Sandstone age, 295

Europe, influence of Gulf-stream on climate of, 31

〃 effect of deflection of Gulf-stream on condition of, 68

〃 glacial condition of, if Gulf-stream was stopped, 71

〃 river systems of, unaltered since glacial period, 393

Faraday, Professor, on cause of regelation, 554

Faroe Islands glaciated by land-ice from Scandinavia, 450

Ferrel, Mr., on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 126

〃 argument from the tides, 184

Findlay, Mr. A. G., objection by, considered, 31, 203

〃 estimate of heat conveyed by Gulf-stream, 206

Fisher, Rev. O., on the 〃trail〃 of Norwich, 251

〃 on glacial submergence, 387

Fitzroy, Admiral, on temperature of Atlantic, 36

Fluid molecules crystallize in interstices, 523

Fluvio-marine beds of Norwich, 250

“Flysch” of Eocene period, absence of fossils in, 286

〃 of Switzerland of glacial origin, 306

Fogs prevent the sun’s heat from melting ice and snow in arctic regions, 60

Forbes, Professor J. D., method adopted by, of ascertaining temperatures, 48

〃 on temperature of equator and poles, 48

〃 on the conductivity of different kinds of rock, 86

〃 on underground temperature, 86

〃 experiments by, on the power of different rocks to store up heat, 86

Forest bed of Cromer, 250

Прежние ледниковые периоды, 266−310

〃 why so little known of, 266

〃 geological evidence of, 292

France, evidence of ice-action during Carboniferous period in, 296

Fraserburgh, glaciation of, 450

〃 crossed by North Sea ice, 454

Fundamental problem of geology, 1

Ganges, amount of sediment conveyed by, 331

Gases, radiation of, 38

Gastaldi, M., on the Miocene glacial epoch of Italy, 306

Geikie, Professor, on geological agencies, 1

〃 on inter-glacial beds of Scotland, 243

〃 remarks on inter-glacial beds, 245

〃 on striated pavements, 256

〃 on ice-markings on Scandinavian coast, 281

〃 striated stones found in carboniferous conglomerate by, 296

〃 on sediment of European rivers, 332

〃 on modern denudation, 332

〃 suggestion regarding the loess, 452

〃 on striation of Caithness, 453

〃 on buried channel at Chapelhall, 491

〃 and Mr. James, on glacial conglomerate of Lower Carboniferous age, 296

Geikie, Mr. James, on Crofthead inter-glacial bed, 248

〃 on the gravels of Switzerland, 268

〃 on difficulty of recognising former glacial periods, 289

〃 on Cambrian conglomerate of north-west of Scotland, 293

〃 on ice-action in Ayrshire during Silurian period, 293

〃 on boulder conglomerate of Sutherland, 301

〃 on buried channels, 492

Geogr. Mittheilungen, list of papers in, relating to arctic regions, 556

Geological agencies climatic, 2

Geological principle, nature of, 4

Geological climates, theories of, 6

Геологическое время, 311−359

〃 measurable from astronomical data, 311

〃 why it has been over-estimated, 325

〃 method of measuring, 328, 329

〃 Professor Ramsay on, 343

Geology, fundamental problem of, 1

〃 a dynamical science, 5

〃 and astronomy, supposed analogy between, 355

German Polar Expedition on density of polar water, 151

〃 list of papers relating to, 556

German Ocean once dry land, 479

Germany, Professor Ramsay on Permian breccia of, 300

Gibraltar current, Dr. Carpenter’s theory of, 167

〃 cause of, 215

Glacial conditions increased by reaction of various physical causes, 75

〃 reach maximum when winter solstice arrives at aphelion, 77

Glacial epoch, date of, 327

〃 circumstances which show recent date of, 341

〃 Mr. Belt’s theory of cause of, 415

Glacial epochs dependent upon deflection of ocean-currents, 68

〃 caused primarily by eccentricity, 77

〃 why so little known of, formerly, 266

〃 boulder clays of former, why so rare, 269

〃 geological evidence of former, 292

Glacial period in America more severe than in Western Europe, 73

〃 mean temperature of the earth greatest at aphelion during, 78

〃 records of, fast disappearing, 270

〃 of the Eocene formation, 305

Glacial periods, indirect evidence of, in Eocene and Miocene formations, 287

〃 difficulty of determining, from fossil remains, 289

Glacial submergence resulting from displacement of the earth’s centre of gravity, 389

Glaciation a cause of submergence, 390

〃 remains of, found chiefly on land surfaces, 267

〃 of Scandinavia inexplicable by theory of local glaciers, 448

Glacier des Bois, 497

Glacier-motion, Canon Moseley’s theory of, 507

〃 Professor James Thomson’s theory of, 512

〃 M. Charpentier’s theory of, 513

〃 molecular, 516

Glacier-motion, present state of the question, 514

〃 молекулярная теория, 514−527

〃 heat necessary to, 515

〃 due to force of crystallization, 523

〃 due chiefly to internal molecular pressure, 523

Glaciers, pressure exerted by, 274

〃 физическая причина движения, 495−527

〃 difficulties in accounting for motion of, 495

Glasgow, actual January temperature of, 28° above normal, 72

Godwin-Austen, Mr., on ice-action during the Carboniferous period in France, 296

〃 on evidence of ice-action during Cretaceous period, 303

〃 on mass of coal found in chalk at Dover, 304

〃 on the flatness of the land during Coal period, 430

Gothland, glaciation of, 446

Grangemouth, buried river channel at, 468

〃 surface-drift of, 484

Gravitation, the whole work of, performed by descent of water down the slope, 154

〃 of sun’s mass, 348

〃 insufficient to account for sun’s heat, 349, 350

Gravitation theory, its relation to the theory of Secular changes of climate, 97

〃 three modes of determining it, 115

〃 mechanics of, 145

〃 of the Gibraltar current, 167

〃 inadequacy of, 191

〃 crucial test of, 220

〃 солнечного тепла, 346−355

Gravity, force of, impelling water from equator to poles, 119, 120

〃 force of, insensible at a short distance below the surface, 120

〃 work performed by, 150

〃 diagram illustrating the action of, in producing currents, 155

〃 amount of work performed by, due solely to difference of temperature between equatorial and polar waters, 164

〃 specific difference in, between water of Atlantic and Mediterranean insufficient to produce currents, 169

〃 centre of, displacement, by polar ice-cap, 368

Greenland, summer warm if free from ice, 59

〃 receives as much heat in summer as England, 66

〃 continental ice free from clay or mud, 284

〃 North, warm climate during Oolitic period in, 302

〃 Cretaceous formation of, 305

Greenland, evidence of warm conditions during Miocene period in, 307

〃 Professor Heer cited on Miocene flora of, 308, 309

〃 state of, during glacial period, 259

〃 effect of removal of ice from, 260

Greenland ice-sheet, probable thickness of, 378

〃 invaded the American continent, 445

Greenland inland ice, 379

Gulf-stream, estimate of its volume, 24

〃 United States’ coast survey of, 24

〃 absolute amount of heat conveyed by, 25, 26

〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that carried by aërial currents, 27

〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that received by the frigid zone from the sun, 27

〃 influence on climate of Europe, 31

〃 efficiency of, due to the slowness of its motion, 32

〃 climate of Britain influenced by south-eastern portion of, 33

〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that derived by temperate regions from the sun, 34

〃 heat of, expressed in foot-pounds of energy, 35

〃 mean temperature of Atlantic increased one-fourth by, 36

〃 the only current that can heat arctic regions, 45

〃 influence of, on climate of arctic regions, 45

〃 the compensating warm current, 46

〃 palæontological objections to influence of, 53

〃 agencies which deflect the, in glacial periods, 69

〃 result, if stopped, 71

〃 large portion of the heat derived from southern hemisphere, 94

〃 Lieut. Maury on propulsion of, by specific gravity, 102

〃 contradictory nature of, the causes supposed by Lieut. Maury for the, 110

〃 higher temperature of, considered by Lieut. Maury as the real cause of its motion, 111

〃 amount of heat conveyed by, not over-estimated, 197

〃 amount of heat conveyed by, 192

〃 amount of heat conveyed by, compared with that by general oceanic circulation, 194

〃 heat conveyed by, compared with that received by torrid zone from the sun, 194

〃 heat conveyed by, into Arctic Ocean compared with that received by it from the sun, 195

〃 Capt. Nares’s observations of, 198

〃 Dr. Carpenter’s estimate of the thermal work of, 199

Gulf-stream, volume and temperature of, according to Mr. A. G. Findlay, 203, 206

〃 erroneous notion regarding depth of, 207

〃 list of papers relating to, 556

Haughton, Professor, on recent trees in arctic regions, 263

〃 on fragments of granite in carboniferous limestone, 296

〃 on coal beds of arctic regions, 298

〃 on Ammonites of Oolitic period in arctic regions, 303

Hayes, Dr., on Greenland ice-sheet, 379

Heat received from the sun per day, 26

〃 received by temperate regions from the sun, 34

〃 radiant, absorbed by ice remains insensible, 60

〃 sun’s, amount of, stored up in ground, 87

〃 transferred from southern to northern hemisphere, 93

〃 internal, supposed influence of, 176

〃 received by the three zones compared with that received by the equator, 194

〃 amount radiated from the sun, 346

〃 received by polar regions 11,700 years ago, 403

〃 necessary to glacier-motion, 515

〃 how transmitted through ice, 517

Heat-vibrations, nature of, 544

Heath, Mr. D. D., on glacial submergence, 387

Heer, Professor, on Dürnten lignite beds, 241

〃 о миоценовой флоре Гренландии, 308−310

〃 on Miocene flora of Spitzbergen, 309

Hills, ice-markings on summits of, as evidence of continental ice, 458

Helmholtz’s gravitation theory of sun’s heat, 348

Henderson, Mr. John, on inter-glacial bed at Redhall quarry, 247

Herschel, Sir John, on influence of eccentricity, 11

〃 estimate of the Gulf-stream by, 25

〃 on the amount of the sun’s heat, 26

〃 on inadequacy of specific gravity to produce ocean-currents, 116

〃 his objections to specific gravity not accepted, 117

〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529

Home, Mr. Milne, on buried river channels, 478

Hooker, Sir W., on tree dug up by Capt. Belcher, 264

Hooker, Dr., on preponderance of ferns among coal plants, 421

Horne, Mr. J., on conglomerates of Isle of Man, 295

Hoxne, inter-glacial bed of, 241

Hudson’s Bay, low mean temperature of, in June, 62

Hull, Professor, on ice-action during Permian age in Ireland, 299

〃 on equable temperature of Coal period, 421

〃 on estuarine origin of coal measures, 424

Hull, buried channel at, 489

Humboldt, Baron, on loss of heat from radiation, 82

〃 on rate of growth of coal, 429

〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 538

Humphreys and Abbot on sediment of Mississippi, 330

Ice, latent heat of, 60

Ice, effects of removal of, from polar regions, 64

〃 heat absorbed by, employed wholly in mechanical work, 60

〃 slope necessary for motion of continental, 375

〃 does not shear in the solid state, 516

〃 how heat is transmitted through, 517

〃 how it can ascend a slope, 525

〃 how it can excavate a rock basin, 525

Icebergs do not striate sea-bottom, 272

〃 markings made by, are soon effaced, 273

〃 exerting little pressure perform little work, 273

〃 behaviour of, when stranded, 274

〃 action of, on sea-bottoms, 274

〃 rocks ground smooth, but not striated by, 276

〃 stones seldom seen on, 281

〃 evidence of, in Miocene formation of Italy, 307

〃 comparative thickness of arctic and antarctic, 381

〃 great thickness of antarctic, 382

Ice-cap, effects of, on the earth’s centre of gravity, 369

〃 probable thickness of antarctic, 375

〃 свидетельства айсбергов о мощности антарктического, 383−385

Ice-markings, modern, observed by Sir Charles Lyell, 280

Ice-sheet, probable thickness of in Greenland, 380

〃 of north of England, 456

Ice-worn pebbles found on summit of Allermuir, 441

Iceland, lignite of Miocene age in, 308

〃 probably glaciated by land-ice from North Greenland, 451

India, evidences of glacial action of Carboniferous age in, 297

Indian Ocean, low temperature at bottom, 123

Internal heat, no influence on climate, 6

〃 supposed influence of, 176

Inter-tropical regions, greater portion of moisture falls as rain, 29

Inter-glacial bed at Slitrig, 243

〃 at Chapelhall, 244

〃 of Craiglockhart hill, 245

〃 at Kilmaurs, 248

Inter-glacial beds, Professor Geikie on, 243

〃 of Dürnten, 240

〃 of Scotland, 243

〃 of England, 249

〃 at Norwich, 250

〃 evidence of, from borings, 254

Inter-glacial character of cave and river deposits, 251

Inter-glacial climate during Old Red Sandstone period in arctic regions, 295

Inter-glacial periods, 236

〃 reason why overlooked, 237

〃 of Switzerland, 239

〃 evidence of, from shell-beds, 252

〃 evidence from striated pavements of, 255

〃 reasons why so few vestiges remain of, 257

〃 в арктических регионах, 258−265

〃 of Silurian age in arctic regions, 293

〃 of Carboniferous age in arctic regions, 297

〃 of Eocene formation in Switzerland, 306

〃 formation of coal during, 420

〃 length of, indicated by thickness of coal-seams, 428

Inglefield, Captain, erect trees found in Greenland by, 309

Ireland, on ice-action during Permian age in, 299

Isbister, Mr., on carboniferous limestone of arctic regions, 297

Islay, Cambrian conglomerate of, 292

Italy, glacial epoch of Miocene period in, 306

Jack, Mr. R. L., on deflection of ice across England, 461

Jamieson, Mr. T. F., on boulder clay of Caithness, 435

〃 opinion that Caithness was glaciated by floating ice, 437

〃 on thickness of ice in the north Highlands, 439

〃 glaciation of headland of Fraserburgh, 450, 455

January temperature of Glasgow and Cumberland, difference between, 72

Jeffreys, Mr. Gwyn, on Swedish glacial shell beds, 253

Johnston, Dr. A. Keith, on coast-line of the globe, 337

Joule’s, Dr., experiments on the thermal effect of tension, 552

Judd, Mr., on boulders of Jurassic age in the Highlands, 302

Jukes, Mr., on warm climate of North Greenland during Oolitic period, 302

July, why hotter than June, 89

Kane, Dr., on mean temperature of Von Rensselaer Harbour, 62

Karoo beds, glacial character of, 301

〃 evidence of subtropical during deposition of, 301

Kelvin, ancient bed of, 481

Kielsen, Mr., excursion upon Greenland ice-sheet, by, 378

Kilmours, inter-glacial bed at, 248

Kirwan, Richard, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529

Kyles of Bute, southern shell bed in, 253

Labrador, mean temperature of, for January, 72

〃 Mr. Packard on glacial phenomena of, 282

Lagrange, M., on eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 54

〃 table of superior limits of eccentricity, 531

Land at equator would retain the heat at equator, 30

〃 radiates heat faster than water, 91

〃 elevation of, will not explain glacial epoch, 391

〃 погружение и поднятие в ледниковую эпоху, 368−397

〃 successive upheavals and depressions of, 391

Land-ice necessarily exerts enormous pressure, 274

〃 evidence of former, from erratic blocks on stratified deposits, 269

Land-surfaces, remains of glaciation found chiefly on, 267

〃 (ancient) scarcity of, 268

Laplace, M., on obliquity of ecliptic, 398

Laughton, Mr., on cause of Gibraltar current, 215

Leith Walk, inter-glacial bed at, 246

Leverrier, M., on superior limit of eccentricity, 54

〃 on obliquity of ecliptic, 398

〃 table, by, of superior limits of eccentricity, 531

〃 formulæ, of, 312

Lignite beds of Dürnten, 240

Loess, origin of, 452

London, temperature of, raised 40° degrees by Gulf-stream, 43

Lomonds, ice-worn pebbles found on, 439

Lubbock, Sir J., on cave and river deposits, 252

Lucy, Mr. W. C., on glaciation of West Somerset, 463

〃 on northern derivation of drift on Cotteswold hills, 460

Lyell’s, Sir C., theory of the effect of distribution of land and water, 8

〃 on action of river-ice, 280

〃 on tropical character of the fauna of the Cretaceous formation, 305

〃 on warm conditions during Miocene period in Greenland, 307

〃 on influence of eccentricity, 324

〃 on sediment of Mississippi, 331

〃 on comparison of existing rocks with those removed, 362

〃 on submerged areas during Tertiary period, 392

〃 on change of obliquity of ecliptic, 418

〃 on climate best adapted for coal plants, 420

〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529, 535

Mackintosh, Mr., observations on the glaciation of Wastdale Crag, 457

Magellan, Straits of, temperature at midsummer, 61

Mahony, Mr. J. A., on Crofthead inter-glacial bed, 248

Mälar Lake crossed by ice, 447

Man, Isle of, Mr. Cumming on glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of, 294

Mars, uncertainty as to its climatic condition, 80

〃 objection from present condition of, 79

Marine denudation trifling, 337

Markham, Clements, on density of Gulf-stream water, 129

〃 on motion of icebergs in Davis’ Straits, 133

Martins’s, Professor Charles, objections, 79

Mathews, Mr., on Canon Moseley’s experiment, 499

Maury, Lieutenant, his estimate of the Gulf-stream, 25

〃 his theory examined, 95

〃 on temperature as a cause of difference of specific gravity, 102

〃 on difference of saltness as a cause of ocean-currents, 103

〃 discussion of his views of the causes of ocean-currents, 104

〃 his objection to wind theory of ocean-currents, 211

McClure, Captain, discovery of ancient forest in Banks’s Land, 261

Mecham, Lieutenant, discovery of recent trees in Prince Patrick’s Island, 261

Mechanics of gravitation theory, 145

Mediterranean shells in glacial shell bed of Udevalla, 253

〃 shells in glacial beds at Greenock, 254

Meech, Mr., on amount of sun’s rays cut off by the atmosphere, 26

〃 on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540

Melville Island, summer temperature of, 65

〃 discovery of recent trees in, 262

〃 plants found in coal of, 298

Mer de Glace, Professor Tyndall’s observations on, 498

Meteoric theory of sun’s heat, 347

Method of measuring rate of denudation, 329

Miller, Hugh, on absence of hills in the land of the Coal period, 431

Migration of plants and animals, how influenced by ocean-currents, 231

〃 across equator, 234

Millichen, remarkable section of drift at, 483

Miocene glacial period, 286

Miocene period, glacial epoch of, in Italy, 306

Miocene, warm period of, in Greenland, 307

Miocene and Eocene periods, date of, 357

Mississippi, amount of sediment in, 330

〃 volume of, 330

Mitchell, Mr., on cause of Gulf-stream, 131

Молекулярная теория происхождения «трещин», 521

〃 modification of, 523

Moore, Mr. J. Carrick, on ice-action of Silurian age in Wigtownshire, 293

Moore, Mr. Charles, on grooved rocks in Bath district, 464

Morlot, M., on inter-glacial periods of Switzerland, 240

Moseley, Canon, experiment to determine unit of shear, 498

〃 on motion of glaciers, 498

〃 unit of shear uncertain, 504

〃 his theory examined, 507

Motion of the sea, how communicated to a great depth, 136

Motion in space, origin of sun’s heat, 353

Mühry, M., on circumpolar basin, 133, 556

Mundsley, freshwater beds of, 250

Muncke on the expansion of sea-water, 118

Murchison, Sir R., on southern shells at Worcester, 253

〃 on trees in arctic regions, 262

〃 on striation of islands in the Baltic, 448

Murphy’s, Mr., theory, 66

Musselburgh, section of contorted drift near, 465

Nares, Captain, on low temperature of antarctic regions, 64

〃 discovery of great depth of warm water in North Atlantic, 198

〃 estimate of volume and temperature of Gulf-stream, 198

〃 temperature soundings by, 119, 222

〃 thermal condition of Southern Ocean, 225

Natal, boulder clay of, 300

Newberry, Professor, on inter-glacial peat-bed of Ohio, 249

〃 on boulder of quartzite found in seam of coal, 296

Nicholson, Dr., on Wastdale Crag, 457

Nicol, Professor, on inter-glacial buried channel, 244

Nordenskjöld, Professor, on inland ice of Greenland, 379

North Sea rendered shallow by drift deposits, 443

Northern seas probably filled with land-ice during glacial period, 438

Northern hemisphere, condition of, when deprived of heat from ocean-current, 68

Norway, southern species in glacial shell beds, 253

Norwich Crag, its glacial character, 249

Norwich fluvio-marine beds, 250

Norwich inter-glacial beds, 250

Наклон эклиптики, его влияние на климат, 398−419

〃 change of, influence on sea-level, 403

〃 Lieutenant-Colonel Drayson on, 410

〃 Mr. Belt on change of, 415

〃 Sir Charles Lyell on change of, 418

Ocean, imperfect conception of its area, 135

〃 condition of, inconsistent with the gravitation theory, 136

〃 low temperature at bottom a result of under currents, 142

〃 circulation, pressure as a cause of, 187

〃 antiquity of, 367

Ocean-currents, absolute heating power of, 23

〃 influence of, on normal temperatures overlooked, 40

〃 maximum effects of, reached at equator and poles, 49

〃 compensatory at only one point, 49

〃 heating effects of, greatest at the poles, 50

〃 cooling effects of, greatest at equator, 50

〃 earth not habitable without, 51

〃 result of deflection into Southern Ocean, 68

〃 palæontological objections against influence of, 53

〃 deflection of, the chief cause of changes of climate, 68

〃 how deflected by eccentricity, 69

〃 deflected by trade-winds, 70

〃 temperature of southern hemisphere lowered by transference of heat to northern hemisphere by, 92

〃 take their rise in the Southern Ocean, 92

〃 cause of, never specially examined by physicists, 95

〃 if due to specific gravity, strongest on cold hemisphere, 97

〃 if due to eccentricity, strongest on warm hemisphere, 97

〃 if due to specific gravity, act only by descent, 99

〃 mode by which specific gravity causes, 100, 101

〃 the true method of estimating the amount of heat conveyed by, 207

〃 due to system of winds, 212

〃 system of, agrees with the system of the winds, 213

〃 how they mutually intersect, 219

〃 in relation to climate, 226

〃 direction of, depends on direction of winds, 227

〃 causes which deflect, affect climate, 228

〃 in relation to distribution of plants and animals, 231

〃 effects of, on Greenland during glacial period, 260

Œpinus on influence of eccentricity on climate, 529

Ohio inter-glacial beds, 249

Old Red Sandstone, evidence of ice-action in conglomerate of, 294, 295

Oolite of Sutherlandshire, 454

Оолитовый период, свидетельства ледникового воздействия в течение, 301−303

〃 warm climate in North Greenland during, 302

Organic remains, absence of, in glacial conglomerate of Upper Miocene period, 286

Organic life, paucity of, a characteristic of glacial periods, 287

Orkney Islands, glaciated by land-ice, 444

Osborne, Captain, remarks on recent forest trees in arctic regions, 262, 263

Oudemans, Dr., on planet Mars, 80

Overton Quarry, inter-glacial bed in, 247

Pacific Ocean, depth of, 147

Packard, Mr., on glacial phenomena of Labrador, 282

Page, Professor, on temperate climate of Coal period, 422

〃 on character of coal plants, 421

〃 on old watercourse at Hailes quarry, 490

Palæontological objections against influence of ocean-currents, 53

Palæontological evidence of last glacial period, 285

Parry, Captain, discovery of recent trees in Melville Island by, 262

Peach, Mr. C. W., on inter-glacial bed at Leith Walk, 246

〃 on boulder clay of Caithness, 436

〃 on striated rock surfaces in Cornwall, 464

Peach, Mr. B. N., on striation of Caithness, 453

Pengelly, Mr. W., on raised beaches, 407

Perigee, nearness of sun in, cause of snow and ice, 74

Perihelion, warm conditions at maximum when winter solstice is at, 77

Пермский период, свидетельства ледникового воздействия в, 298−303

Perthshire hills, ice-worn surfaces at elevations of 2,200 feet on the, 440

Petermann, Dr. A., on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 138

〃 on thermal condition of the sea, 138

〃 chart of Gulf-stream and Polar current, 219

〃 Geogr. Mittheilungen of, list of papers in relation to arctic regions, 556

Phillips, Professor, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 539

Poisson’s theory of hot and cold parts of space, 7

Polar regions, effect of removal of ice from, 64

〃 influence of ice on climate, 64

〃 low summer temperature of, 66

Polar cold considered by Dr. Carpenter the primum mobile of ocean-currents, 173

〃 confusion of ideas regarding its influence, 180

〃 influence of, according to Dr. Carpenter, 180

Polar ice-cap, displacement of the earth’s centre of gravity by, 368

Port Bowen, mean temperature of, 63

Portobello, striated pavements near, 255, 256

Post-tertiary formations, hypothetical thickness of, 366

Pouillet, M., on the amount of the sun’s heat, 26

〃 on amount of sun’s rays cut off by the atmosphere, 26

Pratt, Archdeacon, on glacial submergence, 387

Prestwich, Professor, on Hoxne inter-glacial bed, 241

Pressure as a cause of circulation, 187

Principles of geology, nature of, 4

Prince Patrick’s Island, discovery of recent tree in, 261

Radiation, rate of, increases with increase of temperature, 37

〃 of gases, 38

〃 the way by which the earth loses heat, 39

〃 how affected by snow covering the ground, 58

〃 how affected by humid air, 59

〃 accelerated by increased formation of snow and ice, 75

Raised beaches, date of, 407

〃 Mr. Pengelly on, 407

Ramsay, Professor, on glacial origin of Old Red Sandstone of North of England, 294

〃 on Old Red Sandstone, 367

〃 on geological time, 343

〃 on ice-action during Permian period, 298

〃 on boulders of Permian age in Natal, 301

〃 on thickness of stratified rocks of Britain, 267, 361

Redhall Quarry, inter-glacial bed in, 247

Red Sea, why almost rainless, 30

Regelation, rationale of, 520, 554

〃 Professor James Thomson on cause of, 554

〃 Professor Faraday on cause of, 554

Regnault, M., on specific heat of sandstone, 86

Reynaud, Jean, on influence of eccentricity on climate, 541

Rhine, ancient, bed in German Ocean, 480

Ridge between Capes Trafalgar and Spartel, influence of, 167

Rink, Dr., on inland ice of Greenland, 380

River-ice, effect of, 279

River-ice does not produce striations, 279

River systems, carrying-power measure of denudation, 336

River valleys, how striated across, 525

Robertson, Mr. David, on Crofthead and Hillhead inter-glacial beds, 247, 248

〃 on foraminifera in red clay, 485

Rock-basins, how excavated by ice, 525

Rocks removed by denudation, 361

Ross, Capt. Sir James, on South Shetland, 61

〃 on temperature of antarctic regions in summer, 63

Sandwich Land, description by Capt. Cook, 60

〃 cold summers of, not due to latitude, 64

Salter, Mr., on carboniferous fossils of arctic regions, 298

〃 on warm climate of North Greenland during Oolitic period, 302

Saltness of the ocean, difference of, as a cause of motion, 103

〃 in direct opposition to temperature in producing ocean-currents, 104

Scandinavian ice, track of, 447

Scandinavian ice-sheet in the North Sea, 444

Scoresby, Dr., on condition of arctic regions in summer, 58, 62

〃 on density of Gulf-stream water, 129

Шотландия, межледниковые слои, 243−249

〃 evidence of ice-action in carboniferous conglomerate of, 296

〃 buried under ice, 439

〃 ice-sheet of, in North Sea, 442

〃 why ice-sheet was so thick, 452

Sea, height of, at equator above poles, 119

〃 rise of, due to combined effect of eccentricity and obliquity, 403

〃 bottoms not striated by icebergs, 272

Sea and land, present arrangement indispensable to life, 52

Sea-level, oscillations of, in relation to distribution, 394

〃 oscillations of, during formation of coal measures, 424

〃 raised, by melting of antarctic ice-cap, 388

〃 influence of obliquity of ecliptic on, 403

Section of Mid-Atlantic, 222

Section across antarctic ice-cap, 377

Sedimentary rocks existing fragmentary, 361

〃 of the globe, mean thickness of, hitherto unknown, 361

〃 how mean thickness might be determined, 362

〃 mean thickness of, over-estimated, 364

Shearing-force of ice, 496

〃 momentary loss of, 518

Shetland islands glaciated by land-ice from Scandinavia, 450

Shetland, South, glacial condition of, 61

Shell-beds, evidence of warm inter-glacial periods from, 252

Shells of the boulder clay of Caithness, 450

Shore-ice, striations produced by, in Bay of Fundy, 280

Silurian period, ice-action in Ayrshire during, 293

〃 evidence in Wigtownshire of ice-action during, 293

Slitrig, inter-glacial bed of, 243

Slope of surface of maximum density has no power to produce motion, 120

〃 from equator to pole, erroneous view regarding, 120

Smith, Mr. Leigh, temperature soundings, 129

Smith, Mr., of Jordanhill, on striated pavements, 256

Snow, how radiation is affected by, 58

〃 common in summer in arctic regions, 62

〃 rate of accumulation of, increased by sun’s rays being cut off by fogs, 75

〃 formation increased by radiation, 75

Somerset, West, glaciation of, 463

Somerville, Mrs., on influence of eccentricity on climate, 540

South Africa, glaciation of, 242

〃 boulder clay of Permian age in, 300

South of England ice-sheet, 463

South Shetland, glacial condition of, at mid summer, 61

South-west winds, heat conveyed by, not derived from equatorial regions, 28

〃 heat conveyed by, derived from Gulf-stream, 28

Southern hemisphere, present extension of ice on, due partly to eccentricity, 78

〃 почему холоднее, чем северная, 81−92

〃 absorbs more heat than the northern, 90

〃 lower temperature of, due to ocean-currents, 92

〃 surface currents from, warmer than under currents to, 92

〃 glacial and inter-glacial periods of, 242

Southern Ocean, thermal condition of, 225

Specific gravity can act only by causing water to descend a slope, 99

〃 mode of action in causing ocean-currents, 100

〃 inadequacy of, to produce ocean-currents demonstrated by Sir John Herschel, 116

Spitzbergen, Gulf-stream and under current at, 134

〃 Miocene flora of, 309

Stellar space, temperature of, 35

〃 received temperature of, probably too high, 39

Stewart, Professor Balfour, experiment on radiation, 37

〃 on cause of glacial cold, 79

Stirling, Mr., on old watercourse near Grangemouth, 481

St. John’s River, action of ice on banks of, 279

St. Lawrence, action of ice on bank of river, 279

Stockwell, Mr., on eccentricity of earth’s orbit, 54

〃 on obliquity of ecliptic, 399

〃 table of superior limits of eccentricity, 531

Stone, Mr., on eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, 322

Stow, G. W., on glacial beds of South Africa, 242

〃 on Karoo beds, 301

Striæ, direction of, show the clay of Caithness came from the sea, 436

Striations obliterated rather than produced by icebergs, 274

Striated pavements why so seldom observed, 256

〃 evidence of inter-glacial periods from, 255

Striated stones found in conglomerate of Lower Carboniferous age by Professor Geikie, 296

〃 in Permian breccias, 299

〃 in the glacial conglomerate of the Superga, Turin, 306

Stratified rocks may be formed at all possible rates, 360

〃 rate of formation of, as estimated by Professor Huxley, 363

Struve, M., formula of obliquity of ecliptic, 404

Subaërial denudation, rate of, 331

Submarine forests, 409

〃 (ancient), coal seams the remains of, 428

Submergence, physical causes of, 368

〃 coincident with glaciation, 389

〃 of land resulting from melting of antarctic ice-cap, 389

〃 how affected by fluidity of interior of the earth, 395

〃 necessary for preservation of coal plants, 423

〃 frequent during formation of coal beds, 426

Subsidence insufficient to account for general submergence, 390

〃 necessary to accumulation of coal seams, 427

Sun supposed by some to be a variable star, 8

〃 maximum and minimum distance of, 55

〃 rays of, cut off by fogs in ice-covered regions, 60

〃 nearness in perigee a cause of snow and ice, 74

〃 total amount of heat radiated from, 346

〃 age and origin of, 346

〃 source of its energy, 347

〃 heat of, origin and chief source of, 349

〃 originally an incandescent mass, 350

〃 energy of, may have originally been derived from motion in space, 355

Surface currents which cross the equator warmer than the compensatory under currents, 92

Surface currents from poles to equator, according to Maury, produced by saltness, 108

Sutherland, Dr., observations by, on stranding of icebergs, 275

〃 testimony, that icebergs do not striate rocks, 278

〃 on the boulder clay of Natal, 300

Sutherland, boulder conglomerate of Oolitic period of, 302

Sweden, Southern, shells in glacial shell beds of, 253

Switzerland, inter-glacial period of, 239

〃 M. Morlat on inter-glacial periods of, 240

〃 gravels of, by Mr. James Geikie, 268

〃 Eocene glacial epoch in, 305

Table of June temperatures in different latitudes, 65

〃 soundings in temperate regions, 222

Таблицы эксцентриситета, 314−321

〃 of eccentricity, explanation of, 322

Tay, valley of, striated across, 526

〃 ancient buried channel of, 490

Temperate regions, cold periods best marked in, 258

Temperature of space, 532

〃 reasons why it should be reconsidered, 39

Temperature (mean) of equator and poles compared, 41

〃 why so low in polar regions during summer, 66

〃 how difference of specific gravity is caused by, 102

〃 higher, of the waters of Gulf-stream considered by Lieutenant Maury as the real causes of its motion, 111

〃 of sea at equator decreases most rapidly at the surface, 119

〃 of Greenland in Miocene period, 310

〃 of poles when obliquity was at its superior limit, 402

Tension, effect of, on ice, 522

〃 the cause of the cooling effect produced by, 552

Tertiary period, climate of, error in regard to, 288

Thermal condition of Southern Ocean, 225

Thibet, table-land of, 418

Thomson, Professor James, on cause of regelation, 554

〃 theory of glacier-motion, 512

Thomson, Mr. James, on glacial conglomerate in Arran, 299

〃 on ice-action in Cambrian conglomerate of Islay, 292

Thomson, Professor Wyville, on Dr. Carpenter’s theory, 129

〃 cited, 130

〃 thermal condition of the sea, 138

Thomson, Sir W., amount of internal heat passing through earth’s crust, 142

〃 on limit to age of the globe, 343

〃 on influence of ice-cap on sea-level, 372

〃 climate not affected by internal heat, 6

〃 earth’s axis of rotation permanent, 7

〃 on volume and mass of the sun, 347

Tidal wave, effect of friction, 336

Tides, supposed argument from, 184

Время, геологическое, 311−359

〃 as represented by geological phenomena, 326

〃 represented by existing rocks, 361

Torrid zone, annual quantity of heat received by, per unit of surface, 194

Towncroft farm, section of channel at, 474

Towson, Mr., on icebergs of Southern Ocean, 383

Trade-winds (anti), heat conveyed by, over-estimated, 28

〃 (anti) derive their heat from the Gulf-stream, 32

〃 of warm hemisphere overborne by those of cold hemisphere, 70

〃 causes which determine the strength of, 70

〃 strongest on glaciated hemisphere, 70

〃 reaction upon trade-winds by formation of snow and ice, 76

〃 influence of, in turning ocean-currents on warm hemisphere, 97

〃 do not explain the antarctic current, 211

Tiddeman on North of England ice-sheet, 458

〃 displacement of, 230

Transport of boulders and rubbish the proper function of icebergs, 281

Trafalgar, effect of ridge between Capes Spartel and on Gibraltar current, 167

Turner, Professor, on arctic seal found at Grangemouth, 485

Tylor, Alfred, on denudation of Mississippi basin, 333

Tyndall, Professor, on heat in aqueous vapour, 29

〃 on sifted rays, 47

〃 on diathermancy of air, 59

〃 on glacial epoch, 78

Udevalla, Mediterranean shell in glacial shells, bed of, 253

Under currents to southern hemisphere colder than surface currents from, 92

〃 produced by saltness, flow from equator to poles, 106

〃 account for cold water at equator, 124, 142

〃 in Davis’ Strait, 134

〃 take path of least resistance, 130

〃 why considered improbable, 135

〃 difficulty regarding, obviated, 217

〃 theory of, 217

Underground temperature, Professor J. D. Forbes on, 86

Underground temperature exerts no influence on the climate, 88

〃 absolute amount of heat derived from, 142

〃 supposed influence of, 176

Uniformity, modern doctrine of, 325

United States’ coast survey of Gulf-stream, 24

〃 hydrographic department, papers published by, 556

Unstratified boulder clay must be the product of land-ice, 437

Upsala and Stockholm striated by Baltic glacier, 447

Vertical circulation, Lieutenant Maury’s theory of, 108

〃 according to Dr. Carpenter, 153

Vertical descent of polar column caused by extra pressure of water upon it, 154

〃 effects of, and slope, the same, whether performed simultaneously or alternately, 159

〃 of polar column illustrated by diagram, 160

Vertical distribution of heat in the ocean, Mr. Buchanan’s theory, 550

Vogt, Professor, on Dürnten lignite bed, 241

Warm hemisphere made warmer by increased reaction of physical causes, 76

Warm periods best marked in arctic regions, 258

〃 in arctic regions, evidence of, 261

〃 better represented by fossils than cold periods, 288

〃 evidence of, during Cretaceous age, 304

Теплые межледниковые периоды в арктических регионах, 258−265

Water at equator the best means of distributing heat derived from the sun, 30

Water, a worse radiator than land, 91

Wastdale granite boulders, difficulty of accounting for transport of, 456

Wastdale Crag glaciated by continental ice, 457

Weibye, M., striation observed by, 280

Wilkes, Lieutenant, on cold experienced in antarctic regions in summer, 63

Wellington Sound, ancient trees found at, 265

Winter-drift of ice on coast of Labrador, 276

West winds, moisture of, derived from Gulf-stream, 29

Wind, work in impelling currents, 219

Winds, ocean-currents produced by, 212

〃 system of, agrees with the system of ocean-currents, 213

Wind theory of oceanic circulation, 210

〃 crucial test of, 220

Wigtownshire, ice-action during Silurian age, 293

Work performed by descent of polar column, 157

Wood, Mr. Nicholas, on buried channel, 488

Wood, Jun., Mr. Searles, middle drift, 250

〃 on occurrence of chalk débris in south-west of England, 460

Woodward, Mr. H. B., on boulder clay in Devonshire, 463

Wunsch, Mr. E. A., on glacial conglomerate in Arran, 299

Yare, ancient buried channel of, 489

Young, Mr. J., objection considered, 482

Yorkshire drift common in south of England, 460

Zenger, Professor, on the moon’s influence on climate, 324

THE END.

PRINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO., CITY ROAD, LONDON.

THE GREAT ICE AGE,

AND ITS RELATION TO THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.

By JAMES GEIKIE, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., &c., of H.M. Geological Survey.

With Maps, Charts, and numerous illustrations. Demy 8vo, 24s.

«В хорошо сбалансированном сочетании развитых способностей к наблюдению и аналитического метода, со значительным воображением и глубоким поэтическим чувством, пронизывающим страницы этого тома, есть огромное очарование... Мы лишь несовершенно обозначили философский дух, который отмечает каждый шаг исследования чудес этого "Великого ледникового периода", и мы настоятельно рекомендуем этот том всем, кто готов читать вдумчиво и тщательно взвешивать доказательства истины, в уверенности, что они действительно найдут "проповеди в камнях"». — Athenæum.

«Каждый шаг процесса прослежен г-ном Гейки с удивительной ясностью и полнотой... Эта книга ознаменует эпоху в научном изучении ледникового периода». — Saturday Review.

«Книга повсюду демонстрирует признаки острого наблюдения, широких исследований и здравого рассуждения. Она представляет в доступной форме главные черты великого ледникового периода и иллюстрирует их весьма полно на примере тех обширных областей Шотландии, в которых оледенение оставило свои наиболее отчетливые и наиболее долговечные следы». — Spectator.

«Никто не может прочесть эту интереснейшую книгу, не почувствовав благодарности г-ну Гейки за его мастерское подведение итогов доказательств и не оценив дух научной откровенности, с которой он излагает свои выводы. Как по своему содержанию, так и по тону, работа представляет собой ценный вклад в нашу научную литературу». — Scotsman.

«Безусловно, самый важный вклад в главу геологических исследований, который когда-либо появлялся. Мы можем заверить наших читателей, что они найдут в книге г-на Гейки превосходное и удовлетворительное резюме современного состояния мнений по некоторым из наиболее интересных геологических вопросов, которые здесь обсуждаются в приятной и доступной манере». — Westminster Review.

«Эта работа, без какой-либо жертвы научной точностью и полнотой, настолько ясна и свободна от технических сложностей, что понятна любому читателю с обычным образованием. За знания и владение своим предметом, за мастерство в расположении фактов и за ясность, с которой он обосновывает свои выводы, г-н Гейки занимает высокое место как научный писатель». — Academy.

«Самая всесторонняя и ясная интерпретация, которая была дана Великому ледниковому периоду». — Edinburgh Courant.

«Она предлагает студенту геологии, безусловно, самый полный отчет об этом периоде из всех опубликованных, и характеризуется повсюду освежающей энергией изложения и оригинальностью мысли». — Glasgow Herald.

«Может быть сердечно рекомендована как геологу, так и широкому кругу читателей. Объяснения настолько полны, а метод изложения настолько свободен от техничности, что при умеренном внимании книга может быть понята, а ее рассуждения прослежены теми, кто ранее имел мало или совсем не имел геологических знаний». — Nature.

DALDY, ISBISTER, & CO., 56, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON.

WORKS OF TRAVEL, SCIENCE,

AND PHILOSOPHY.

Letters from Abroad.

Декана Элфорда. Второе издание. Crown 8vo, 7 с. 6 п.

«По мере приближения сезона, когда шоссе итальянских путешествий снова будет переполнено, мы уверены, что читатели, планирующие поездку в Рим и на Юг, в Центральную или Северную Италию, найдут в нем доброго, приветливого и занимательного спутника, который покажет им, что посмотреть и как это увидеть. В любое время домоседы-путешественники прочтут этот том с интересом, а описания грехов и позоров Рима — все еще языческого Рима — мы надеемся, укрепят во многих умах твердую решимость противостоять приходу римского обмана в нашей собственной стране». — Eclectic Review.

The Reign of Law.

Герцога Аргайла. Crown 8vo, 6 с. Народное издание (шестнадцатое), в мягком переплете, 2 с. 6 п.

«Мало книг, в которых вдумчивый читатель найдет больше того, что он захочет запомнить». — Times.

«Демонстрирует широту мысли, свободу от предрассудков и силу ясного изложения, редкие во все времена и во всех странах. Она столь же неопровержима, сколь и привлекательна». — Pall Mall Gazette.

«Мастерская книга... Сильная, здравая, зрелая, способная мысль от первой до последней страницы». — Spectator.

Primeval Man.

Исследование некоторых недавних предположений. Герцога Аргайла. Третье издание. Crown 8vo, 4 с. 6 п.

«Это, пожалуй, самое ясное, изящное, острое и точное этическое рассуждение, опубликованное за четверть века. Его великая цель — показать, что невозможно проводить какое-либо исследование истории человека с чисто физической стороны. Его рассуждения кажутся абсолютно убедительными против сторонников теории "естественного отбора". Книга достойна места в каждой библиотеке как умело популяризирующая науку, и при этом не жертвующая ни ее достоинством, ни ее полезностью». — Nonconformist.